LECTURE 1

INTRODUCTION

Communication Network & Switching

Biman Debbarma Assistant Prof., ECE Dept, NIT Agartala
1
A simple Data Communication Model
 Source
 Transmitter
 Communication System
 Receiver
 Destination

Communication Network & Switching 2

Biman Debbarma Assistant Prof., ECE
Dept, NIT Agartala
Transmission Impairments and Channel
Capacity

 Sources of impairment.
 Attenuation
 Bandwidth of a medium
 Distortions
 Data rate limits
 Nyquist bit rate
 Bit rate and Baud rate
 Noise sources
 Shannon capacity in a noisy channel

Communication Network & Switching 3

Biman Debbarma Assistant Prof., ECE
Dept, NIT Agartala
Transmission Media

 Guided
 Twisted Pair cable
 Coaxial cable
 Optical fiber

 Unguided
 Radio wave
 Microwave
 infrared

Communication Network & Switching 4

Biman Debbarma Assistant Prof., ECE
Dept, NIT Agartala
Conversion Techniques

 Encoding
 Line coding
 Block coding
 Modulation

Communication Network & Switching 5

Biman Debbarma Assistant Prof., ECE
Dept, NIT Agartala
Line Coding Techniques

 Unipolar
 Polar
 NRZ
 RZ
 Manchester
 Differential Manchester
 Bipolar
 AMI (Amplitude Mark Inversion)
 B8ZS
 HDB3
Communication Network & Switching 6
Biman Debbarma Assistant Prof., ECE
Dept, NIT Agartala
Multiplexing Techniques

 Basic concepts of multiplexing

 FDM
 TDM
 Synchronous
 Asynchronous
 WDM
 Inverse TDM

Communication Network & Switching 7

Biman Debbarma Assistant Prof., ECE
Dept, NIT Agartala
Multiplexing Applications

 The Telephone System

 Analog Services
 Digital Services
 DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) Technology
 ADSL, SDSL, HDSL, VDSL
 Cable Modem
 Hybrid Fiber Coaxial (HFC) Network
 SONET (Synchronous Optical NETwork)

Communication Network & Switching 8

Biman Debbarma Assistant Prof., ECE
Dept, NIT Agartala
Interfacing

 The Interface
 Modes of Communication
 Parallel and Serial
 Simplex, Full- Duplex, Half- Duplex
 Asynchronous and Synchronous
 DTE & DCE Interface
 RS-232
 Null Modem
 X.21
 Standard Modems

Communication Network & Switching 9

Biman Debbarma Assistant Prof., ECE
Dept, NIT Agartala
Error detection & correction

 Types of error
 Single bit error
 Burst error
 Error detection techniques
 Parity check
 Two dimensional parity check
 Checksum CRC
 Error correcting code

Communication Network & Switching 10

Biman Debbarma Assistant Prof., ECE
Dept, NIT Agartala
Flow control & Error control

 Flow control techniques

 Stop-and-wait flow control
 Sliding-window flow control
 Backward error correction approaches
 Stop-and-wait ARQ
 Go-back-N ARQ
 Selective-repeat ARQ

Communication Network & Switching 11

Biman Debbarma Assistant Prof., ECE
Dept, NIT Agartala
Data link control

 Key components
 Frame synchronization
 Flow control
 Error control
 Link management
 HDLC
 Types of stations
 Data transfer modes
 Frame format

Communication Network & Switching 12

Biman Debbarma Assistant Prof., ECE
Dept, NIT Agartala
Data communication through WAN

 Issues involved in WAN

 Switching techniques
 Routing
 Congestion control
 Medium access control
 Frame relay, X.25, ATM
 Cellular telephone system
 Satellite communication

Communication Network & Switching 13

Biman Debbarma Assistant Prof., ECE
Dept, NIT Agartala
Switching techniques

 Switched communication network

 Circuit switching fundamentals
 Advantages and disadvantages
 Switching concepts
 Space division Switching
 Crossbar switches
 Time division Switching
 Message Switching and Packet Switching
 Virtual circuit and datagram approaches

Communication Network & Switching 14

Biman Debbarma Assistant Prof., ECE
Dept, NIT Agartala
Data communication through LAN

 Issues involved in LAN

 Who, what and when
 Addressing
 Error detection
 Transmission media
 Topology
 Medium access control
 High speed LANs
 Wireless LANs
Communication Network & Switching 15
Biman Debbarma Assistant Prof., ECE
Dept, NIT Agartala
The INTERNET

 The basic objective is to connect individual

heterogeneous networks, both LAN and WAN,
distributed across the world using hardware and
software in such a way that it gives the user the
illusion of a single network. The single virtual
network is widely known as INTERNET, which
is a network of networks.

Communication Network & Switching 16

Biman Debbarma Assistant Prof., ECE
Dept, NIT Agartala
Data communication through Internet

 Segmentation and reassembly

 Encapsulation
 Connection control
 Ordered delivery
 Addressing
 Multiplexing
 TCP/IP
 Data compression
 Data encryption

Communication Network & Switching 17

Biman Debbarma Assistant Prof., ECE
Dept, NIT Agartala
Layered architecture

 What?
 Why?
 Basic principle
 Layers and interfaces
 Entity and protocols
 Services and service access points
 Types of services
 Service primitives
 ISO`s OSI reference model
 Functions of different layers
Communication Network & Switching 18
Biman Debbarma Assistant Prof., ECE
Dept, NIT Agartala