THEORY OF ELASTICITY

COMPUTER ASSIGNMENT
NONLINEAR ANALYSIS OF A CANTILEVER BEAM
Karampuri Kavya
SC16B022
(Dated: September 13th, 2018)
(Assignment number:3)
ABSTRACT

Beam is a structural element with smaller thickness and one of the most important basic unit in
many structures in today s world. Studying the deflection of beam in varying load stages is needed
to check for the safety of the structure. In this study a non linear analysis is done on a stainless steel
ruler modeling it as a beam element in a finite element software ABAQUS. Results for the non linear
analysis are compared with the linear cases and analysed.

I. OBJECTIVES III. THEORY

Main objective of this analysis is to compare the

trends of stress, strain and deflection for linear analysis Formulae used for theoretical calculations of stress,
and non linear analysis for a cantilever tip loaded beam. strain and displacement are:
FLc
Bending Stress (σ ):
I
σ
Strain():
E
II. MODEL FL3
Displacement ( δ):
3EI
Here I= 2.5971 × 10−12
Model is a standard stainless steel ruler considered
as cantilever beam of dimensions 600mm x 24.74mm
x 1.08mm which can be analysed as a Euler-Bernoulli In non linear analysis, linear relation exists between
beam. This is analysed using a FEM simulation software the forces applied and displacements, stress and strain
ABAQUS in which beam element is chosen to analyse (Hooks law) and the structure goes back to its original
this beam. Material non linearity is not considered. The state after the load is removed. The stresses remain
beam tip loaded with load values ranging from 0.02N in the elastic region range of the material. Here the
to 100N and the stress, strain, deflection are analysed deflections are small and doesn’t affect the stability of
and compared for both linear and non linear cases. the system
Young’s modulus: 200GPa
Poisson’s Ratio: 0.3
In linear analysis:

For, F1 + F2 = F3
δ1 + δ2 = δ3

In non linear analysis, force and displacement doesnt

follow linear relation which occurs due to the large de-
formations, material non linearity (which is neglected
in this study). Generally non linear analysis is used in
finding out the causes of failure (i.e where a material
yield and breaks)
And here the above relations are not valid.
FIG. 1. Deformation shown by beam when tip loaded
 2

IV. OBSERVATIONS TABLE VI. INFERENCES

• The load vs displacement curve of non linear case

Load (N) %Max δ deviation deviate from the linear case as shown in the FIG 1.
0.02 0
0.08 0 • The strain and displacement values for the non
0.2 0.18 linear case are less than the linear case.
0.6 1.575
1 4.112 • The theoretical results of the parameters are al-
1.3 17.53 most equal to the linear values.
1.6 9.422
• For modeling beam element is considered as it
2 13.34
3 23.23 gives most accurate values.
3.2 25.112 • For small loads, the deviation non linear deflec-
3.6 28.65 tion from linear is very less. As the load increases
4 31.974 deflection also increases.
10 61.082
100 94.604
• For the linear case,
F1 = 3N , F2 = 0.2N , F3 = 3.2N
TABLE I. Maximum deviation of non linear displacement from then the δ1 = 0.4158 , δ2 = 0.02772 , δ3 = δ1 + δ2 =
linear vs load applied. 0.4436
For non-linear case,
F1 = 3N , F2 = 0.2N , F3 = 3.2N
then the δ1 = 0.4158 , δ2 = 0.02772, δ3 = 0.3322 ,
V. RESULTS
δ1 + δ2

• Here in this study material plasticity is not consid-

ered, so even for 10N force whose stress is greater
than the yield stress of steel the material is not
yielding (still deformations are seen).
• Here in this study the stress vs strain graph is lin-
ear as plasticity of material is not considered but
if it is considered, the stress vs strain graph will be
non linear.

VII. REFERENCES

• https://www.femto.eu/stories/linear-non-linear-
analysis-explained/
• Geometric linear and non linear analysis of beam,
FIG. 2. Linear, non linear and theoretical displacements vs
Kashinath. N. Borse
load applied
 3

linear Non linear Non linear non linear Theoretical Theoretical Theoretical
Load linear stress linear strain
displacement stress strain displacement stress strain Displacement
0.02 2.476 × 106 1.238 × 10−5 2.772 × 10−3 2.476 × 106 1.238 × 10−5 2.772 × 10−3 2494802.495 1.2474 × 10−5 0.002772
0.08 9.906 × 106 4.953 × 10−5 1.109 × 10−2 9.904 × 106 4.952 × 10−5 1.109 × 10−2 9979209.979 4.9896 × 10−5 0.011088
0.2 2.476 × 107 1.238 × 10−4 2.772 × 10−2 2.473 × 107 1.237 × 10−4 2.767 × 10−2 24948024.95 1.2474 × 10−4 0.02772
0.6 7.429 × 107 3.715 × 10−4 8.317 × 10−2 7.346 × 107 3.673 × 10−4 8.816 × 10−2 74844074.84 3.7422 × 10−4 0.08316
1 1.238 × 107 6.191 × 10−4 1.386 × 10−1 1.202 × 108 6.008 × 10−4 1.329 × 10−1 124740124.7 6.2370 × 10−4 0.1386
1.3 1.61 × 107 8.049 × 10−4 1.802 × 10−1 1.533 × 108 7.666 × 10−4 1.683 × 10−1 162162162.2 8.1081 × 10−4 0.108018
1.6 1.981 × 107 9.906 × 10−4 2.218 × 10−1 1.847 × 108 9.236 × 10−4 2.009 × 10−1 199584199.6 9.979 × 10−4 0.22176
2 2.476 × 108 1.238 × 10−3 2.772 × 10−1 2.237 × 108 1.119 × 10−3 2.402 × 10−1 249480249.5 1.2474 × 10−3 0.2772
3 3.715 × 108 1.857 × 10−3 4.158 × 10−1 3.083 × 108 1.542 × 10−3 3.192 × 10−1 374220374.2 1.8711 × 10−3 0.4158
3.2 3.962 × 108 1.981 × 10−3 4.436 × 10−1 3.233 × 108 1.617 × 10−3 3.322 × 10−1 399168399.2 1.9958 × 10−3 0.44352
3.6 4.458 × 108 2.229 × 10−3 4.99 × 10−1 3.517 × 108 1.758 × 10−3 3.560 × 10−1 449064449.1 2.2453 × 10−3 0.49896
4 4.957 × 108 2.478 × 10−3 5.545 × 10−1 3.781 × 108 1.891 × 10−3 3.772 × 10−1 498960499 2.4948 × 10−3 0.5544
10 1.239 × 109 6.196 × 10−3 1.386 6.513 × 108 3.256 × 10−3 5.394 × 10−1 1247401247 6.2370 × 10−3 1.386
100 1.239 × 101 0 6.196 × 10−2 13.86 2.027 × 109 1.013 × 10−2 7.478 × 10−1 12474012470 6.237 × 10−2 13.86

TABLE II. Table of linear, non linear and theoretical stress,

strain and displacement