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SI – engine combustion:
How to “burn” things?
Reactants Products
Premixed
• Homogeneous reaction
– Not limited by transport process
– Fast/slow reactions compared with other time scale of interest
• Premixed flame
– Examples: gas grill, SI engine combustion
• Detonation
– Pressure wave driven reaction
Non-premixed
• Diffusion flame
– Examples: candle, diesel engine combustion
1
SI ENGINE COMBUSTION
• Premixed flame
– Laminar flame speed
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2
Schematic of SI engine flame propagation
Heat transfer
Work
transfer
Fig. 9-4 Schematic of flame propagation in SI engine: unburned gas (U) to left of flame,
burned gas to right. A denotes adiabatic burned-gas core, BL denotes thermal
boundary layer in burned gas.
5
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Typical pressure
and mass fraction burned (xb) curves
P(bar); xb*10; d(xb)/d (% per CA-deg)
25
SI engine;1500 rpm, 0.38 bar intake pressure
Useful conversions:
20
P 1000 rpm:
6oCA/ms
15 mass fraction
burned xb 1200 rpm:
20 Hz
xb *10 (For 4 stroke engine
10 10 cycle/s
100 ms/cycle)
dxb/d
5
0
0 200 400 600
crank angle (deg) 6
3
SI engine part-load operation
50
40 1500 rpm; 1
MAP=38kPa; =1;
Xb
P (bar)
30 ign @ 30oBTC
Xb
20 0.5
10
P
0 0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
3000
Temperature (K)
2000 Tb
1000
Tu
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
cumulative flow (g)
0.6
0.4
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Crank Angle, degree
7
2000
Unburned gas
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
2
Laminar expansion velocity
m/s
1
Laminar flame speed
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
(%/deg) and bar
20 Pressure
10 Mass burn rate
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
1
2*R/B
0.5 Vb/V
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Mass fraction burned
8
4
Combustion produced pressure rise
Flame Flame
u u
b b
m m
time t time t + t
Flame
10
5
Thermodynamic
state of charge
11
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Burn duration
• Burn duration as CA-deg. : measure of burn progress
in cycle
• For modern fast-burn engines under medium speed,
part load condition:
– 0-10% ~ 15o
– 0-50% ~ 25o
– 0-90% ~ 35o
• As engine speed increases,
burn duration as CA-deg. :
– Increases because there is less time per CA-deg.
– Decreases because combustion is faster due to
higher turbulence
Net effect: increases approximately as rpm0.2
6
Optimum Combustion Phasing
• Heat release schedule has to phase correctly with piston motion for
optimal work extraction
• In SI engines, combustion phasing controlled by spark
• Spark too late
– heat release occurs far into expansion and work cannot be fully
extracted
• Spark too early
– Effectively “lowers” compression ratio
– increased heat transfer losses
– Also likely to cause knock
• Optimal: Maximum Brake Torque (MBT) timing
– MBT spark timing depends on speed, load, EGR, , temperature,
charge motion, …
– Torque curve relatively flat: roughly 5 to 7oCA retard from MBT
results in 1% loss in torque
Fig. 9-3 (a) Cylinder pressure versus crank angle for overadvanced spark timing
(50o BTDC), MBT timing (30o BTDC), and retarded timing (10o BTDC). (b) Effect
of spark advance on brake torque at constant speed and A/F, at WOT
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7
Control of spark timing
Borderline knock spk adv
WOT
Fig. 15-17
Fig. 15-3
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8
Typical
piezoelectric
pressure
transducer spec.
6.2mm
Kistler 6125
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10
0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
-5
Crank angle phase error (deg)
-10
-15
9
Cylinder pressure
Fig. 9-10 (a) Pressure-volume diagram; (b) log p-log(V/Vmax) plot; 1500 rpm, MBT
timing, IMEP = 5.1 bar, = 0.8, rc = 8.7, propane fuel.
19
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• Advantage: simple
Burned mass analysis – Need only p(), p0, pf and n
Rassweiler and Winthrow xb always between 0 and 1
(SAE 800131) During combustion V = Vu Vb
Unburned gas volume, back tracked
to spark (0)
Vu,0 Vu (p / p )1/n
0
pf
End of combustion Burned gas volume, forward tracked
p
|slope|=n to end of combustion (f)
p0
Vb,f Vb (p / p f )1/n
Ignition Mass fraction bunred
Pressure, kPa
V V
xb 1 u,0 b,f
V0 Vf
Hence, after some algebra
p1/n V p01/n V0
xb
Fraction of maximum volume pf 1/n Vf p01/n V0
20
(There are two procedures described in the paper; this is one of them)
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10
Heat release analysis
Energy balance:
21
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Pintake
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11
Flow and Combustion Process
in
Spark-Ignition Engine
23
Bore 82.6 mm
Stroke 114.3 mm
Compression ratio 5.8
Operating condition
Speed 1400 rpm
0.9
Fuel propane
Intake pressure 0.5 bar
Spark timing MBT
24
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12
Flame Propagation (Fig 9-14)
1400 rpm
0.5 bar inlet pressure
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