c S



 Title 11 of US Code. While bankruptcy cases are filed in United States
Bankruptcy Court (units of the United States District Courts), and federal law governs procedure
in bankruptcy cases, state laws are often applied when determining property rights. For example,
law governing the validity of liens or rules protecting certain property from creditors (known as
exemptions), derive from state law
c S Bureau of National Affairs: BNA is the largest independent publisher of information and
analysis products for professionals in business and government. BNA publishes - in print and
electronic formats ± more than 350 daily, weekly, monthly, and up-to-the-minute news services
covering the full range of legal, legislative, regulatory, and economic developments that impact
the business environment around the nation and the world
c î

in a legal context, is synonymous with the formal decision made by a court following a
lawsuit
c î


S a question and answer session which takes place under oath, with a
stenographic reporter present to take down all that is said. A deposition may also be tape recorded
or videotaped. It is sometimes also called an "examination before trial." Neither a judge nor a jury
will be present. This is not a trial. The purpose of a deposition is to allow the other side to learn
about your case. However, a deposition should be taken seriously, as your deposition testimony
will be recorded and may be used against you at trial
c î A collection or compilation that embodies the chief matter of numerous books, articles,
court decisions, and so on, disposed under proper heads or titles, and usually by an alphabetical
arrangement, for facility in reference. An index to reported cases, providing brief statements of
court holdings or facts of cases, which is arranged by subject and subdivided by jurisdiction and
courts
c î 

c î
 In American law, discovery is the pre-trial phase in a lawsuit in which each party
through the law of civil procedure can request documents and other evidence from other parties
and can compel the production of evidence by using a subpoena or through other discovery
devices, such as requests for production of documents, and depositions. In other words, discovery
includes (1) interrogatories; (2) motions or requests for production of documents; (3) requests for
admissions; and (4) depositions
c î





an opinion in a legal case written by one or more judges expressing
disagreement with the majority opinion of the court which gives rise to its judgment
c î 
 In the US federal courts, the United States district courts are the general trial
courts. The federal district courts have jurisdiction over federal questions (trials and cases
interpreting federal law, or which involve federal statutes or crimes) and diversity (cases
otherwise subject to jurisdiction in a state trial court but which are between litigants of different
states and/or countries). There are 89 federal districts in the 50 states
c î
 the official summary of proceedings in a court of law
c  the name given to the set of legal principles, in jurisdictions following the English
common law tradition, which supplement strict rules of law where their application would operate
harshly. In civil legal systems, broad "general clause" allow judges to have similar leeway in
applying the code
c   
 The United States federal courts comprises the Judiciary Branch of government
organized under the Constitution and laws of the federal government of the United States. See
also United States federal judge
The United States district courts are the general federal trial courts, although in many cases
Congress has passed statutes which divert original jurisdiction to the above-mentioned
specialized courts or to administrative law judges (ALJs). In such cases, the district courts have
jurisdiction to hear appeals from such lower bodies
The United States courts of appeals are the federal intermediate appellate courts. They operate
under a system of mandatory review which means they must hear all appeals of right from the
lower courts
The Supreme Court of the United States is the supreme court (court of last resort). It generally is
an appellate court that operates under discretionary review; meaning that the Court, through
granting of writs of certiorari, can choose which cases to hear. There is generally no right of
appeal to the Supreme Court. In a few situations (like lawsuits between state governments or
some cases between the federal government and a state) it sits as a court of original jurisdiction.
Such matters are generally referred to a designated individual (usually a sitting or retired judge or
well-respected attorney) to sit as a special master and report to the Court with recommendations
c   
  
  govern civil procedure (i.e. for civil lawsuits) in US
district (federal) courts. The FRCP are promulgated by the US Supreme Court pursuant to the
Rules Enabling Act, and then approved by the US Congress. The Court's modifications to the
rules are usually based upon recommendations from the Judicial Conference of the US, the
federal judiciary's internal policy-making body. Although federal courts are required to apply the
substantive law of the states as rules of decision in cases where state law is in question, the
federal courts almost always use the FRCP as their rules of procedure
c   
 
  a code of evidence law governing the admission of facts by
which parties in the federal court system may prove their cases, both civil and criminal. In
general, the purpose of rules of evidence is to regulate the evidence that the jury may use to reach
a verdict
c  

 A brief summary of a particular point of law that is added to the text of a court
decision to aid readers in interpreting the highlights of an opinion. As the term implies, they
appear at the beginning of the published opinion
c 

 a court's determination of a matter of law based on the issue presented in the particular
case. In other words: under this law, with these facts, this result
c [
 the evaluation of evidence in the making of a decision. Refers to a final finding,
statement, or ruling, based on a considered weighing of evidence, called "adjudication"
c [

the practical authority granted to a formally constituted legal body or to a political
leader to deal with and make pronouncements on legal matters and, by implication, to administer
justice within a defined area of responsibility. The term is also used to denote the geographical
area or subject-matter to which such authority applies
9 

 

refers to a court's power over a particular defendant or an item of
property
9 
  

is an authority confined to a bounded space, including all those
present therein, and events which occur there
 9 6! "  

is an authority over the subject of the legal questions
involved in the case
c ü
 #


a judicial opinion agreed to by more than half of the members of a court. A
majority opinion sets forth the decision of the court and an explanation of the rationale behind the
court's decision
A majority opinion in countries which use the common law system becomes part of the body of
case law
c ü



 asks the court to decide that a claim, even if true as stated, is not one for
which the law offers a legal remedy
c  
 formal written statement filed with a court by parties in a civil action
c 

 

$ 

Chapter 11 Bankruptcy. During the first 120 day period, the debtor in
possession may have the exclusive right to propose a Chapter 11 Plan of Reorganization . This
time period begins, generally, on the date of the filing of the Chapter 11 bankruptcy petition.
c 
 % & 
 or 
 are series of books that contain judicial opinions from a
selection of case law decided by courts. When a particular judicial opinion is referenced, the law
report series in which the opinion is printed will determine the case citation format
c 6 
   

a lawsuit by a corporation's shareholders, theoretically on behalf
of the corporation to protect and benefit all shareholders, against the corporation for improper
management
c 6 % & The official text of an Act of Congress is that of the "enrolled bill" (traditionally
printed on parchment) presented to the President for his signature or disapproval. After
authorization, copies are distributed as "slip laws" by the Government Printing Office (GPO). The
Archivist assembles annual volumes of the enacted laws and publishes them as the United States
Statutes at Large. By law, the text of the Statutes at Large is "legal evidence" of the laws enacted
by Congress. Slip laws are also competent evidence
c 6  An act of a legislature that declares, proscribes, or commands something; a specific law,
expressed in writing
c 6  
 A procedural device used during civil litigation to promptly and
expeditiously dispose of a case without a trial. It is used when there is no dispute as to the
material facts of the case and a party is entitled to judgment as a Matter of Law
c 6!

A formal document that orders a named individual to appear before a duly authorized
body at a fixed time to give testimony
c 
   


 a court order of limited duration. A TRO commands the parties
in the case to maintain a certain status until the court can hear further evidence and decide
whether to issue a preliminary injunction
c 
  
  & French for wrong, a civil wrong, or wrongful act, whether intentional or
accidental, from which injury occurs to another. Torts include all negligence cases as well as
intentional wrongs which result in harm
c   A scholarly legal publication containing all the law relating to a particular area, such as
Criminal Law or Land-Use Control. Lawyers commonly use treatises in order to review the law
and update their knowledge of pertinent case decisions and statutes
c 

 
  
  A general and inclusive group of laws adopted, at least
partially, by all the states to further uniformity and fair dealing in business and commercial
 transactions. The Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) is a set of suggested laws relating to
commercial transactions
c 
 6  
 A copy of a bill that is passed by a state legislature and endorsed by the
governor, or passed by Congress and signed by the president, and is printed and distributed
almost immediately
c 

 

 Judicial opinions that have not been published in any official or near-
official case reporter
c A
 Ô place, such as the territory from which residents are selected to serve as jurors. A
proper place, such as the correct court to hear a case because it has authority over events that have
occurred within a certain geographical area
c  


 the examination of the frequency and pattern of citations in articles and books.
It uses citations in scholarly works to establish links to other works or other researchers. It is the
most common method of bibliometrics. Co-citation coupling and bibliographic coupling are
specific kinds of citation analysis
c