Contents

List of figures ......................................................................................................................................... 0

List of tables........................................................................................................................................... 0
Aim ......................................................................................................................................................... 1
Theory..................................................................................................................................................... 1
Apparatus ................................................................................................................................................ 2
Martial ................................................................................................................................................ 2
Equipment ........................................................................................................................................... 2
Procedure ................................................................................................................................................ 2
calculation ............................................................................................................................................... 3
Result and discussion .............................................................................................................................. 5
Conclusion .............................................................................................................................................. 5
Reference ................................................................................................................................................ 5

List of Figures

Figure 1:Osbourne Reynold apparatus ..................................................................................................... 2

Figure 2:stopwatch .................................................................................................................................. 2
Figure 3:beacker ...................................................................................................................................... 2

List of Tables
Table 1:result .......................................................................................................................................... 5
Aim
To compare visually identified flow types with its Reynold’s number and determine if it is within
the acceptable range.

Theory
Fluid flow can be classified to three regimes which is laminar, transitional and turbulent
regime, laminar regime is a regime where the flow is characterized by smooth streamlines and
highly ordered motion, turbulent is a regime where flow is characterized by velocity fluctuation
and highly disordered motion, transitional regime is where the flow fluctuates between laminar
and turbulent before it become fully turbulent (De Bortoli et al. 2017), the transitional from laminar
to turbulent flow depends on geometry, surface roughness, flow velocity, surface temperature, and
type of fluid ,however , Osborn Reynold discovered that the flow regime mainly depends on the
ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces, this ratio is what we called as Reynold number, at small
or moderate Reynold number the viscous forces are large enough to suppress theses fluctuations
and to keep the fluid ‘’in line’’, thus, the flow is streamlined and in ordered motion, however, at
large Reynold numbers, the inertial forces, which are proportional to the fluid density and the
square of the fluid velocity, are large relative to the viscous force, as result, the viscous force
cannot prevent the random and rapid fluctuation of the fluid, thus, the flow will be in disordered
motion (Kundu, Cohen, and Dowling 2012), the boundary of Reynold number for laminar,
transitional and turbulent regime varies by geometries and flow condition, for example, flow in a
circular pipe is laminar for Reynolds number less than 2100, turbulent for Reynold number larger
than 4000 and transitional in between, however, we will have other boundaries if the pipe cross
sectional area is a square, this experiment is to visualize the laminar, transitional and turbulent
flow in a pipe and to determine the boundary of Reynold number for flow in the pipe, first by
controlling the flow rate, establish the laminar flow, then by slowly increase the flow rate observe
what happened to the dye streak, record the flow pattern change and it volumetric flow rate reading,
determine the boundary of Reynold number of laminar, transitional and turbulent regime((Rehm
et al. 2013). ).

1
 Apparatus
Martial
 Water
 Ink

Equipment
 Osbourne Reynold number apparatus.
 Stopwatch
 Graduated cylinder

Figure 3:Osbourne Reynold Figure 2:stopwatch

apparatus Figure 1:cylinder

Procedure
1. Fill the water tank with water and allow it to stand for some time so that the water comes to rest.
2. Partially open the outlet valve of the glass tube and allow the flow to take place at a very low
rate.
3. Allow the flow to stabilize then open the valves at the inlet of the ink injector and allow the dye
to move through the tube. Observe the nature of the filament.
4. Record the data to the table.
5. Observed the regime, then sketch the flow of the ink.
6. Measure the discharge by collecting water in the
graduated cylinder for a certain interval of time.
7. Repeat the steps 3 and 5 for different discharges.

2
calculation

3
4
Result and discussion
According to the Reynolds`s experiment, laminar flow will occur when a thin filament of dye
injected into laminar flow appears as a single line. There is no dispersion of dye throughout the
flow, except the slow dispersion due to molecular motion. While for turbulent flow, if a dye
filament injected into a turbulent flow, it disperses quickly throughout the flow field, the lines of
dye break into myriad entangled threads of dye.
Table 1:result

Trial Volume of water Time Volumetric flow rate Reynold Flow Type
NO. collected(m3) (sec) (Q,m3/sec) number
1 0.0001 30 3.333×10-6 325 laminar
2 0.0002 7.56 2.645×10-5 2593 transition
3 0.0003 13 2.307×10-5 2261 transition
4 0.0002 12 1.666×10-5 1633 laminar
5 0.0001 17 5.88×10-6 572 laminar
6 0.0004 9 4.44×10-5 4355 turbulent

Conclusion
According to the Reynolds`s experiment, laminar flow will occur when a thin filament of
dye injected into laminar flow appears as a single line. There is no dispersion of dye throughout
the flow, except the slow dispersion due to molecular motion. While for turbulent flow, if a dye
filament injected into a turbulent flow, it disperses quickly throughout the flow field, the lines of
dye break into myriad entangled threads of dye.

Reference
Rehm, B., Schubert, J., Haghshenas, A., Paknejad, A.S. and Hughes, J. (2013), Managed
pressure drilling, Elsevier.

Kundu, P.K., Cohen, I.M. and Dowling, D.R. (2012), Fluid mechanics.
De Bortoli, Á.L., Andreis, G. and Pereira, F. (2015), Modeling and simulation of reactive flows,
Elsevier.