PROCESS BIOTECHNOLOGY

THEORY AND PRACTICE

S N Mukhopadhyay

The Energy and Resources Institute

 Contents

Acknowledgements vii

Preface xi

Section I: Background on Life Formation

1. Prebiotic Science of Chemicals for Life 3

1.1 Introduction 3

1.2 Timescale of Terrestrial Evolution 4

1.3 Heat Death in Cosmos 5
1.4 Modern Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology
Viewpoints of Evolution of Life Forms 8
1.5 Ecology and Environment 13
1.6 Asymbiotic Non-rhizobial MPI in Eco-biotechnology 19
1.7 Overproducer Regenerated Plants 20
1.8 Human Body Design Evolution 23
1.9 Importance of Updated Human Body Design 26

1.10 Conclusion 27

References 28

Bibliography 29

2. Biotic Chemistry 31
2.1 Introduction 31

2.2 Hydrogen Bond 39

2.3 Water 40

2.4 Biochemistry and Immunochemistry: A Concise Treatise 55

2.5 Protein Kinesis Engineering 80

2.6 Tutorial Problem 90

References 93

Bibliography 94

3. Cell Biology and Microbiology 95

3.1 Definition of a Biocell 95
xiv | CONTENTS

3.2 Biocell Types, Positioning, Characteristics, and Identification Tests 95

3.3 Biocellular Design and Activity 116

3.4 Archaebacteria: The Newer Biocells 116

3.5 Ultrastructural Features 118

3.6 Yeasts 128

3.7 Cell and Tissue System Biology 129
3.8 Cellular Materials and Metabolism in Biotechnology 136
3.9 Microbes and Microbiology 137

References 222

Bibliography 226

4. Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Principles 229

4.1 Units and Dimensions 229

4.2 Dimensional Analysis 232

4.3 Fundamentals of Material Balance 241

4.4 Concept of Modelling of Biological Reaction Systems 249

4.5 Fluid Statics and Applications 279

4.6 Fluid Flow Phenomena: Viscosity and the Momentum Flux 284
4.7 Weirs 294
4.8 Laminar and Turbulent Flows 295
4.9 Basic Equations of Fluid Flow 302
4.10 Mass Transfer Principles 307
4.11 Mass Transfer Principles Advances 312

4.12 Heat Transfer by Conduction 318

4.13 Tutorials 321
4.14 Heat Transfer by Convection 322
4.15 Heat Transfer by Radiation 324
4.16 Evaporation 330
4.17 Refrigeration 358
4.18 Heat Exchangers 361
4.19 Adsorption 369
4.20 Extraction 378

4.21 Leaching and Bioleaching 385

4.22 Distillation 402

4.23 Drying of Biological Products 413
 CONTENTS | xv

4.24 Freeze Drying of Biological Materials 420

4.25 Automatic Process Control Principles 424

4.26 Properties and Functions of Polymeric and Biopolymeric

Engineering Materials 432

4.27 Basic of Computer and Its Use in Biosystems 453

4.28 GeneticEngineering Principles and Considerations in Handling

Recombinant Cells in Large Scale 458

4.29 Modern Instrumental Techniques in Process Biotechnology 463

References 468

Bibliography 471

Section II: Bioprocess Engineering System: tutorials

5. Upstream Process Biotechnology: Solved Numerical Problems 475

5.1 Pure Culture Microbial Biotechnology 475

5.2 Mixed Culture Microbial Biotechnology 514

5.3 Immobilized/Anchored Biosystems 519

References 527

Bibliography 527

529
6. Enzyme Engineering and Technology: Solved Numerical Problems
529
6.1 Enzyme Kinetics
6.2 Reactors 539
Enzyme
6.3 Enzyme Production Strategies 542

Bibliography 546

7. Product Recovery and Purification: Solved Numerical Problems 547

7.1 Introduction 547

7.2 Filtration 548

7.3 Ultrafiltration 550

7.4 Reverse Osmosis 552

7.5 Foam Fractionation 553

557
7.6 Adsorption
7.7 Extraction 559

Problem 560
7.8 Novel Bioproduct Recovery Design
7.9 Possible Contaminants 561

573
Bibliography
xvi CONTENTS

8. Unsolved Numerical Problems 575

8.1 Microbial Cell System 575

8.2 Reactor Kinetics and Stability 579

8.3 Plant Cell System 584

8.4 Animal Cell System 585

8.5 Miscellaneous Biosystems 586

Bibliography 591

Index 593

About the Author 601

Answer Keys 603