13 YEARS OF MY LIFE

SHOCKING BUT TRUE

CONTENT OF FRAUD

Verified Warnings From Former U.S. Presidents About the “Invisible Government” Running the U.S. With “No
Allegiance To the People” TRUTHER SEPTEMBER 3, 2012 This article written by Ross Pittman and originally
appeared at Conscious Life News “Those who do not learn from history are doomed to repeat it.

(1) Superior Common Law Court of Republic (50 Union states)

"The United States shall guaranty to every state in the Union a republican form of
government."

(2) A Foreign Entity, Agency, or State Cannot Bring Any Suit Against An United States citizen
Common-Law Trust
Public Notice/Public Record

(3) Mortgage Is Not A Contract” It is a deposit of money by customer (you) to banker

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THE MOST INPORTANT SHOCKING TRUTH STARTS HERE IT WILL

MAKE YOUR HEAD SPIN…..BE PREPAIRED…EVERYTHING YOU
HAVE BEEN TAUGHT IS A LIE….GET READY
Verified Warnings From Former U.S. Presidents About the “Invisible Government” Running the U.S. With “No
Allegiance To the People” TRUTHER SEPTEMBER 3, 2012 This article written by Ross Pittman and originally
appeared at Conscious Life News “Those who do not learn from history are doomed to repeat it.”- George Santayana
Past presidents of the United States and other high profile political leaders have repeatedly issued warnings over the
last 214 years that the U.S. government is under the control of an “invisible government owing no allegiance and
acknowledging no responsibility to the people.” According to a half-dozen of our former presidents, one vice-president,
and a myriad of other high profile political leaders, an invisible government that is “incredibly evil in intent” has been
in control of the U.S. government “ever since the days of Andrew Jackson” (since at least 1836). They “virtually run
the United States government for their own selfish purposes. They practically control both parties… It operates under
cover of a self-created screen [and] seizes our executive officers, legislative bodies, schools, courts, newspapers and
every agency created for the public protection.” As a result, “we have come to be one of the worst ruled, one of the
most completely controlled and dominated, governments in the civilized world—no longer a government by free
opinion, no longer a government by conviction and the vote of the majority, but a government by the opinion and the
duress of small groups of dominant men.” The sources for the above quotes (and more) are listed below. All of the
quotes listed in this article have been verified as authentic and have associated links to the source materials. included
below are statements made by David Rockefeller, Sr, former director of the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR), and
Federal Reserve Chairmanʼs Alan Greenspan and Ben Bernanke that appear to confirm some of the warnings. Warnings
About the Invisible Government Running the U.S. The warnings listed below, which appear in chronological order,
began with our first president – George Washington. The last president to speak out was JFK, who was assassinated.
Read what they and other political leaders have said about the invisible government. George Washington wrote that the
Illuminati want to separate the People from their Government “It was not my intention to doubt that, the Doctrines of
the Illuminati, and principles of Jacobinism had not spread in the United States. On the contrary, no one is more truly
satisfied of this fact than I am. The idea that I meant to convey, was, that I did not believe that the Lodges of Free
Masons in this Country had, as Societies, endeavoured to propagate the diabolical tenets of the first, or pernicious

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principles of the latter (if they are susceptible of seperation). That Individuals of them may… actually had a seperation
[sic] of the People from their Government in view, is too evident to be questioned.” – George Washington, 1st President
of the United States (1789–1797), from a letter that Washington wrote on October 24, 1798, which can be found in the
Library of Congress. For an analysis of Washingtonʼs warning, see the article “Library of Congress: George
Washington Warns of Illuminati” The “Invisible Government” Running the U.S. With “No Allegiance To the People 1
“I sincerely believe, with you, that banking establishments are more dangerous than standing armies.” — Thomas
Jefferson, 3rd President of the United States (1801–1809) and principal author of the United States Declaration of
Independence (1776), in a letter written to John Taylor on May 28, 1816 “A power has risen up in the government
greater than the people themselves, consisting of many and various powerful interests, combined in one mass, and held
together by the cohesive power of the vast surplus in banks.” – John C. Calhoun, Vice President (1825-1832) and U.S.
Senator, from a speech given on May 27, 1836 Note that it appears that Washingtonʼs and Jeffersonʼs concerns
regarding bankers and separation of the people from the government was realized by 1836. This fact was confirmed in
a letter written by FDR in 1933 (see below) in which he wrote that “a financial element in the large centers has owned
the government ever since the days of Andrew Jackson.” Jackson was the seventh president of the United States (1829-
1937). Calhoun served as Jacksonʼs vice-president from 1829-1932. “Behind the ostensible government sits enthroned
an invisible government owing no allegiance and acknowledging no responsibility to the people. To destroy this
invisible government, to befoul the unholy alliance between corrupt business and corrupt politics is the first task of the
statesmanship of the day.”— Theodore Roosevelt, 26th President of the United States, Theodore Roosevelt, An
Autobiography, 1913 (Appendix B) “A great industrial nation is controlled by its system of credit. Our system of credit
is privately concentrated. The growth of the nation, therefore, and all our activities are in the hands of a few men…
[W]e have come to be one of the worst ruled, one of the most completely controlled and dominated, governments in the
civilized world—no longer a government by free opinion, no longer a government by conviction and the vote of the
majority, but a government by the opinion and the duress of small groups of dominant men.” – Woodrow Wilson, 28th
President of the United States, The New Freedom, 1913 “Since I entered politics, I have chiefly had menʼs views
confided to me privately. Some of the biggest men in the United States, in the field of commerce and manufacture, are
afraid of something. They know that there is a power somewhere so organized, so subtle, so watchful, so interlocked, so
complete, so pervasive, that they had better not speak above their breath when they speak in condemnation of it.” –
Woodrow Wilson, 28th President of the United States, The New Freedom, 1913 “The real menace of our Republic is
the invisible government, which like a giant octopus sprawls its slimy legs over our cities, states and nation… The little
coterie of powerful international bankers virtually run the United States government for their own selfish purposes.
They practically control both parties, … and control the majority of the newspapers and magazines in this country.
They use the columns of these papers to club into submission or drive out of office public officials who refuse to do the
bidding of the powerful corrupt cliques which compose the invisible government. It operates under cover of a self-
created screen [and] seizes our executive officers, legislative bodies, schools, courts, newspapers and every agency
created for the public protection.” - New York City Mayor John F. Hylan, New York Times, March 26, 1922 “Mr.
Chairman, we have in this country one of the most corrupt institutions the world has ever known. I refer to the Federal
Reserve Board and the Federal Reserve Banks. The Federal Reserve Board, a Government board, has cheated the
Government of the United States and the people of the United States out of enough money to pay the national debt…
Mr. Chairman, when the Federal Reserve act was passed, the people of the United States did not perceive that a world
system was being set up here… and that this country was to supply financial power to an international superstate — a
superstate controlled by international bankers and international industrialists acting together to enslave the world for
their own pleasure.” – Congressman Louis T. McFadden, from a speech delivered to the House of Representatives on
June 10, 1932 “The real truth of the matter is, as you and I know, that a financial element in the large centers has owned
the government ever since the days of Andrew Jackson.” — Franklin Delano Roosevelt, 32nd President of the United
States (1933–1945), in a letter to Colonel Edward M House dated November 21, 1933, as quoted in F.D.R.: His
Personal Letters, 1928-1945. “Today the path to total dictatorship in the U.S. can be laid by strictly legal means… We
have a well-organized political-action group in this country, determined to destroy our Constitution and establish a one-
party state… It operates secretly, silently, continuously to transform our Government… This ruthless power-seeking
elite is a disease of our century… This group…is answerable neither to the President, the Congress, nor the courts. It is
practically irremovable.” – The “Invisible Government” Running the U.S. With “No Allegiance To the People 2
Senator William Jenner, 1954 speech “The individual is handicapped by coming face-to-face with a conspiracy so
monstrous he cannot believe it exists. The American mind simply has not come to a realization of the evil which has
been introduced into our midst. It rejects even the assumption that human creatures could espouse a philosophy which
must ultimately destroy all that is good and decent.” — J. Edgar Hoover, The Elks Magazine, 1956 “For we are
opposed around the world by a monolithic and ruthless conspiracy that relies primarily on covert means for expanding
its sphere of influence–on infiltration instead of invasion, on subversion instead of elections, on intimidation instead of
free choice, on guerrillas by night instead of armies by day. It is a system which has conscripted vast human and
material resources into the building of a tightly knit, highly efficient machine that combines military, diplomatic,
intelligence, economic, scientific and political operations. Its preparations are concealed, not published. Its mistakes are
buried, not headlined. Its dissenters are silenced, not praised. No expenditure is questioned, no rumor is printed, no
secret is revealed.” — John F Kennedy, 35th President of the United States, from a speech delivered to the American
Newspaper Publishers Association on April 27, 1961 and known as the “Secret Society” speech. Listen to Kennedyʼs

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speech. “The Rockefellers and their allies have, for at least fifty years, been carefully following a plan to use their
economic power to gain political control of first America, and then the rest of the world. Do I mean conspiracy? Yes, I
do. I am convinced there is such a plot, international in scope, generations old in planning, and incredibly evil in
intent.” - Congressman Larry P. McDonald, November 1975, from the introduction to a book titled The Rockefeller
File. “There exists a shadowy government with its own Air Force, its own Navy, its own fundraising mechanism, and
the ability to pursue its own ideas of national interest, free from all checks and balances, and free from the law itself.” –
Daniel K. Inouye, US Senator from Hawaii, testimony at the Iran Contra Hearings, 1986 The Federal Reserve “A
power has risen up in the government greater than the people themselves…” – John C. Calhoun “… owing no
allegiance and acknowledging no responsibility to the people.” – Theodore Roosevelt “… one of the most corrupt
institutions the world has ever known. I refer to the Federal Reserve Board and the Federal Reserve Bank.“ – Louis T.
McFadden In an interview with Jim Lehrer that was aired on PBSʼ News Hour on September 18, 2007 that you can
watch on YouTube, formal Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan said, essentially, that the Federal Reserve was
above the law and that no agency of government can overrule their actions: Jim Lehrer: “What is the proper
relationship, what should be the proper relationship between a chairman of the Fed and a president of the United
States?” Alan Greenspan: “Well, first of all, the Federal Reserve is an independent agency, and that means, basically,
that there is no other agency of government which can overrule actions that we take. So long as that is in place and
there is no evidence that the administration or the Congress or anybody else is requesting that we do things other than
what we think is the appropriate thing, then what the relationships are donʼt frankly matter.” The fact that the Fed is
above the law was demonstrated by current Fed chairman, Ben Bernanke, during his appearance before Congress on
March 4, 2009 (as shown in this video). Senator Bernie Sanders asked Bernanke about $2.2 trillion in American tax
dollars that was lent out by Federal Reserve. Bernanke refused to provide an answer: Senator Sanders: “Will you tell
the American people to whom you lent $2.2 trillion of their dollars? … Can you tell us who they are?” Bernanke: “No”
The “Invisible Government” Running the U.S. With “No Allegiance To the People 3 David Rockefeller and the Council
on Foreign Relations (CFR) “We have a well-organized political-action group in this country, determined to destroy our
Constitution and establish a one-party state…” – William Jenner “The Rockefellers and their allies have, for at least
fifty years, been carefully following a plan to use their economic power to gain political control of first America, and
then the rest of the world.” – Larry P. McDonald In 1921 the stockholders of the Federal Reserve financed an
organization called the “Council on Foreign Relations” (CFR). A full discussion on the CFR is beyond the scope of this
article. Suffice it to say that the CFR likely plays a prominent role in the invisible government that we have been
warned about. The CFR is alleged to be the arm of the Ruling Elite in the United States. Most influential politicians,
academics and media personalities are members. The CFR uses its influence to push their New World Order agenda on
the American people. David Rockefeller, Sr is the current patriarch of the Rockefeller family. He is the only surviving
grandchild of oil tycoon John D. Rockefeller, founder of Standard Oil. Rockefeller began a lifelong association with the
CFR when he joined as a director in 1949. In Rockefellerʼs 2002 autobiography “Memoirs” he wrote: “For more than a
century ideological extremists at either end of the political spectrum have seized upon wellpublicized incidents such as
my encounter with Castro to attack the Rockefeller family for the inordinate influence they claim we wield over
American political and economic institutions. Some even believe we are part of a secret cabal working against the best
interests of the United States, characterizing my family and me as internationalists and of conspiring with others around
the world to build a more integrated global political and economic structure — one world, if you will. If thatʼs the
charge, I stand guilty, and I am proud of it.” James Warburg, son of CFR [Council on Foreign Relations] founder Paul
Warburg, delivered blunt testimony before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee on February 17, 1950: “We shall
have world government, whether or not we like it. The question is only whether world government will be achieved by
consent or by conquest.” Cognitive Dissonance “The American mind simply has not come to a realization of the evil
which has been introduced into our midst. It rejects even the assumption that human creatures could espouse a
philosophy which must ultimately destroy all that is good and decent.” — J. Edgar Hoover Because of a deep rooted
beliefs that the U.S. government is “for the people” and the protector of the free world, many will reject the notion of
an evil shadow government. When our beliefs are challenged or when two beliefs are inconsistent, cognitive dissonance
is created. Itʼs human nature to try to hold our beliefs in harmony with our world view and avoid disharmony (or
dissonance). For those of you who having difficulty believing the information presented in this article, I fully
understand. For the first 57 years of my life, I would not have believed it. Three years ago my world view changed.
While on vacation in Mount Shasta, I came across a book titled “Global Conspiracy” that seemed strangely out of place
in a metaphysical book store. I had never heard of the author before – some guy named David Icke. I scanned through
the book and frankly didnʼt believe 99% of what I read. But, I saw one thing that caught my attention in that I knew
that I could easily verify Ickeʼs assertion. I did my own research and turned out what Icke had stated was true (at least
in that one instance). That led me down a rabbit hole and many, many hundreds of hours of independent research. Keep
an open mind, do your own research, and use discernment. Beware that there is a ton of disinformation on the internet,
much of which is intentionally placed to confuse the public. At a CFR meeting on geoengineering (see the article
“Millions Spent to Confuse Public About Geoengineering“), M. Granger Morgan stated (itʼs captured on video for you
to see and hear for yourself): “First of all, of course, there is a lot of money getting spent to make sure that a very
substantial portion of the public stays totally confused about this. And, I mean, itʼs been really quite pernicious. But
thereʼs been literally tens of millions of dollars spent on every little thing that comes along that might, you know, relate
to some uncertainty.” The “Invisible Government” Running the U.S. With “No Allegiance To the People 4 What Can

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We Do? “Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful, committed citizens can change the world. Indeed, it is the only
thing that ever has.” – Margaret Mead In addition to doing your own research, please spread the word (feel free to share
this article), and get involved. The Thrive Solutions Hub is an excellent place to join with others who are taking
positive action steps expose corruption and to create a world in which we can all thrive. You can watch the full Thrive
movie on YouTube here. SOURCE: http://www.pakalertpress.com/2012/09/03/verified-warnings-from-former-u-s-
presidents-about-theinvisible-government-running-the-u-s-with-no-allegiance-to-the-people/ The “Invisible
Government” Running the U.S. With “No Allegiance To the People 5
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A Foreign Entity, Agency, or State Cannot Bring Any Suit Against An United States citizen
Common-Law Trust
Public Notice/Public Record

Whereas defined pursuant to: The 11th Amendment states; “The Judicial power of the United States shall
not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United
States by Citizens of another State, or by Citizens or Subjects of an Foreign State.” (A foreign entity,
agency, or state cannot bring any suit against a United States citizen without abiding by the procedure
outlined below.)

Whereas defined pursuant to: Title 22 CFR 93.1-93.2 states that the Department of State has to be notified
of any suit, and in turn has to notify the United States citizen of said suit. Whereas defined pursuant to:
Title 28 USC 1330 states that the United States District Court has to grant permission for the suit to be
pursued once the court has been supplied sufficient proof that the United States citizen is actually a
corporate entity. Whereas defined pursuant to: Title 28 USC 1602-1611 (Foreign Sovereign Immunities
Act) allows the jurisdiction of a court to be challenged, and a demand of proper jurisdiction to be stated.
http://www.scribd.com/doc/184846582/Common-Law-Trust-Foreign-Sovereign-Immunity-Act-Defined-
Public-Notice-Public-Record Whereas defined pursuant to: Title 28 USC 1608 I have Absolute Immunity
as a Corporation.

FOREIGN NATION or STATE defined: A nation totally independent of the United States of America 2.
The constitution authorizes congress to regulate commerce with "foreign nations." This phrase does not
include an Indian tribe, situated within the boundaries of a state, and exercising the powers of government
and sovereignty. 5 Pet. R. 1. Vide Nation. A Law Dictionary Adapted To The Constitution and Laws of the
United States of America and of the Several States of the American Union by John Bouvier Revised Sixth
Edition, 1856

Whereas defined pursuant to; For purposes of this chapter— (a) A “foreign state”, except as used in section
1608 of this title, includes a political subdivision of a foreign state or an agency or instrumentality of a
foreign state as defined in subsection (b). (b) An “agency or instrumentality of a foreign state” means any
entity— (1) which is a separate legal person, corporate or otherwise, and (2) which is an organ of a foreign
state or political subdivision thereof, or a majority of whose shares or other ownership interest is owned by
a foreign state or political subdivision thereof, and (3) which is neither a citizen of a State of the United
States as defined in section 1332 (c) and (e) of this title, nor created under the laws of any third country. (c)
The “United States” includes all territory and waters, continental or insular, subject to the jurisdiction of the
United States.

Whereas defined: pursuant to Title Twenty Eight Judiciary and Judicial Procedure Part VI – Particular
Proceedings Chapter 176 – Federal Debt Collection Procedure Subchapter A – Definitions and General
Provisions: Section three zero - zero two: Definitions (fifth - teen) “United States” means— (a) a Federal
corporation; (b) an agency, department, commission, board, or other entity of the United States; or (c) an
instrumentality of the United States. [Includes but not limited to States, Counties and Cities, etc.]
http://www.scribd.com/doc/171918348/United-States-Means-a-Federal-Corporation

Whereas defined pursuant to; 19 C.J.S., Corporations § 883: "A foreign corporation is one that derives its
existence solely from the laws of another state, government, or country, and the term is used
indiscriminately, sometimes in statutes, to designate either a corporation created by or under the laws of

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another state or a corporation created by or under the laws of a foreign country." "A federal corporation
operating within a state is considered a domestic corporation rather than a foreign corporation. The United
States government is a foreign corporation with respect to a state." [Bold added.] 19 Corpus Juris
Secundum, Corporations § 883.

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA defined: The name of a district of country, ten miles square, situate between
the states of Maryland and Virginia, over which the national government has exclusive jurisdiction. By the
constitution, congress may " exercise exclusive jurisdiction in all cases whatsoever, over such district, not
exceeding ten miles square, as may, by, cession of particular states, and the acceptance of congress, become
the seat of government of the United States." In pursuance of this authority, the states of Maryland and
Virginia, ceded to the United States, a small territory on the banks of the Potomac, and congress, by the Act
of July 16, 1790, accepted the same for the permanent seat of the government of the United States. The act
provides for the removal of the seat of government from the city of Philadelphia to the District of
Columbia, on the first Monday of December 1800. It is also provided, that the laws of the state, within such
district, shall not be affected by the acceptance, until the time fixed for the removal of the government
thereto, and until congress shall otherwise by law provide. 2. It seems that the District of Columbia, and the
territorial districts of the United States, are not states within the meaning of the constitution, and of the
judiciary act, so as to enable a citizen thereof to sue a citizen of one of the states in the federal courts. 2
Cranch, 445; 1 Wheat, 91. 3. By the Act of July 11, 1846, congress retroceded the county of Alexandria,
part of the District of Columbia, to the state of Virginia. A Law Dictionary Adapted To The Constitution
and Laws of the United States of America and of the Several States of the American Union by John Bouvier
Revised Sixth Edition, 1856 http://www.scribd.com/doc/185991988/Common-Law-Trust-District-of-
Columbia-Defined-Public-Notice-Public-Record

COMMERCE defined: trade, contracts. The exchange of commodities for commodities; considered in a
legal point of view, it consists in the various agreements which have for their object to facilitate the
exchange of the products of the earth or industry of man, with an intent to realize a profit. Pard. Dr. Coin. n.
1. In a narrower sense, commerce signifies any reciprocal agreements between two persons, by which one
delivers to the other a thing, which the latter accepts, and for which he pays a consideration; if the
consideration be money, it is called a sale; if any other thing than money, it is called exchange or barter.
Domat, Dr. Pub. liv. 1, tit. 7, s. 1, n. 2. Congress have power by the constitution to regulate commerce with
foreign nations and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes. 1 Kent. 431; Story on Const. Sec.
1052, et seq. The sense in which the word commerce is used in the constitution seems not only to include
traffic, but intercourse and navigation. Story, Sec. 1057; 9 Wheat. 190, 191, 215, 229; 1 Tuck. Bl. App. 249
to 252. Vide 17 John. R. 488; 4 John. Ch. R. 150; 6 John. Ch. R. 300; 1 Halst. R. 285; Id. 236; 3 Cowen R.
713; 12 Wheat. R. 419; 1 Brock. R. 423; 11 Pet. R. 102; 6 Cowen, R. 169; 3 Dana, R. 274; 6 Pet. R. 515; 13
S. & R. 205. A Law Dictionary Adapted To The Constitution and Laws of the United States of America and
of the Several States of the American Union by John Bouvier Revised Sixth Edition, 1856

Whereas defined pursuant to: The Alien Registration Act of 1940, usually called the Smith Act because the
anti-sedition section was authored by Representative Howard W. Smith of Virginia, was adopted at 54
Statutes at Large 670-671 (1940). The Act has been amended several times and can now be found at 18
U.S. Code § 2385 (2000). § 2385. Advocating Overthrow of Government; Whoever knowingly or willfully
advocates, abets, advises, or teaches the duty, necessity, desirability, or propriety of overthrowing or
destroying the government of the United States or the government of any State, Territory, District or
Possession thereof, or the government of any political subdivision therein, by force or violence, or by the
assassination of any officer of any such government; or Whoever, with intent to cause the overthrow or
destruction of any such government, prints, publishes, edits, issues, circulates, sells, distributes, or publicly
displays any written or printed matter advocating, advising, or teaching the duty, necessity, desirability, or
propriety of overthrowing or destroying any government in the United States by force or violence, or
attempts to do so; or Whoever organizes or helps or attempts to organize any society, group, or assembly of
persons who teach, advocate, or encourage the overthrow or destruction of any such government by force
or violence; or becomes or is a member of, or affiliates with, any such society, group, or assembly of
persons, knowing the purposes thereof-- Shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than twenty
years, or both, and shall be ineligible for employment by the United States or any department or agency
thereof, for the five years next following his conviction. If two or more persons conspire to commit any

5
offense named in this section, each shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than twenty years,
or both, and shall be ineligible for employment by the United States or any department or agency thereof,
for the five years next following his conviction. As used in this section, the terms "organizes" and
"organize", with respect to any society, group, or assembly of persons, include the recruiting of new
members, the forming of new units, and the regrouping or expansion of existing clubs, classes, and other
units of such society, group, or assembly of persons.

Whereas defined pursuant to: Officers and employees acting as agents of foreign principal 18 USC § 219
(a) Whoever, being a public official, is or acts as an agent of a foreign principal required to register under
the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938, as amended, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned for
not more than two years, or both. (b) Nothing in this section shall apply to the employment of any agent of
a foreign principal as a special Government employee in any case in which the head of the employing
agency certifies that such employment is required in the national interest. A copy of any certification under
this paragraph shall be forwarded by the head of such agency to the Attorney General who shall cause the
same to be filed with the registration statement and other documents filed by such agent, and made
available for public inspection in accordance with section 6 of the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938
(22 USCS § 616], as amended. (c) For the purpose of this section "public official" means Member of
Congress, Delegate, or Resident Commissioner, either before or after he has qualified, or an officer or
employee or person acting for or on behalf of the United States, or any department, agency, or branch of
Government thereof, including the District of Columbia, in any official function, under or by authority of
any such department, agency, or branch of Government. (Added July 4, 1966, P. L. 89-486, § 8(b), 80 Stat.
249; Oct. 12, 1984, P. L. 98473, Title II, Ch XI, Part J, § 1116, 98 Stat. 2149; Nov. 10, 1986, P. L. 99-646, §
30, 100 Stat. 3598; Nov. 29, 1990, P. L. 101-647, Title XXXV, § 3511, 104 Stat. 4922.) HISTORY;
ANCILLARY LAWS AND DIRECTIVES References in text: "The Foreign Agents Registration Act of
1939", referred to in subsec. (a), is Act June 8, 1938, ch 327, 52 Stat. 631, which appears generally as 22
USCS § 611 et seq. For full classification of this Act, consult USCS Tables volumes. Explanatory notes: A
prior § 219 was redesignated as 18 USCS § 214 by Act Oct. 23, 1962, P. L. 87-849, § 1(d), 76 Stat. 1125.
Effective date of section: Act July 4, 1966, P.L. 89-486, § 9, 80 Stat. 249, provides that this section shall
become effective 90 days after its enactment on July 4, 1966; see 22 USCS § 611 note. Amendments: 1984.
Act Oct. 12, 1984, in the first undesignated para., substituted "a public official" for "an officer or
employee"; and added the third undesignated para. 1986. Act Nov. 10, 1986 designated the first
undesignated para. as subsec. (a), and substituted such subsec. for one which read: "Whoever, being a
public official of the United States in the executive, legislative, or judicial branch of the Government or in
any agency of the United States, including the District of Columbia, is or acts as an agent of a foreign
principal required to register under the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938, as amended, shall be fined
not more than $10,000 or imprisoned for not more than two years, or both."; designated the second and
third undesignated paras. as subsecs. (b) and (c) respectively, and in subsec. (c), as so designated,
substituted "Delegate" for "the Delegate from the District of Columbia," and deleted, " or a juror"
preceding the concluding period. 1990. Act Nov. 29, 1990, in subsec. (c), substituted "Government" for
"Governments" preceding "thereof, including."

The NAME JOHN DOE is a fiction. Please be aware the NAME was created by the STATE, people are not
the NAME, and the NAME is not people, the NAME is the CESTUI QUE TRUST (ESTATE) created by
the STATE for the Beneficiary (people). The public record being the highest form of evidence, freeborn
spiritual being on the land being of sound mind, competent, over the age of eighteen do hereby certify,
verify, state, claim and declare forever without abandonment; Real Property (on Earth); Personal Property
(body); and Ecclesiastical Property (soul) together with all trusts, probate, rights, titles, interests droit, droit
both absolute and contingent, as are due and as might become due, now existing and as might hereafter
arise, and as might be suffered by, imposed on, and incurred by Debtor for any and every reason, purpose,
and cause whatsoever. PRIVATE defined: Affecting or belonging to private individuals, as distinct from the
public generally. Not official; not clothed with office. People v. Powell, 280 Mich. 699, 274 N.W. 372, 373.
Black’s Law Dictionary Sixth Edition (page 1195)

Whereas defined pursuant to; article one section ten - Powers prohibited of States No State shall enter into
any Treaty, Alliance, or Confederation; grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal; coin Money; emit Bills of

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Credit; make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender in Payment of Debts; pass any Bill of Attainder,
ex post facto Law, or Law impairing the Obligation of Contracts, or grant any Title of Nobility.

Sui Juris, known as: John, of the genealogy of Doe freeborn spiritual being on the land state the facts
contained herein are true, correct, complete, and not misleading, to the best of my personal first hand
knowledge and belief. Being of sound mind, competent, over the age of 18. This my free will, voluntary act
and deed to make, execute, seal, acknowledge and deliver under my hand and seal with explicit reservation
of all my unalienable rights and my specific common law right not to be bound by any contract or
obligation which I have not entered into knowingly, willingly, voluntarily, and without misrepresentation,
duress, or coercion, whereby I did not sign nor consent. I am not now nor have ever been a U.S. Citizen or
a Fourteenth Amendment Federal Citizen or Employee, I am not bound by sworn oath or oath of office.
Whereas I hereby disclaim Clauses One and Two of Section One to the Fourteenth Amendment, together
with Article Four Section Three Clause Two. “Without the U.S.” Should this not be true then let the record
be corrected or it will stand as truth. Time is of the essence.

Veracity; In my Private Capacity as General Executor (Executrix) of said Cestui Que Trust (Estate) account
Droit, Droit, This serves Notice that your offer has been Accepted as Valuable Consideration and Returned
for Value. This property is Exempt from Levy. Please Adjust this Account for the Proceeds, Products,
Accounts and Fixtures and Release The Order(s) of The Court to Me Immediately. Make adjustment and
close this account immediately, with prejudice. I accept your Oath, Oath of Office Security Agreement,
Constitutions as by-laws, and Malfeasance Bond and place you in the Private commencing this self-
executing binding contract between you and I. Further, I appoint you trustee “Fully Personally Liable Now”
on your honor and solemn Oath to perform your obligations and duties to Protect My un-a-lien-able Rights
in your Fiduciary Capacity against any and all claims, legal actions, orders, warrants, judgments, demands,
liabilities, losses, foreclosure, depositions, summonses, lawsuits, costs, fines, liens, levies, penalties, taxes,
damages, interests, and expenses whatsoever, both absolute and contingent, as are due and as might become
due, now existing and as might hereafter arise, and as might be suffered by, imposed on, and incurred by
Debtor for any and every reason, purpose, and cause whatsoever. Please honor Obligation of Good Faith in
Performance of your Duties. Quid Pro Quos, an equal exchange or substitution.

This my free will, voluntary act and deed true and lawful attorney-in-fact to make, execute, seal,
acknowledge and deliver under my hand and seal, explicitly reserving all rights without prejudice;

By:__________________________________________
Sui Juris known as; John of the genealogy of Doe Bailor for JOHN DOE Bailee
_
___________________________________________
Ran, Roe Third Party Witness
"Sealed and delivered in the presence of us."

___________________________________________
James, Roe Third Party Witness
"Sealed and delivered in the presence of us."
STATE OF ILLINOIS )
) SS:
COUNTY OF COOK )
CERTIFICATE OF ACKNOWLEDGMENT
On this date the individual named above, in his/her stated capacity, personally appeared before me to
execute this acknowledgement that this instrument was signed, sealed, and delivered as their free will,
voluntary act and deed to make, execute, seal, acknowledge and deliver under their hand and seal verified
and authenticated for the uses and purposes therein mentioned.

_____________________ _________________________________
DATE Signature of NOTARY PUBLIC

AFFIX

7
 NOTARY SEAL Date Commission Expires __________________
IF REQUIRED

NOTICE: Public acts defined: are those which have a public authority, and which have been made before
public officers, are authorized by a public seal, have been made public by the authority of a magistrate, or
which have been extracted and been properly authenticated from public records. Black’s Law Dictionary
Sixth Edition (page 26) END

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Superior Common Law Court of Republic (50 Union states)
"The United States shall guaranty to every state in the Union a republican
form of government."
Because Common Law is the basis of the laws in America, Common Law is what is being referred to in
almost every place where the word "Law" appears within the Constitution, the Declaration of
Independence, and the Bill of Rights. These documents were designed to eliminate the vicious Equity,
Maritime or Admiralty Laws that we revolted against in Our Revolution against the totalitarianism of
England.

FACT - The Constitution does grant the Federal union the power to establish Courts of Equity and
Maritime Courts. Because the federal entity is concerned with actions and activities between the States,
dealing with the Indian Nations, and International Associations it needs a system of laws to manage these
responsibilities.

FACT - Equity Courts are concerned with contracts, and settlement of disagreements between fictional
entities. Since the States are fictional entities the arguments and disputes between the States are properly
addressed in Equity Courts. They have nothing to do with anything else. They do not deal with Sovereign
People, with property rights, or other matters involving such things.

FACT - Maritime Courts are concerned only with actions and activities occurring in International activities
and on the high seas. Maritime Courts have jurisdiction over such things as captured naval vessels, piracy,
salvage of goods from sunken ships, and mutiny by the crew of a ship. They do not deal with Sovereign
People, with (private) property rights, or other matters involving such things.

FACT - The third type of Court that is only briefly mentioned in the Constitution is the Common
Law Court. The Seventh Amendment to the Constitution is very clear about the power and the
authority vested in the Common Law Courts. In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy
shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury,
shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the
common law. – Bill of Rights - Amendment VII

FACT - The significance of this is pointed up by the fact that any controversy involving Money (Gold and
Silver Coins) in an amount greater than twenty dollars, or any property such as real estate can only be tried
in a Court of Common Law with the right of trial by a jury who decides the Law as well as the Facts of the
case!

FACT - This means that any Mortgage Foreclosure action can be tried only in a Court of Common
Law, and that neither the Federal Congress, nor the State Legislature, has any Constitutional
authority to provide that mortgage foreclosure actions shall be actions in Equity or Maritime Courts!
This means that Sheriff's Sales as a result of these Mortgage Foreclosure actions are null and void!
And it means that the Sheriffs have participated in criminal confiscation of real property in violation
of the Constitution and of their oaths of office!

There is no federal general common law. Congress has no power to declare substantive rules of common
law applicable in a state whether they be local in their nature or 'general,' be they commercial law or a part

8
of the law of torts. And no clause in the Constitution purports to confer such a power upon the federal
courts. – Erie R.R. Co. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64 (1938)

FACT - When we created the Constitution We as Sovereign People issued absolute mandates to our public
servants, the officers that would staff our creation in the form of the Laws of the Constitution. This
amounted to a Writ of Mandamus commanding them to do exactly as they were told.
Mandate: An order by a Sovereign to his subjects.
There can be no limitation on the power of the people of the United States. By their authority the
State Constitutions were made, and by their authority the Constitution of the United States was
established; – defined pursuant to: U. S. Supreme Court - Hauenstein vs Lynham (100 US 483)

FACT - We the People also issued a Writ of Prohibition to our public servants that was designed to prohibit
them from performing actions that were not specifically set forth in the “organic Constitution.”

FACT - There is no contract between the Sovereign People and the Constitution, We the People cannot
violate the terms and conditions set forth in the Constitution. We the People cannot violate the conditions of
an agreement that does not exist.

FACT - The contract that exists concerning the Constitutions that We the People created is by and between
the Sovereign People and our public servants. The Oath of Office, subscribed to by each public servant, is a
contract that they will defend and uphold the “organic Constitution” that We the People created.

FACT - We the People made no provisions that bound us to any performance within the language of either
the State or Federal Constitutions. The Oath of Office is therefore, a one-sided obligation to perform.
The obligation to perform is all on the side of the Constitutional office-holders.

FACT - There are not, nor can there ever be, any circumstances under which the Constitutional
Offices that we created through the Constitution, can have, or can exercise, any power to bring any
law suit, or action at law, against any Sovereign People. Sovereignty of the people cannot be lost,
taken away, nor given away.

FACT - Using our God granted Sovereignty we created a form of government that seemed best to us to
effect our safety and happiness by creating a government that must serve our every command, and has no
power to interfere with or bother our daily lives.

FACT - The proof of these statements are found in the Declaration of Independence: We hold these truths
to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain un-a-
lien-able Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness. That to secure these
rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed,
that whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to
alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles, and
organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness.

FACT - The system of laws that each Sovereign People has agreed to be subject to is the Common Laws.
Only by a Sovereign specifically agreeing to be subject to a law, bill, regulation, code, or ordinance will the
Sovereign be subject to that law, bill, regulation, code, or ordinance.

FACT - This is why the system of Common Laws is not detailed in either the Federal or State
Constitutions. The Sovereign People retained all rights to Common Law and in doing so granted no rights
to the Federal or State entities to do anything that would interfere with or impact upon our Sovereign rights.
There is no federal general common law.

REPUBLICAN GOVERNMENT defined: A government in the republican form; a government of the

people; it is usually put in opposition to a monarchical or aristocratic government. 2. The fourth section of
the fourth article of the constitution, directs that "the United States shall guaranty to every state in the
Union a republican form of government." The form of government is to be guaranteed, which supposes a

9
form already established, and this is the republican form of government the United States have undertaken
to protect. See Story, Const. Sec. 1807.

full faith and credit defined: n. the provision in Article IV, Section 1 of the U.S. Constitution which states:
"Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the public acts, records and judicial proceedings of
every other state." Thus, a judgment in a lawsuit or a criminal conviction rendered in one state shall be
recognized and enforced in any other state, so long as the original judgment was reached by due process of
law. Each state has a process for obtaining an enforceable judgment based on a "foreign" (out-of-state)
judgment.

REPUBLIC
A commonwealth; that form of government in which the administration of affairs is open to all the citizens.
In another sense, it signifies the state, independently of its form of government. In this sense, it is used by
Ben Johnson. Those that, by their deeds make it known, whose dignity they do sustain; And life, state,
glory, all they gain, Count the Republic's, not their own. REPUBLICAN GOVERNMENT - A government
in the republican form; a government of the people; it is usually put in opposition to a monarchical or
aristocratic government.

The fourth section of the fourth article of the constitution, directs that "the United States shall guaranty to
every state in the Union a republican form of government." The form of government is to be guaranteed,
which supposes a form already established, and this is the republican form of government the United States
have undertaken to protect.

COMMON LAW
That which derives its force and authority from the universal consent and immemorial practice of the
people. The system of jurisprudence that originated in England and which was latter adopted in the U.S.
that is based on precedent instead of statutory laws.

Traditional law of an area or region; also known as case law. The law created by judges when deciding
individual disputes or cases. The body of law which includes both the unwritten law of England and the
statutes passed before the settlement of the United States.

In Old England there were two types of Courts - law and equity. In the law court the Judge applied statutes.
As time went on situations that were not covered by statutes were uncovered and Judges 'created' law,
usually in equity. This is 'common law.'

The U.S. is a common law country. In all states except Louisiana (which is based on the French civil code),
the common law of England was adopted as the general law of the state, EXCEPT when a statute provides
otherwise. Common law has no statutory basis; judges establish common law through written opinions that
are binding on future decisions of lower courts in the same jurisdiction. Broad areas of the law, most
notably relating to property, contracts and torts are traditionally part of the common law. These areas of the
law are mostly within the jurisdiction of the states and thus state courts are the primary source of common
law. Thus, 'common law' is used to fill in gaps. Common law changes over time, and at this time, each state
has its own common law on many topics. The area of federal common law is primarily limited to federal
issues that have not been addressed by a statute.

Even if federal common law otherwise would operate, it is displaced when Congress has decided the
matter. See, e.g., Central Bank v. First Interstate Bank of Denver, N.A., 114 S.Ct. 1439, 1448 (1994)
(holding that the conclusion that Congress did not intend to impose aiding and abetting liability under
section 10(b) of the Securities and Exchange Act 'resolve[d] the case' notwithstanding the acknowledged
power of the federal courts, with respect to the section 10(b) actions, to fashion federal common law that
'attempt[s] to infer `how . . . Congress would have addressed the issue,'' (quoting Musick, Peeler & Garrett
v. Employers Ins. of Wausau, 113 S.Ct. 2085, 2090 (1993).

10
Sovereign Immunity All corporate, state, national and international “constitutions, laws, statutes,
ordinances, regulations, rules, codes, orders, proclamations, corporate policy and public policy” are private
copyrighted material. The “People” do not possess a license nor have authority to use such copyrighted
material, and conversely such material or any other material or entity has no authority over the “People’s”
property or personal affairs and is herein accepted as valuable consideration whatever Respondents attempt
to enforce it on the “People.” The “People” will consider the above private corporate policy when dealing
with U.S. and other “national citizens” for the purpose of maintaining harmony in society. The “People’s”
immunity as a “Sovereign People” is absolute and the terms and conditions of this contract are enforceable
and stand regardless of any condition in the future including State of Emergency, Martial Law, Declaration
of War and all other conditions.

Whereas defined pursuant to Supreme Court Annotated Statue; Erie R.R. Co. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64
(1938) Congress has no power to declare substantive rules of common law applicable in a state whether
they be local in their nature or 'general,' be they commercial law or a part of the law of torts. And no clause
in the Constitution purports to confer such a power upon the federal courts. –

Whereas defined pursuant to Supreme Court Annotated Statue: Hagans v. Lavine, 415 U. S. 533 "The law
requires proof of jurisdiction to appear on the record of the administrative agency and all administrative
proceedings."

Whereas defined pursuant to: Supreme Court Annotated Statue: U.S. v. Anderson, 60 F.Supp. 649
(D.C.Wash. 1945) “Jurisdiction of court may be challenged at any stage of the proceeding, and also
may be challenged after conviction and execution of judgment by way of writ of habeas corpus.”

Whereas defined pursuant to; Supreme Court Annotated Statue: Norman v. Zieber, 3 Or at 202-03 In regard
to courts of inferior jurisdiction, “if the record does not show upon its face the facts necessary to give
jurisdiction, they will be presumed not to have existed.”

Whereas defined pursuant to Supreme Court Annotated Statue: U.S. v. Throckmorton, 98 US 61 "Fraud
vitiates the most solemn contracts, documents and even judgments."

Whereas defined pursuant to Supreme Court Annotated Statue: Nudd v. Burrows, 91 U.S 426. “Fraud
destroys the validity of everything into which it enters,”

Whereas defined pursuant to Supreme Court Annotated Statue: Rubinstein v. Collins, 20 F.3d 160, 1990
“Knowing failure to disclose material information necessary to prevent statement from being misleading, or
making representation despite knowledge that it has no reasonable basis in fact, are actionable as fraud
under law.”

Whereas defined pursuant to Supreme Court Annotated Statue: Bransom v. Standard Hardware, Inc., 874
S.W.2d 919, 1994 [a] “Party in interest may become liable for fraud by mere silent acquiescence and
partaking of benefits of fraud.”

Ex dolo malo non oritur actio defined: Out of fraud no action arises; fraud never gives a right of action. No
court will lend its aid to a man who founds his cause of action upon an immoral or illegal act. As found in
Black's Law Dictionary, Fifth Edition, page 509.

NULLA CURIA QUM RECORDUM NON HABET POTEST IMPONERE FINEM NEQUE ALIQUEM
MANDARE CARCERI; QUIA ISTA SPECTANT TANTUMMODO AD CURIAS DE RECORDO
defined: 8 Coke, 60. No court which has not a record can impose a fine or commit any person to prison;
because those powers belong only to courts of record.

FALSE JUDGMENT defined: Eng. law. The name of a writ which lies when a false judgment has been
given in the county court, court baron, or other courts not of record. F. N. B. 17, 18 3 Bouv. Inst. n. 3364.

FALSE RETURN. A return made by the sheriff, or other ministerial officer, to a writ in which is stated a

11
fact contrary to the truth, and injurious to one of the parties or some one having an interest in it. 2. In this
case the officer is liable for damages to the party injured. 2 Esp. Cas. 475. See Falso retorno brevium.

EX NIHILO NIHIL FIT defined: From nothing comes nothing. Jackson v. Waldron, 13 Wend. N.Y. 178,
221; Root v. Stuyvesant, 18 Wend. N.Y. 257, 301.

EX PACTO ILLICITO NON ORITUR ACTIO defined: From an illegal contract an action does not arise.
Broom, Max. 742. See 7 Clark & F. 729.

END NEXT

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
“A Mortgage Is Not A Contract”
It is a deposit of money by customer (you) to banker

Every mortgage transaction translates into a deposit of money by customer to banker merchant.

The mortgage merchant business is business through merchant-to-merchant engagement without the
consent or knowledge of the customer (depositor of money).

A "mortgage" is not a contract just as the Constitution is not a contract. A Contract requires two (2) or more
real parties (offeror and offeree) who, at the time of its execution or adoption, covenanted to be bound by it
as evidenced by the signature(s) of both parties (offeror and offeree).

The practiced pattern of the "mortgage merchant industry,” and their well publicized activities, proves
beyond a shadow of a doubt, that: (1) every "mortgage merchant" did intentionally obtain their customer's
Promissory Notes, by non-disclosure, concealment and suppression of the material fact; (2) that the
mortgage merchant was not risking any of their own assets in the transaction and, (3) that the "merchant"
did intentionally obtain their customer's “deposit” by concerted action, which would accomplish the
unlawful things described herein, with full knowledge of the end results of their individual participation.

Every “Mortgage Merchant” would be charged with fraud, larceny and conspiracy to defraud (RICO). I
will explain:

A "Mortgage Merchant" is not a party to a mortgage under the laws of contract. No agent/principal for the
mortgage merchant will sign a mortgage contract. The reason for the missing signature is because the
agent/principal is fully aware that the “mortgage merchant” is not tendering any consideration in the
transaction. Therefore, having provided no consideration and having given no indication of any desire to
participate as a party to the contract by signing the contract, neither the mortgage merchant nor any other
third party who may acquire the mortgage, has any legal authority to impose the terms of the mortgage. The
contract fails for lack of consideration.

Only party/parties that have signed the contract may enforce the contract.

There is no power of attorney in the mortgage granting the mortgage merchant the legal right to use the
individual's “deposit” for the mortgage merchant’s personal financial gain, without compensating the
depositor. There is no written granted authority, or disclosure in the mortgage for the mortgage merchant, or
any other party, to "pool," "encumber," "pledge," "hypothecate," or "trade" the depositor’s Property on the
secondary market where all trades are cleared by the Federal Reserve and are trades "off the books" without
compensating the maker.

The depositor of money in the mortgage “contract,” has made no appointment of representative status to
any agent/principal of the mortgage merchant. After obtaining the note, the non-authorized actions of the
mortgage merchant concerning the depositor of money creates - Bailment “without reward,” consisting of

12
the delivery of an article by the owner to another person, to be used by the latter gratuitously, and returned
either in specie or in kind.

If the mortgage were a contract, then the mortgage merchant would have had to tender consideration.

When the “mortgage merchant” obtains the customer's deposit of money, they have committed an act of
"Constructive Fraud" by acts of concealment of material facts. These acts of concealment of material facts
establish a Breach of Contract, since the mortgage merchant has a legal duty to act in good faith with clean
hands and disclose all material facts relative to the transaction.

Having obtained the customer's deposit of money by Constructive Fraud, the mortgage merchant is not
justified by "implied consent" to enforce the contract, as that consent, implied or otherwise, cannot be given
under a cloud of non-disclosure, concealment and suppression of material facts, or a state of duress.

Do you think the merchant bank holds the moral position here?

If one of the sovereign people has the rights of sovereignty over himself and his property, as one of the
sovereign people he also has unlimited right to contract.

- Deposit Pothier defines it to be a contract, by which one of the contracting parties gives a thing to another
to keep, who is to do so gratuitously, and obliges himself to return it when he shall be requested.

BAILMENT defined: A delivery of goods or personal property, by one person (bailor) to another (bailee),
in trust for the execution of a special object upon or in relation to such goods, beneficial either to the bailor
or bailee or both, and upon a contract, express or implied, to perform the trust and carry out such object,
and thereupon either to redeliver the goods to the bailor or otherwise dispose of the same in conformity
with the purpose of the trust. The bailee is responsible for exercising due care toward the goods. Delivery
of personality for some particular use, or on mere deposit, upon a contract, express or implied, that after
purpose has been fulfilled it shall be redelivered to the person who delivered it, or otherwise dealt with
according to his directions, or kept until he reclaims it, as the case may be. Simpkins v. Ritter, 189 Neb.
644, 204 N.W.2d 383, 385. Generally, no fiduciary relationship is created by a bailment and hence it is not
accurate to refer to the transfer as "in trust", because no trustee-beneficiary relationship is created. See also
Pawn; Pledge. Actual bailment. One which exists where there is either: (a) an "actual delivery," consisting
in giving to the bailee or his agent the real possession of the chattel, or (b) a "constructive delivery,"
consisting of any of those acts which, although not truly comprising real possession of the goods
transferred, have been held by legal construction equivalent to acts of real delivery. Black’s Law Dictionary
Sixth Edition (page 142)

But, a contract creates the law. Therefore, a contract is a living body of law and is an agreement made
between living people. When a contract's sponsors and promoters reduce to a document words and terms
that convey privileges and authority, which those sponsors and promoters have no right or lack the capacity
to convey, it is illegal.

A LOAN is:
- Deposit Of Money By A Customer With Banker; Gimbel Bros. v. White, 10 N.Y.S.2d 666, 667, 256
App.Div. 439

- Bailment with- out reward, consisting of the delivery of an article by the owner to another person, to be
used by the latter gratuitously, and returned either in specie or in kind.

- A sum of money confided to another. Nichols v. Fearson, 7 Pet. 109, 8 L. Ed. 623; Booth v. Terrell, 16 Ga.
20, 25;

- A borrowing of money or other personal property by a person who promises to return it, State v. Moltzner,
141 Or. 355, 17 P.2d 555, 556;

13
- Contract whereby one delivers money to another who agrees to return equivalent sum. Easter Oil
Corporation v. Strauss, Tex.Civ.App., 52 S.W.2d 336, 340; Shaw v. McShane, Tex.Com.App., 50 S.W.2d
278, 282;

- Debts arising from borrowing of money, Lawrie v. Miller, Tex.Com.App., 45 S.W.2d 172, 173;

- Delivery by one party and receipt by another party of money on agreement, express or implied, to repay
money with or without interest, Parsons v. Fox. 179 Ga. 605, 176 S.E. 642; 0. A. Graybeal Co. v. Cook, 111
Cal.App. 518, 295 P. 1088, 1092;

- Payment of money by one to another to be repaid some future day, In re Arbuckle's Estate, 324 Pa. 501,
188 A. 758, 761;

- That which one lends or borrows, In re Lalla's Estate, 362 Ill. 621, 1 N.E.2d 50, 53;

- Transaction creating customary relation of borrower and lender, Bannock County v. Citizens' Bank &
Trust Co., 53 Idaho 159, 22 P.2d 674.

- Transaction wherein one party transfers to the other a sum of money which that other agrees to repay
absolutely. Yezek v. Delaware, L. & W. R. Co., 28 N.Y.S.2d 35, 36, 176 Misc. 553.

The “deposit” creates a loan by the customer to the mortgage merchant (bailee) to be returned upon request
by the customer, bailor of said deposit account.

See: http://www.scribd.com/doc/203107003/A-LOAN-is

MERCHANTMAN defined: A ship or vessel employed in a merchant's service. This term is used in
opposition to a ship of war.

MERCHANDISE BROKER defined: One who negotiates the sale of merchandise without having it in his
possession or con trol, being simply an agent with very limited powers. Hughes v. Young, 17 Tenn.App. 24,
65 S.W.2d 858. See Broker. Black’s Law Dictionary Sixth Edition (page 987)

MERCHANT ACCOUNTS defined: Accounts between merchant and merchant, which must be current,
mutual, and unsettled, consisting of debts and credits for merchandise. Black’s Law Dictionary Sixth
Edition (page 987)

MERCHANT defined: One who is engaged in the purchase and sale of goods; a trafficker; a retailer; a
trader. Term commonly refers to person who purchases goods at whole sale for resale at retail; i.e. person
who operates a retail business (retailer). A person who deals in goods of the kind or otherwise by his
occupation holds himself out as having knowledge or skill peculiar to the practices or goods involved in the
transaction or to whom such knowledge or skill may be attributed by his employment of an agent or broker
or other intermediary who by his occupation holds himself out as having such knowledge or skill. U.C.C. §
2-104(1). A man who traffics or carries on trade with foreign countries, or who exports and imports goods
and sells them by wholesale. Merchants of this description are commonly known by the name of "shipping
merchants." Commission merchant. See Commission merchant. Law merchant. See Commercial law;
Mercantile law. Statute merchant. See Statute. Black’s Law Dictionary Sixth Edition (page 987)

LAW MERCHANT defined: Body of law governing commercial transactions which had its origin in
common law of England regulating merchants. See U.C.C. § 1-103. See also Commercial law; Mercantile
law; Uniform Commercial Code. Black’s Law Dictionary Sixth Edition (page 987)

CONVERSION defined: torts. The unlawful turning or applying the personal goods of another to the use
of the taker, or of some other person than the, owner; or the unlawful destroying or altering their nature.
Bull. N. P. 44; 6 Mass. 20; 14 Pick. 356; 3 Brod. & Bing. 2; Cro. Eliz. 219 12 Mod. 519; 5 Mass. 104; 6
Shepl. 382; Story, Bailm. Sec. 188, 269, 306; 6 Mass. 422; 2 B. & P. 488; 3 B. & Ald. 702; 11 M. & W.

14
363; 8 Taunt. 237; 4 Taunt. 24. 2. When a party takes away or wrongfully assumes the right to goods which
belong to another, it will in general be sufficient evidence of a conversion but when the original taking was,
lawful, as when the party found the goods, and the detention only is illegal, it is absolutely necessary to
male a demand of the goods, and there must be a refusal to deliver them before the conversion will, be
complete. 1 Ch. Pr. 566; 2 Saund. 47 e, note 1 Ch. Pl. 179; Bac. Ab. Trover, B 1 Com. Dig. 439; 3 Com.
Dig. 142; 1 Vin. Ab. 236; Yelv. 174, n.; 2 East, R. 405; 6 East, R. 540; 4 Taunt. 799 5 Barn. & Cr. 146; S.
C. 11 Eng. C. L. Rep. 185; 3 Bl. Com. 152; 3 Bouv. Inst. n. 522, et seq. The refusal by a servant to deliver
the goods entrusted to him by his master, is not evidence of a conversion by his master. 5 Hill, 455. 3. The
tortious taking of property is, of itself, a conversion 15 John. R. 431 and any intermeddling with it, or any
exercise of dominion over it, subversive of the dominion of the owner, or the nature of the bailment, if it be
bailed, is, evidence of a conversion. 1 Nott & McCord, R. 592; 2 Mass. R. 398; 1 Har. & John. 519; 7 John.
R. 254; 10 John. R. 172 14 John. R. 128; Cro. Eliz. 219; 2 John. Cas. 411. Vide Trover.

15