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Diffuse Endocrine Cells

Faizah Fulyani, Ph.D


2017
APUD
• First introduce by Pearse (1969)
• Supposely unrelated cells have similar cytochemical
and ultrastructure characteristic
• Amine Precursor Uptake and Decarboxylation
• Derived from neural crest
• Pituitary, Pancreatic islet (alpha & beta cells), Thyroid
and Gastrointestinal tract
– Secreting a low molecular weight polypeptide hormone.
– share the ability to take up amine precursors to produce
active amine through intracelluler decarboxylation and
subsequently store the main product in secretory vesicles
= Paraneuron
Cytochemical characteristics of
APUD cells

• Amine precursor uptake


• Amine content; primary and secondary
uptake
• Amino acid decarboxylase
Ultrastructural characteristics of
APUD cells

• Low level of rough (granular) ER


• High level of smooth ER
• High content of free ribosomes
• Dense secretion granules
• Tendency to produce fine protein microfibrils
• Membrane-bound secretion vesicles
Hormone signaling mechanism

transport in the Diffuse Close contact;


blood through direct interaction
interstitial fluid
Gastrointestinal-hormones; regulated by
paracrine mechanism

• Secrete peptide and amine hormone


• Function: coordination of gastrointestinal activity

Goodman, 2009
Hormone secreting cells in stomach
epithelial lining

Open to lumen,
thus have direct
contact with its
content

closed to lumen,
thus have no
direct contact
with its content

Goodman, 2009
Gastrin secreting cell (G-cells)
• Gastrin is a peptide hormone that stimulates
secretion of gastric acid (HCl) by the parietal cells
• Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), and the presence of
amino acids in the stomach, stimulates the release of
gastrin from the G cells.
• Gastrin stimulates enterochromaffin-like cells (ECL)
to secrete histamine
• Histamine promotes production and release of
bicarbonate ions from the parietal cells to the blood
and protons to the stomach lumen.
• When the stomach pH decreases(becomes more
acidic), the ECLs stop releasing histamine.
Regulation of gastrin secretion
• [gastrin] in blood increase 2-3 folds with food
intake
• Triggered by Sensation of smells and taste, or
thoughts of food
• (1) Vagal intake  release gastrin releasing
peptide (neuropeptide)
• (2) When food entering the stomach  pH >>>
signal G cells to secrete Gastrin
• (3) The acidic pH, lipid content, high osmolarity of
chyme that enter duodenum  decrese the
gastrin secretion
Pyloric glands Somatostatin
• Somatostatin (SST) secreted by D-
cells
• Acts as a local paracrine factor &
circulating hormone
• Two biologically active forms
consisting of 14 (SST-14) or 28 (SST-
28) amino acids, produced by
processing the pre-prosomatostatin.
• D cells in the antral mucosa secrete
somatostatin in response to low pH.
• Somatostatin acts as a paracrine
inhibitor of gastrin secretion from
nearby G cells
SST inhibits acid secretion by its effects on G-cells,
ECL cells, and parietal cell via Paracrine mechanism

A B

A. In the pyloric glands the microvilli of the SST cells reach the gastric lumen  “open type”
B. SST cells do not reach the gastric lumen directly  “closed type”

Endocrinology 156(11):EN20151388 · July 2015


Feed back control of gastrin secretion

Goodman, 2009
Enteric hormone: Secretin
• Secretin is produced in duodenal and proximal
jejunal mucosae
• Secretion increases when intestinal contents pH<
4.5
• Function : to stimulate secretion of bicarbonate
and water by regulation ion movements across
plasma membrane of epithelial cells of pancreas
• Secretin indirectly inhibits gastric acid production
and gastrin secretion by stimulating D cells to
secrete somatostatin
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
• A peptic ulcers causing abdominal pain and
diarrhea
• Excessive secretion of Gastrin, leads to
excessive production of gastric acid
• Caused by a gastrinoma (gastrin-producing
tumor, mostly benign) of the duodenum or
the pancreas.
Terimakasih

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