MPPU 1034

APPLICATION OF STATISTIC IN EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH

LIKERT SCALE DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

 Introduction

In 2013, the Teacher Education Division (BPG) of the Ministry of Education

Malaysia (KPM) had conducted a research on the impact of attending courses on Higher
Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) among lower secondary Mathematics teachers. In order to
collect information, questionnaires were built and distributed to 30 secondary schools in
Pasir Gudang district. The questionnaire had 6 constructs but the one emphasized for this
analysis is skill level among teachers after attending the courses.

 Research question to be addressed

 What are the skill levels among the lower secondary mathematics teacher in Pasir
Gudang district?

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APPLICATION OF STATISTIC IN EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH

 Instruments, Research Design, Methodology

Data were collected by using questionnaires. This is an exploratory research. The

findings of this study will be the indicators to the efficiency of the programmes that have
been implemented. This is also a quantitative research.

Part C: Skills related to HOTS

Based on the scale below, evaluate your skill level after attending the HOTS course.

1 2 3 4 5
Moderately
Unskilled Less skillful Skillful Very skilled
skilled

After attending the course

No. Item 1 2 3 4 5

1 Build a non-routine items

2 Build items similar to TIMSS questions

3 Build items similar to PISA questions

4 Build items similar to Board of Examination questions

5 Use thinking map (i-Think) in Mathematics lesson

6 Use Modal and Heuristic approach in Mathematics lesson

7 Use Structural Problem Solving approach in Mathematics

lesson

8 Use Bansho Plan technique in Mathematics lesson

9 Use Drawing Modal (Block) approach in Mathematics

lesson

10 Practice discourse in Mathematics lesson

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APPLICATION OF STATISTIC IN EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH

 Data in SPSS format

Variable View

Data view

GENDER

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid MALE 20 57.1 57.1 57.1

FEMALE 15 42.9 42.9 100.0

Total 35 100.0 100.0

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APPLICATION OF STATISTIC IN EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH

 Relevant analyses

Data received from the questionnaire were analysed in order to answer the research
question above. Ten items related to skills (Item 1 – Item 10) were investigated. Each
response from the respondents was keyed-in into SPSS.

The Sum Score for each respondent was computed. Following is the calculation for
categorization:

Minimum score 1 (smallest value) X 10 (items) 10

Maximum score 5 (highest value) X 10 (items) 50

Sum score of Skills were divided into three levels namely, HIGH, MEDIUM and
LOW. Recoding sum score of Skills into three levels as follows:

Sum Score Level of HOTS skill

38 – 50 High
24 – 37 Medium
10 – 23 Low

 SPSS output

SUM_GROUPED

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid 10-23 7 20.0 20.0 20.0

24-37 23 65.7 65.7 85.7

38-50 5 14.3 14.3 100.0

Total 35 100.0 100.0

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 MPPU 1034
APPLICATION OF STATISTIC IN EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH

 Results

The analysis shows that the teachers involved in this research were from three
categories, high skills, medium skills and low skills. Nevertheless, majority of
teachers having medium skills (65.7%) in handling HOTS lesson in classroom. Small
size of teachers (5, 14.3%) were still unskilled in HOTS. 7 out of 35 selected teachers
were really skilful. By answering the research questions, BPG could able to identify
low skilled teachers and may plan more impactful programmes to make zero unskilled
teachers in the district.

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APPLICATION OF STATISTIC IN EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH

CHI-SQUARED TEST

 The Dual Language Programme (DLP) classes of two schools had different
facilities for mathematic lesson. A study of students who had participated in the
programme asked them to assess their satisfaction with the facilities.

 To answer the question 'is there any evidence of a difference in the

satisfaction of the students between the two types of facilities at the two
schools?’ the chi-square test is used.

 Suitable null and alternative hypotheses might be:

 H0: There is no difference in satisfaction of the students between the two

types of facilities, and

 H1: There is a difference in satisfaction of the students between the two

types of facilities.

 Data were collected by using questionnaires and observations.

 This is an exploratory research with mixed methods research (quantitative and

qualitative). The participants of this study were selected from 2 different DLP
classes from two different schools in Pasir Gudang. They were form 2 students. 30
students participated from school A and 35 students participated from school B.

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APPLICATION OF STATISTIC IN EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH

 Data in SPSS

Variable View

Data view

 Output from SPSS

Statistics

LEVEL OF
SATISFACTION SCHOOL

N Valid 65 65

Missing 0 0

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APPLICATION OF STATISTIC IN EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH

LEVEL OF SATISFACTION

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid DISSATISFIED LOT 10 15.4 15.4 15.4

DISSATISFIED LITTLE 11 16.9 16.9 32.3

NEUTRAL 10 15.4 15.4 47.7

SATISFIED 20 30.8 30.8 78.5

VERY SATISFIED 14 21.5 21.5 100.0

Total 65 100.0 100.0

SCHOOL

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid SCHOOL A 30 46.2 46.2 46.2

SCHOOL B 35 53.8 53.8 100.0

Total 65 100.0 100.0

The size of which reflects the probability (p-value) that the observed difference
between the 2 variables has occurred by chance, due to sampling error.

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APPLICATION OF STATISTIC IN EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH

From these expected and the observed values the chi-squared test-statistic is
computed, and the resulting p-value is examined.

Chi-Square Tests

Asymp. Sig. (2-

Value df sided)

a
Pearson Chi-Square 11.862 4 .018

Likelihood Ratio 13.037 4 .011

N of Valid Cases 65

a. 2 cells (20.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum

expected count is 4.62.

Symmetric Measures

Value Approx. Sig.

Nominal by Nominal Phi .427 .018

Cramer's V .427 .018

N of Valid Cases 65

The p-value is printed as .018

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APPLICATION OF STATISTIC IN EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH

 Results

The chi-squared test statistic is 11.86 with an associated p < 0.05.

The null hypothesis is rejected, since p < 0.05, and a conclusion is made that there is a
difference in satisfaction of the students between the two types of facilities in two
different classes and schools. Examining the pattern of numbers it is noted that more
students were satisfied with the facilities at school A than with the facilities at school
B.

A chart illustrates the pattern of responses well. Bar chart compares satisfaction
responses from students in school A and B.

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