ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING LAB

EXP 1

DETERMINATION OF CALCIUM IN THE GIVEN WASTE WATER SAMPLE

REAGENTS

1. SODIUM HYDROXIDE – 8gm of NaOH is dissolved in 100ml of distilled water

2. MUREXIDE INDICATOR (AMMONIUM PURPURATE) – 0.2gm of murexide is mixed with 100gm of

sodium chloride

3. Std. EDTA TITRANT - 3.723gm of EDTA (disodium salt) is dissolved in 1000ml distilled water.

PROCEDURE

Fill the burette with std. EDTA solution

Now take 20 ml of waste water sample is pipetted into a clean conical flask

Add 1ml of sodium hydoxide solution

Add a pinch of murexide indicator

Now titrate against EDTA solution

End point pink colour turns purple

EXP 2

COAGULATION & PRECIPITATION PROCESS FOR TREATING WASTE WATER SAMPLE

REAGENTS

Alum solution ( aluminium sulphate)

PROCEDURE

Take 4 beakers with 200ml of W.W sample

Add conc. sulphuric acid to increase the pH

In first beaker add 2 dosage of alum & stir well for 3 min

In second beaker add 4 dosage of alum & stir well for 3

min

In third beaker add 6 dosage of alum & stir well for 3 min

In fourth beaker add 8 dosage of alum & stir well for 3

min

Check the initial turbidity in Nephlo-turbidity meter

Now place the beakers in jar test apparatus

Flocculate the sample for 12 min with 40 rpm

Next Allow the sample to stand for 20 min

Now measure the final turbidity & draw the graph

between turbidity & dosage
EXP 3

DETERMINATION OF SUSPENDED & DISSOLVED SOLIDS IN WASTE WATER SAMPLE

PROCEDURE

For total solids,Take a clean dry crucible & take the

empty weight as (W 1) gm

Now take the W.W sample in crucible

Heat the crucible in water bath for 1000 C till the water
evaporates & dry residue remains
Now place the crucible in hot air oven for 1030 C
for 1 hour

later cool the crucible in a desicator for 20 min

Now take the weight as (W 2) gm

For dissolved solids,Take a clean dry crucible & take the
empty weight as (W 3) gm
Now take the W.W sample & filter the sample in wattman
filter paper in a crucible

Heat the crucible in water bath for 1000 C till the water
evaporates & dry residue remains

Now place the crucible in hot air oven for 1030 C for 1 hour

later cool the crucible in a desicator for 20 min

Now take the weight as (W 4) gm

EXP 4

DETERMINATION OF VOLATILE & FIXED SOLIDS IN WASTE WATER SAMPLE

PROCEDURE

For total solids,Take a clean dry crucible & take the

empty weight as (W 1) gm

Now take the W.W sample in crucible

Heat the crucible in water bath for 1000 C till the water
evaporates & dry residue remains

Now place the crucible in hot air oven for 1030 C for
1 hour

later cool the crucible in a desicator for 20 min

Now take the weight as (W 2) gm

Now take the sample & place it in muffale furnace at
6500 C for 30 min
Now the volatile & organic matter in the solids is evaporated &
only fixed solids remains in crucible

now cool the crucible in a desicator for 20 min

Now take the weight as (W 3) gm

EXP 5

DETERMINATION OF CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND IN WASTE WATER SAMPLE

REAGENTS

1. Std. potassium dichromate solution: dissolve 12.26 gm of potassium dichromate in 1000ml of

distilled water

2. Ferroin Indicator solution: Dissolve 1.485 gm of phenolphthalein sulphate with 0.695 gm of ferrous
sulphate in water with 100ml of distilled water

3. Std. Ferrous Ammonium sulphate: dissolve 98 gm of FAS in 100ml of distilled water & add 20 ml H2SO4
& dilute to 1litre.

PROCEDURE

Take 2.5ml of W.W in COD tube & 2.5 ml of distilled water in

another COD tube

Add 1.5 ml of std. potassium dichromate to both the tubes

add 3.5 ml of H2SO4 in both tubes

keep the tubes in COD digestor for 2 hours at 1500 C

Cool them & transfer to conical flask

Add 2 drops of ferrion indicator

Fill burette with FAS solution

Now titrate both

End point green colour turns to reddish brown colour

EXP 6

DETERMINATION OF BIO - CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND IN WASTE WATER SAMPLE

REAGENTS

1. Manganous sulphate : 12g of manganous sulphate is dissolved in 25ml of distilled water.

2. Alkaline Iodide solution: 9g of sodium hydroxide & 2.5g of potassium iodide are dissolved in 25ml of
distilled water

3. Sodium thiosulphate solution (0.025 N) : 6.2g of sodium thiosulphate is dissolved in 1 lit of water

4. Starch solution: Take 1gm of starch. Prepare with distilled water. Make 100ml with water & boil by
stirring & cool it.

PROCEDURE

Take 2.5ml of W.W in BOD bottle

Add 2.5ml manganous sulphate

add 2.5ml alkaline - iodide solution

add 2ml conc. sulphric acid

shake the bottle

Fill burette with sodium thiosulpahte solution

Add 2ml starch solution, blue colour appears

Now titrate both

End point - colourless

EXP 7

DETERMINATION OF SODIUM IN WASTE WATER SAMPLE

REAGENTS

1. Distilled water

2. Stock sodium solution: 2.542gm of sodium chloride of dried was dissolved in 1000ml distilled water to
give 1ml = 1mg of sodium

PROCEDURE

Take distilled water, insert flame photmeter pipe to clean the dirt

Take 10 ml stock solution of sodium

place it in beaker & insert the flame photometer pipe

note the readings

similarly for 20ml

similarly for water sample

EXP 7

DETERMINATION OF POTASSIUM IN WASTE WATER SAMPLE

Similar procedure as sodium, instead of sodium, potassium stock solution is taken

EXP 8

DETERMINATION OF PHOSPHATE IN WASTE WATER SAMPLE

REAGENTS

1. Ammonium molybdate :

 Take 25gm of ammonium molybdate is dissolved in 175ml D.W in a beaker

 280ml conc. H2SO4 is added to 400ml D.W & cooled another beaker
 Now mix both the solution & 1000ml D.W is added

2. Stannous chloride : 2.5gm Stannous chloride is dissolved in 100 ml glycerol & heated in water bath

3. Std. phosphate solution: 219.5mg of dried potassium hydrogen phosphate is dissolved in D.W &
1000ml D.W 1ml = 50µg of phosphate

10ml of stock solution is taken & 1000ml D.W is added. Now 1ml = 0.05 mg of phosphate

PROCEDURE

Take 50 ml of filtered sample

4 ml ammonium molydbate

4-5 drops stannous chloride

now take distilled water in a quartz tube, note the readings

now in another quartz tube take the prepared solution & take the
readings

Do the readings for 0.1,2.5,5,6 ppm & sample water

find the absorbance & tolerance