PHYS101 - Laws of Motion

NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION
FORCE (F)
Described as either push or pull that can cause a
mass (body) to accelerate (cause of motion)
A vector quantity that is the product of mass

(m) & acceleration (a).
F=ma
In MKS it is in unit : Newtons (N) , 1 N = 1 kg-m/s2
In CGS it is in unit : dynes , 1 dyne = 1 g-cm/s2
In English Units : Pound (₤ or lbs) , Pound-force (lbf)
FORCE (F)
CONVERSION :
1 dyne = 1x10-5 N = 10-5 N

1 lbs = 4.448 N
COMPONENTS
Fy = 5 N sin θ
F=5N
θ θ
m = m Fx = 5 N cos θ
KINDS OF FORCES
1. Force due to Gravity / Weight
FGRAV = W = mg, where (for earth) : g = 9.8 m/s2 or 32 ft/s2
W = mg W = mg
θ
Weight is ALWAYS directed TOWARDS (attractive to) the earth, even if

the surface is at an angle.
Weight is ALWAYS acting on the body
Weight being a force is a VECTOR. Mass is SCALAR.
It is possible to have zero weight , but mass is not zero. (i.e. objects in outer space)
KINDS OF FORCES
2. Longitudinal Forces
Forces acting along the length of an object
Common in ropes, cables, solid cylinders
TENSION (T) T T
Pull Force on an object. Its end effect is
to STRETCH an object.
COMPRESSION (C) Length (L)
Push Force on an object. Its end effect

is to FLATEN an object.
C C
- Compression usually is due to normal
forces between two objects in contact
Length (L)
KINDS OF FORCES
3. Contact Forces
Forces due to interaction between different surfaces
FRICTIONAL FORCE / FRICTION (f)
Force that oppose motion of an object. m f
Always parallel to the contact surface
& directed opposite the motion of the
N W = mg
object
NORMAL FORCE (Ŋ or N)
Reaction Force due to Weight of the
object(s) in contact
Always Perpendicular to the contact
surface
f
θ
W = mg
KINDS OF FORCES
3. Contact Forces
fαN
f=μN
μ – Coefficient of Friction
μS – Coefficient of Static Friction
μS = tan θf , (This θ MUST be the Angle of friction or repose)
μK – Coefficient of Kinetic Friction
KINDS OF FORCES
3. Contact Forces
F
Equations for Normal & Frictional Forces
θ
N
F
m N
N
θ β
W = mg W = mg W = mg
N = W = mg N = Wy = W cosθ N = Wy – Fy
f = μN = μmg N = mgcosθ N = mgcosβ – Fsinθ
f = μN = μmg cosθ f = μN
f = μ(mgcosβ – F sinθ)
NEWTON’S LAW OF MOTION
FIRST LAW : Law of Inertia
“A body acted by NO net force either stays motionless or
moves, but with constant velocity and zero acceleration”
SECOND LAW : Law of Acceleration

“A body requires a net force to accelerate” “The
acceleration is directly proportional to the net force
but inversely proportional to the body’s mass”
“The direction of the net force is the same as the
direction of the acceleration”
NEWTON’S LAW OF MOTION
THIRD LAW : Law of Action – Reaction
“To every action there is always opposed an equal
reaction, same in magnitude but opposite in direction.”
W = mg T
N m
W = mg
FIRST CONDITION OF EQUILIBRIUM (FCE)
EQUILIBRIUM – The effects of all forces acting on a single point on the
body cancel one another. There is no change in motion
An object or body is at the state of Equilibrium, when :

(1)The body stays at rest
OR
(2)The body moves in a straight line but in constant or uniform velocity
(No acceleration)
For Both :
ΣFx = 0 & ΣFy = 0
Therefore : R = 0 or Fnet = 0
FREE BODY DIAGRAM (FBD)
Used to analyze forces acting on a body by isolating the
body with all forces acting on it.
Steps
1. A. Represent the object as a point mass
B. If it is a system (multiple objects), a certain point on it will be indicated for
reference, use this as the “point mass”.
2. Draw ALL forces ACTING ON the body from this point
Internal – Weight
External – Applied Force,
Friction
Normal Force (Coming from Other Body in contact),
Tension (Always away from the body)
3. Don’t forget to show also the angle of the force (if angled).
TIPS ON FBD
DON’T Draw Vectors GOING towards the point mass (even though it may show in
the figure) draw it away from the point mass, it does the same thing.
EXAMPLE 1 WRONG FBD CORRECT FBD
F
F
θ N
m f θ f f
θ
N W = mg N
F
W = mg W = mg
TIPS ON FBD
EXAMPLE 2
WRONG FBD * CORRECT FBD *
N
f
f f
θ
W = mg
N
θ θ
W = mg W = mg
* Using the inclined surface as the x-axis

TIPS ON FBD PULLEYS & Weights
Pulleys are analyzed as frictionless & of negligible weight.
For FCE : Tension of rope or cable passing through the pulley is equal to the weights
HANGING from them.
T=W T=W
T = W1
θ T = W1
T=W
T = W1
T=W T = W1
2 kg
2 kg
W1 = mg
W = mg
TIPS ON FBD
Using the inclined surface as the x-axis (rotate of axis)
Must have at least 1 pair of perpendicular forces and 90°
angle is visible.
45°
O
f 60°
θ
W = mg
ALLOWED since f & N are Perpendicular
1000 lbs
NOT ALLOWED :No perpendicular forces or

angles with respect to point O, thus not
practical to use any inclined as x-axis.
TIPS ON FBD
If a system consists of two or more objects. Multiple FBD’s may be
required :
A
P=? A
B
Sample Problems :
1. A 5 kg block will start to slide down at
constant speed from a surface when
it is inclined at 40° with the
horizontal. Determine the Frictional
force, Normal force and the
coefficient of static friction. 40°
Solution : Draw the forces acting

Draw the FBD
on the body
N
f
40°
N
f
W = mg W = mg
40°
Since we have perpendicular forces along the inclined (f & N) we can use the
inclined as our x-axis
Re-draw the FBD Draw the component vectors of angled vectors
N N
f f
Wx
40°
40°
W = mg W Wy
Friction and Normal force and μS
N Fnet = 0
f
Wx ΣFx = 0 → (+) ΣFy = 0↑ (+)
40°
Wy − Wx + f = 0 + N – Wy = 0
W
f = Wx = Wsinθ N = Wy = Wcosθ
f = mg sinθ N = mg cos θ
f = (5kg)(9.8m/s2)(sin 40°) N = (5kg)(9.8m/s2)(cos 40°)
f = 31.5 N N = 37.54 N
f=μN μS = f/N = 31.5 N / 37.54 N μS = 0.839
μ = f/N
or μS = tan θf = tan 40° μS = 0.839
2. A woman at an airport is pulling a 15 kg suitcase (with wheels) at constant speed of 2 m/s
by pulling on the handle attached to the bag (this makes an angle θ above the horizontal).
She pulls with a 56 N force, and the frictional force is 20N. What is the angle “θ”, the normal
force & the coefficient of kinetic friction?
F = 56 N
θ N F = 56 N N
Fy
m = 15 kg
f = 20 N θ f = 20 N θ
Fx
f = 20 N
W = mg W = mg
Solving for θ ,Normal force and μK
Fnet = 0
N
Fy ΣFx = 0 → (+) ΣFy = 0↑ (+)
f = 20 N θ − f + Fx = 0 + N + Fy – W = 0
Fx
f = Fx N = W – Fy
f = F cosθ N = mg – F sin θ
20 N = 56 N(cos θ) N = (15kg)(9.8m/s2) – (56N)(sin 69.08°)
W = mg
θ = 69.08° N = 94.69 N
f=μN μK = f/N = 20 N / 94.69 N μK = 0.211

μ = f/N
3. A wet shirt weighs 4 N. It is hanged to dry on a metal clothesline. The shirt is placed at
the very center of the length of the clothesline, and the angle formed with respect to the
horizontal due to the weight of the shirt on either side are equal. What are the tensions
on each side of the clothesline?
2m
θ θ
0.4 m T1 T2 T1y T2y
θ θ θ θ
T1x T2x
W=4N W=4N
1m
θ tan θ = (0.4 m)/(1 m)
0.4 m
θ = 21.8°
Solving for Tensions
Fnet = 0
T1y T2y
ΣFx = 0 → (+) ΣFy = 0↑ (+)
θ θ
T2x
− T1x + T2x = 0 + T1y + T2y – W = 0
T1x
T2x = T1x T1 sinθ + T2 sinθ = W
T2 cosθ = T1cosθ T1 sinθ + T1 sinθ = W
W=4N T2 = T1 2(T1 sinθ) = W
T1 = W/ (2sinθ)
T1 = [(4N)/[2sin(21.8°)]
T1 =5.385N T2 = 5.385N
Q : What relates FCE to Newton’s
First Law of Motion (NFLM)?
A : FCE is an application of NFLM.

Where the object is and must be at
equilibrium.
Recall : NEWTON’S LAW OF MOTION
SECOND LAW
“A body requires a net force to accelerate”
“The acceleration is directly proportional to the net force
but inversely proportional to the body’s mass”
“The direction of the net force is the same as the direction
of the acceleration”
Body of mass “m” at rest on a Due to net force “Fnet” going to the left the
frictionless surface object will accelerate also to the left
a
Fnet = ma
Fnet
m m
NEWTON’S SECOND LAW OF MOTION (NSLM)
If Fnet = ma
a
Possibilities :
F
m a) ΣFx = max & ΣFy = may
N W = mg
b) ΣFx = max & ΣFy = 0
Purely Horizontal Movement
c) ΣFx = 0 & ΣFy = may

Purely Vertical Movement
Sample Problems :
1. A 5 kg block slides down a plane
inclined at 40° to the horizontal. Find
the acceleration of the block
a) If the plane is frictionless
b) If the coefficient of kinetic friction is
0.20 40°
Solution : Draw the forces acting

Draw the FBD
on the body
N
f
40°
N
f
W = mg W = mg
40°
Since we have perpendicular forces along the inclined (f & N) we can use the
inclined as our x-axis
Re-draw the FBD Draw the component vectors of angled vectors
N N
a a
f f
Wx
40°
40°
W = mg W Wy
Fnet = ma
N
a
f
Wx ΣFx = max → (+) ΣFy = 0↑ (+)
40°
− Wx + f = − ma + N – Wy = 0
W Wy
ma = Wx – f N = Wy = Wcosθ
ma = mg sinθ – f N = mg cos θ
f=μN
ma = mg sinθ - μN
ma = mg sinθ – μmg cosθ
ma = mg (sin θ – μ cosθ)
a = g (sin θ – μ cosθ)
1. A 5 kg block slides down a plane inclined at 40° to the horizontal. Find the
acceleration of the block
a) If the plane is frictionless
b) If the coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.20
(a) a = ? If f = 0, hence μ = 0
a = g [ (sin 40°) − μ ( cos 40°) ]
a = (9.8 m/s2) [ (sin 40°) − 0 ( cos 40°) ]
a = 6.3 m/s2
(b) a = ? If μ = 0.2
a = g [ (sin 40°) − μ ( cos 40°) ]
a = (9.8 m/s2) [ (sin 40°) − 0.2 ( cos 40°) ]
a = 4.8 m/s2
2. A car (2,000 kg) is traveling at 28.7 m/s when the driver locks the breaks to stop the
car. What will be the shortest distance ( from the point where the breaks were
locked up to the full stopping point), if the coefficient of kinetic friction between
the tires and pavement (road) is 0.8?
VO = 28.7 m/s
Using Kinematics Eq’n (3)
VF2 = VO2 + 2as
s = (VF2 − VO2)/(2a)
a VF = 0
s
Using NSLM to determine the acceleration FBD :
N
N
a
a
f
f
W = mg
W = mg
Fnet = ma
N
a ΣFx = max → (+) ΣFy = 0↑ (+)
f − f = + ma +N–W=0
N=W
f=μN
N = mg
– μN = +ma
W = mg – μmg = +ma
– μg = +a
a = – μg = − (0.8)(9.8 m/s2) = − 7.84 m/s2
a = 7.84 m/s2, deceleration
VO = 28.7 m/s
VF2 = VO2 + 2as
s = (VF2 − VO2)/(2a)
a VF = 0 a = 7.84 m/s2, deceleration
s = [(02 − (28.7m/s)2]/[(2)(−7.84 m/s2)]
s = (−823.69 m2/s2)/(−15.68 m/s2)

s s = 52.53 m
3. A 3.5 kg pail is dropped into a 15 m empty deep well, starting from rest at the top.
The tension in the rope is constant at 14.8 N as the pail drops. What is the time to
reach the bottom of the well?
VO = 0
h = VOt + ½ at2
Where a ≠ g
h = 15 m
Using NSLM to determine the acceleration FBD :

T = 14.8 N
T = 14.8 N a
W = mg
W = mg
T = 14.8 N
Fnet = ma
a ΣFx = 0 → (+) ΣFy = may↑ (+)
+ T – W = – ma
ma = mg – T
a = ( mg – T ) / m
W = mg
a = [(3.5kg)(9.8 m/s2) – 14.8 N]/(3.5kg)
a = 5.57 m/s2 , (downward)
VO = 0
h = VOt + ½ at2
Where a ≠ g
h = 15 m a = 5.57 m/s2 , (downward)

– 15m = (0)t + ½(– 5.57 m/s2)t2
– 15m = (– 2.785 m/s2)t2
t2 = (15m/ 2.785 m/s2)
t2 = 5.386s2
t = 2.32 s
Q : What relates FCE to NSLM?
A : FCE analysis is similar to NSLM,

but the system’s acceleration (a) is
equal to zero during FCE.
Prob 4 : Given : NSLM
System is released from rest. Determine the acceleration of
the system, when it is already in motion
a=?
Derive first the equation for the acceleration
m1 = 2 kg Use NSLM on the first FBD (m1)
Fnet = ma
μS = 0.65 μK = 0.2 ΣFx = max → (+) ΣFy = 0↑ (+)
FBD of m1 − f + T = + m1a + N1 – W1 = 0
m2 N1 = W1
N1 f=μN
a N1 = m1g
FBD of m2
f T T – μN1 + T = m1a
a – μm1g + T = m1a
We solve for “T” because it is the common force
between m1 & m2
W1 = m1g
W2 = m2g T = m1a + μm1g (eq’n 1)
a=?
Use NSLM on the second FBD (m2)
m1 = 2 kg Fnet = ma
ΣFx = 0 → (+)
μS = 0.65 μK = 0.2
ΣFy = may↑ (+)
FBD of m1 T – W2 = – m2a
m2
N1
a T = W2 – m2a
FBD of m2
f T T T = m2g – m2a (eq’n 2)
a
W1 = m1g
W2 = m2g
a=? (eq’n 1 = eq’n 2)
m1 = 2 kg m1a + μm1g = m2g – m2a

m1a + m2a = m2g – μm1g
μS = 0.65 μK = 0.2
a (m1 + m2) = g (m2 – μm1)
FBD of m1
m2
N1 g (m2 – μm1)
a
FBD of m2
a=
(m1 + m2)
f T T
a
W1 = m1g
W2 = m2g
a=? g (m2 – μm1)

a=
m1 = 2 kg (m1 + m2)
Solve first for the value of m2
μS = 0.65 μK = 0.2 When the object is about to move the frictional
FBD of m1 coefficient is static and the acceleration is zero
m2
N1 g (m2 – μSm1)
a
FBD of m2
0=
(m1 + m2)
f T T The equation is reduced to :
a
0 = m2 – μSm1
m2 = μSm1 = (0.65)(2kg)
W1 = m1g
W2 = m2g
m2 = 1.3 kg
a = ? Next we solve for acceleration using µK and m2
m1 = 2 kg g (m2 – μKm1)
a=
(m1 + m2)
μS = 0.65 μK = 0.2
9.8m/s2 [1.3kg – (0.20)(2kg)]
FBD of m1
m2 a=
N1 (2kg + 1.3kg)
a
FBD of m2
f T T a = 2.673 m/s2
a
W1 = m1g
W2 = m2g
Consider the figure shown below. Block A weighs 50N and block B weighs 27N .
Once block B is set into downward motion, it descends at a constant speed.
a)Calculate the coefficient of kinetic friction between block A and the table top.
b)A cat, of weight 50N , jumps on top of block B. If block B is now set in to
downward motion, what is its acceleration?
A
The working equation is still
WA = 50N
g (mB – μmA)
a=
This has the very same B (mA + mB)
procedure in derivation for
acceleration using NSLM WB = 27N
as problem 1
g (mB – μKmA)
A a=
(mA + mB)
g (mB – μKmA)
WA = 50N 0=
(mA + mB)
a) Solve for µK
Condition : Block B (& the
B 0 = mB – μKmA
system) moves at constant µK = mB/mA
speed (a = 0) downward WB = 27N
µK = (WB/g)/(WA/g) = (WB/(WA)
µK = (27N/50N)
µK = 0.54
g (mB – μKmA)
A a
a=
(mA + mB)
mA = WA/g = (50N/9.8m/s2)
WA = 50N
mA = 5.102 kg
b) Solve for “a”
mB = WB/g = (27N+50N)/(9.8m/s2)
Condition : Block B now has
B
additional weight due to the mB = 7.857 kg
cat, the system will now WB = 27N+50N
accelerate
9.8m/s2 [7.857kg – (0.54)(5.102kg)]
a=
(5.102kg + 7.857kg)
a = 3.86 m/s2
Prob 6: Given : NSLM
Consider the figure shown below. Block A is 1kg and block B is 2kg. The inclined of
block A is 50° with the horizontal while that of block B is 25°. In what direction will
the system go and what is the acceleration? Assume that the surface is frictionless.
a Assume direction is to the left. (This is just an assumed
or guess direction)
mA = 1 kg
mB = 2 kg
θA = 50° θB = 25°
FBD of mA
NA a T NA a NA a
T WAX = WAsinθA T
θA = 50°
θA = 50° θA = 50°
WA = mAg WA = mAg WAY = WAcosθA

a
mA = 1 kg
mB = 2 kg
θA = 50° θB = 25°
FBD of mA
NA a Fnet = ma
WAX = WAsinθ
ΣFx = max → (+) ΣFy = 0↑ (+)
T
– WAX + T = – mAa
θA = 50° – WAsinθA + T = – mAa
WAY = WAcosθ T = WAsinθA – mAa (eq’n 1)
Prob 6: Given : NSLM
a
mA = 1 kg
mB = 2 kg
θA = 50° θB = 25°
FBD of mB
a NB NB a NB a
T
θB = 25° T T
WBX = WBsinθB
θB = 25° θB = 25°
WB = mBg WBY = WBcosθB
a
mA = 1 kg
mB = 2 kg
θA = 50° θB = 25°
FBD of mB
NB a Fnet = ma
ΣFx = max → (+) ΣFy = 0↑ (+)
T
– T + WBX = – mBa
WBX = WBsinθB
− T + WBsinθB = – mBa
θB = 25°
WBY = WBcosθB T = WBsinθB + mBa (eq’n 2)
a
mA = 1 kg
mB = 2 kg
θA = 50° θB = 25°
T = WAsinθA – mAa (eq’n 1) T = WBsinθB + mBa (eq’n 2)
(eq’n 1) = (eq’n2) g(mAsinθA – mBsinθB)

a= (mA+ mB)
(mAg)sinθA – mAa = (mBg)sinθB + mBa
Substitute all given values :
(mAg)sinθA – (mBg)sinθB = mAa + mBa The negative sign means that the
a = – 0.259m/s2 assumed direction of “a” was wrong.
g(mAsinθA – mBsinθB) = a(mA+ mB) Hence it should be to the right :
a = 0.259m/s2 to the right

PHYS101 - Laws of Motion

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PHYS101 - Laws of Motion

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NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION

A vector quantity that is the product of mass

1 dyne = 1x10-5 N = 10-5 N

Weight is ALWAYS directed TOWARDS (attractive to) the earth, even if

Push Force on an object. Its end effect

SECOND LAW : Law of Acceleration

An object or body is at the state of Equilibrium, when :

* Using the inclined surface as the x-axis

NOT ALLOWED :No perpendicular forces or

Solution : Draw the forces acting

Re-draw the FBD Draw the component vectors of angled vectors

f=μN μK = f/N = 20 N / 94.69 N μK = 0.211

A : FCE is an application of NFLM.

c) ΣFx = 0 & ΣFy = may

Solution : Draw the forces acting

Re-draw the FBD Draw the component vectors of angled vectors

VF2 = VO2 + 2as

Using NSLM to determine the acceleration FBD :

VF2 = VO2 + 2as

s = [(02 − (28.7m/s)2]/[(2)(−7.84 m/s2)]

s = (−823.69 m2/s2)/(−15.68 m/s2)

Using NSLM to determine the acceleration FBD :

h = 15 m a = 5.57 m/s2 , (downward)

A : FCE analysis is similar to NSLM,

a=? (eq’n 1 = eq’n 2)

m1 = 2 kg m1a + μm1g = m2g – m2a

a=? g (m2 – μm1)

a = ? Next we solve for acceleration using µK and m2

WA = mAg WA = mAg WAY = WAcosθA

T = WAsinθA – mAa (eq’n 1) T = WBsinθB + mBa (eq’n 2)

(eq’n 1) = (eq’n2) g(mAsinθA – mBsinθB)

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