Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Example 1
Z
Evaluate y dz along C: x = t − 1, y = et−1 , 2 ≤ t ≤ 3.
C
From the parametric equations of C we first find that dx = dt and dy = et−1 dt. Then
appropriate substitutions yield the following:
Z Z
y dz = y(dx + i dy)
C C
Z 3
= et−1 (dt + iet−1 dt)
2
Z 3
= (et−1 + ie2t−2 ) dt
2
i
= e2 − e + (e4 − e2 ).
2
Example 2
If C is the curve y = x3 − 3x2 + 4x − 1 joining points (1, 1) and (2, 3), find the value of
Z
(12z 2 − 4iz) dz.
C
Method 1 . The integral is independent of the path joining (1, 1) and (2, 3). Hence any path can
be chosen. In particular, let us choose the straight line paths from (1, 1) to (2, 1) and then from
(2, 1) to (2, 3).
Case 1 Along the path from (1, 1) to (2, 1), y = 1, dy = 0 so that z = x + iy = x + i, dz = dx.
Then the integral equals
Z 2 ¯2
¯
{12(x + i) − 4i(x + i)} dx = {4(x + i) − 2i(x + i) }¯¯ = 20 + 30i.
2 3 2
1 1
Case 2 Along the path from (2, 1) to (2, 3), x = 2, dx = 0 so that z = x + iy = 2 + iy, dz = idy.
Then the integral equals
Z 3 ¯3
¯
{12(2 + iy) − 4i(2 + iy)}i dy = {4(2 + iy) − 2i(2 + iy) }¯¯ = −176 + 8i.
2 3 2
1 1
Then adding, the required value = (20 + 30i) + (−176 + 8i) = −156 + 38i.
Method 2 . The given integral equals
Z 2+3i ¯2+3i
¯
(12z − 4iz) dz = (4z − 2iz )¯¯
2 3 2
= −156 + 38i.
1+i 1+i
1
Example 3 Bounding a path integral Find an upper bound for
¯Z ¯
¯ 1 ¯
¯ e z dz ¯¯,
¯
C1 (0)
Solution ¯Z ¯
¯ 1 ¯
¯
Since the length of C1 (0) is 2π, it follows that ¯ e dz ¯¯ ≤ 2πM , where M is an upper bound
z
C1 (0)
¯ ¯
¯ 1¯
of ¯¯e z ¯¯ for z on the unit circle. To find M we proceed as follows. For z on C1 (0), write z = eit
where 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π. Then
1
= e−it = cos t − i sin t,
z
=1
¯ ¯ z }| {
¯ 1¯
¯e z ¯= |ecos t−i sin t | = |ecos t | |e−i sin t | = ecos t ≤ e1 = e.
¯ ¯
¯Z ¯
¯ 1 ¯
(In setting |e | = 1 we have used |e | = 1 for any real w.) Thus ¯¯
−i sin t iw
e z dz ¯¯ ≤ 2πe. We can
C1 (0)
Z
1
evaluate the integral and obtain e z dz = 2πi. Thus the bound that we obtained is correct
C1 (0)
but not best possible, since |2πi| = 2π is the best upper bound.
¯Z ¯
¯ ¯
¯
Example 4 Find an upper bound for ¯ e /(z + 1) dz ¯¯, where Γ is the circle |z| = 2 traversed
z 2
Γ
once in the counterclockwise direction.
Solution
First observe that the path of integration has length ` = 4π. Next we seek an upper bound M for
the function ez /(z 2 + 1) when |z| = 2. Writing z = x + iy we have
p
|ez | = |ex+iy | = ex ≤ e2 , for |z| = x2 + y 2 = 2,
2
Solution
The triangle inequality immediately gives us
However, the maximum is actually smaller than this, as the following analysis shows.
The maximum of |z 2 + 3z − 1| must occur on the boundary of the disk (|z| = 1). The latter
can be parameterized z = eit , 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π; whence
Expanding
√ and gathering terms reduces this to (11 − 2 cos 2t). Thus the maximum of |z 2 + 3z − 1|
is 13, which occurs at z = ±i.