EXPERIMENT 7: REFRACTIVE INDEX

PURPOSE EXPERIMENT 8: OPTICAL ACTIVITY

1. Physical constant to identify volatile oils CHIRALITY or ACHIRAL: ENANTIOMER (4 diff groups)
2. Detection of impurities in volatile oils Purpose:
*USP sets at 25C but most monographs are at 20C. Temp is 1. For identification
important because Refractive index varies with temperature 2. Index of purity
Indication of therapeutic value
SNELL’s LAW: is a formula used to describe the relationship  POLARIMETER
between the angles of incidence and refraction, when Source of light: Na D line lamp: same with
referring to light or other waves passing through a boundary refractometer
between two different isotropic media, such as water, glass, DETERMINATION OF LIGHT SOURCE
or air - Bipartite
REFRACTOMETER DETERMINATION OF LIGHT SOURCE: Interpretation
• theoretical accuracy of ±0.0001, Levorphanol (pain ) and dextromethorphan (antitussive)
• necessary to calibrate the instrument against a If both exists: RACEMIC mixture – ketoprofen warfarin,
standard distilled water, omeprazole
– 1.3330 at 20°
– 1.3325 at 25° EXPERIMENT 9: ASSAY OF CHLORAMPHENICOL
 USP: ABBE REFRACTOMETER SUSPENSION USP
Lamp: is sodium vapor lamp hence D line of sodium CHLORAMPHENICOL
is necessary to detect the refraction (yellow region Gray baby syndrome: lack of glucorinidation
of the spectrum) Palmitate and succinate:
 USP: ABBE HANDHELD REFRACTOMETER LACKS BITTER TASTE
HYDROLYZED TO UPPER INTESTINAL TRACT

Rm: molar refraction (mL/n)

Rd: specific refraction (mL/g)
Ԑ = specific absorbance (A11 = A 1% w/v in 1 cm cuvette)
MW: molecular weight (g/n)
= optical density
n= refractive index (no unit)
= extinction coefficient
P = density (g/mL)
= molar extinction
n = c/v
Computed stoichiometrically
C= speed of light in the vacuum/ speed of light in the medium
E1 = 178 mL/g·cm
Problem 1:
Incident light is another term for incoming light
Transmittance is a fraction of light that passes through the
substance
Absorbance is the measure of the amount of light absorbed
by the substance.
If 80% of light is transmitted therefore, 20% of light is
absorbed by the substance

ACETONE METHYL SALICYLATE

H: 6 X 1.100 = 6.600 C: 8 X 2.418 = 19.344
C: 3 X 2.418 = 7.254 H: 8 X 1.100 = 8.800
O: 1 X 2.211 = 2. 211 O(H):1 X 1.525 = 1.525
RM 16.065 O(R):1 X 1.643 = 1.643
O(=):1 X 2.211 = 2.211
=: 3 X 1.733 = 5.199
RM 38.722