By PRAJWAL M

18030141AE024
Fluid mechanics lab
Experiment 01
Alliance college of engineering and design

VENTURI METER, ORIFICE PLATE AND NOZZLE METTER

LAB REPORT

Venturi meter and orifice plate effects are two main and very important phenomenas in the
fluid mechanic's subfield of mechanical engineering. In this post, the effect of venturi meter
and orifice plate on the fluid flow will be discussed and completed work will be presented in
the form of a report.
Aim and Objectives

Aim
The aim of this experiment is to study the overall meter coefficient C of Venture meter and
Orifice plate

Objective
The objectives of this experiment are

1. Understand the effect of a decrease in the area on the velocity and pressure of the flowing
fluid

2. Understand the relationship between velocity and pressure of flowing fluid

3. Find the meter coefficient for venture meter and orifice plate

Venture Meter
According to Michael Reader-Harris (n.d), a Venture meter is an instrument used to study the
flow of fluid when it passes through the converging section. There is an increase in the velocity
and decrease in the pressure of the flowing fluid when the area available to flowing fluid
decreases, this effect is called the venturi effect named after the physicist who first introduces
this theory.

Orifice Plate
According to Michael Reader-Harris (n.d), an Orifice plate is an instrument used for three
different applications one to measure the flow rate, second to restricting the flow and third is
to reduce the pressure of the flowing fluid. It depends on the orifice plate associated calculation
method that either mass flow rate or the volumetric flow rate is used for calculation. It uses the
Bernoulli’s principle which shows the relationship between velocity and pressure of flowing
fluid. When one increases then the second one decreases.

According to DANIEL MEASUREMENT and control white papers, following are the different
types of orifice plates
The Thin Plate, Concentric Orifice
Eccentric Orifice Plates
Segmental Orifice Plates
Quadrant Edge Plate
Conic Edge Plate

Nozzle meter: Flow-through nozzles a variant of internal flow with the additional effect of
compressibility and the possible presence of shocks. Such situations occur in gas/vapor flows
when there is a constriction in a passage across which there is a pressure difference e.g. flows
through turbine/compressor blades, nozzles, rupture of a high-pressure vessel or tire etc.

Compressible flow is the flow in which the density of fluid changes during flow. All real fluids
are compressible to some extent and their density will change with change in pressure and
temperature. a compressible flow fluid, such as air can be taken as incompressible with constant
density if a change in temperature and duration are small and acceleration is low.In other words,
if mach no. is small, compressible fluids can be treated as incompressible. However, the flow
of gases/vapor through nozzles/turbines/compressor blades etc.at high velocity has high Mach
number and their compressibility affects the drag coefficient. of bodies by the formation of
shockwaves and discharge coefficient. (cd) of measuring devices such as orifice meters/pitot
tubes etc
Theory
According to Miller, R.W (1996) principle of continuity states that the decrease in the area of
the flowing fluid will increase the velocity of the flowing fluid. With this increase in the
velocity of the fluid, the fluid pressure will decrease to conserve the mechanical energy
according to the law of conservation of energy.

Flow rate is the product of the velocity of the flowing fluid with the area from which fluid is
flowing. In venture meter, the area of the tube decreases gradually due to which the velocity
increase to keep the flow rate constant. In the orifice plate, there is a sudden decrease in the
area of the flow due to the restriction of the orifice plate. Due to this velocity will increase and
pressure will decrease.

According to Bernoulli’s equation

P1+ 1/2×ρ×v1^2+ ρgh1=P2+ 1/2×ρ×v2^2+ ρgh2

As the change in height is zero so

P1+ 1/2×ρ×v1^2= P2+ 1/2×ρ×v2^2

P2 - P1= 1/2×ρ×〖(v〗1^2- v2^2)

As we know

Q=AV

Q=A √((2(P2-P1)/ρ)/(〖[A1/A2]〗^2-1))

As we know

P= ρgh

So

Q= A1 √((2×g × ∆h)/(〖[A1/A2]〗^2-1))
In the above equation

Q is the flow rate

A1 is the area before convergence

A2 area of convergence (throat)

∆h is the difference in height of heads across the convergence

For real fluid, there will be a difference in the theoretical and measured values this may be due
to the meter coefficient C

Q= C ×A1 √((2×g × ∆h)/(〖[A1/A2]〗^2-1))

Apparatus
Orifice Tube and Venture Meter
Supply Hoses
Measuring Tank

Procedure
To set up the orifice tube and venture meter apparatus two tubes were connected one on each
of the outlet and inlet of the apparatus. The tube which was connected to the venture meter
outlet was further connected to the measuring tank. To level the orifice meter and venturi tube
apparatus, adjustable screws are provided at the apparatus.

Apparatus was connected to the power source to run the motor for water supply. The bench
valve and the control valve of the apparatus were open to let the water move into the tube and
to remove all the air pockets.

To raise the water level in the manometer tubes the control valve was closed gradually and
when the height of the water level was enough high then the bench valve was gradually closed.
With both valves were closed there was static water in the meter at a moderate pressure

The flow rate of the water was recorded and the height of the water level was also recorded in
all the tubes

Difference between the heights of water level and the flow rate will change upon opening any
one of the apparatus valves. The flow rate was calculated by the noticing the time required to
fill the tank of a known weight and at the same time the level of the water in the manometer
tubes was also recorded

The same process is repeated for different flow rates

 VENTRIMETER

SL no. LPM h V the V exp Cd e

1 20 0.026 0.000321 0.000315 0.981 40147.35

2 22 0.04 0.000398 0.000385 0.996 49056.24

3 24 0.051 0.00045 0.000417 0.915 53096.47

4 26 0.055 0.000467 0.000425 0.91 54205.3

5 28 0.062 0.000496 0.000447 0.903 56996.49

6 30 0.074 0.000542 0.000492 0.908 62719.09

7 32 0.082 0.00057 0.000531 0.939 67676.96

8 34 0.086 0.000584 0.000536 0.91 68263.25

 volume flow rate (cubic meter per second)vs change in h
0.1
chane in height (meter Hg)

0.09
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
0 0.0001 0.0002 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005 0.0006 0.0007
volume flow rate (cubic meter per second)

volume flow rate (cubic meter per second)

0.0006
volume flow rate experimental (cubic

0.0005

0.0004
meter per second)

0.0003

0.0002

0.0001

0
0 0.0001 0.0002 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005 0.0006 0.0007
volume flow rate theoritical (cubic meter per second)

Cd vs Re
1.1

0.9
Cd

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5
1 100 10000 1000000
Re
 ORIFICE METER

SL no. LPM h V the V exp Cd Re

1 20 0.052 0.000454 0.0003244 0.714 41345.4

2 22 0.067 0.0005153 0.0003546 0.687 45194.45

3 24 0.089 0.0005939 0.00038 0.639 48431.72

4 26 0.108 0.0006543 0.0004189 0.64 53389.6

5 28 0.13 0.0007178 0.000431 0.6 54931.77

6 30 0.149 0.0007685 0.0004643 0.604 59175.92

7 32 0.157 0.0007888 0.0004655 0.59 59328.86

8 34 0.181 0.000847 0.0005047 0.595 64324.98

 volume flow rate (cubic meter per second)vs change in h
0.2
0.18
chane in height (meter Hg)

0.16
0.14
0.12
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0 0.0001 0.0002 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005 0.0006 0.0007 0.0008 0.0009
volume flow rate (cubic meter per second)

0.8
Cd vs Re
0.7
0.6
0.5
Cd

0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000
Re

0.0006
vthe vs vexp
volume flow rate experimental (cubic

0.0005
meter per second)

0.0004

0.0003

0.0002

0.0001

0
0 0.0001 0.0002 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005 0.0006 0.0007 0.0008 0.0009
volume flow rate theoritical (cubic meter per second)
 NOZZLE METER

SL no. LPM h V the V exp Cd Re

1 20 0.091 0.000385 0.000317 0.825 50566.54

2 22 0.104 0.000411 0.00034 0.825 54087.4

3 24 0.112 0.000427 0.000346 0.809 55043.29

4 26 0.138 0.000474 0.000408 0.862 65048.27

5 28 0.16 0.00051 0.000412 0.808 65685.53

6 30 0.19 0.000556 0.000454 0.817 72344.89

7 32 0.21 0.000584 0.000478 0.818 76152.52

8 34 0.229 0.00061 0.00052 0.851 82795.95

 Cd vs Re
1
0.8
0.6
Cd

0.4
0.2
0
0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000 90000
Re

V thero vs V exp
0.0006

0.0005
V exp (m*3/s)

0.0004

0.0003

0.0002

0.0001

0
0 0.0001 0.0002 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005 0.0006 0.0007
V thero(m*3/s)

volume flow rate vs change in height

0.3
chane in height (meter Hg)

0.25

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
0 0.0001 0.0002 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005 0.0006 0.0007
volume flow rate (cubic meter per second)
 Discussion
· 1. The curve shown in the graphs shows the linear relationship between flow rate and the
difference in height

2. The result shows that with a decrease in the flow rate the value of the ∆h is also decreasing.
So it can be said from the results that the difference in the height of the water level is directly
proportional to the flow rate.

3. Change in the height of the water column of the venture meter is much less than the change in
the height of the water column in the orifice plate this is because the difference in diameter of
the areas of the orifice is much more than the venture meter. So we can say that the difference
in height of the water column is directly proportional to the difference in the diameter of the
area.

Conclusion
An experiment was conducted to find the overall meter coefficient C in venture meter and
orifice tube and results show that the flow rate and ∆h are directly proportional to each other
and along with this ∆h and the ∆d are also directly proportional to each other. Both these thing
are important as they are used to calculate the overall meter coefficient C