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San Beda University

College of Law
Criminal Law I

EXEMPTING CIRCUMSTANCES
1. Insanity
People v. Taneo, L-37673, 31 March 1933, 58 Phil. 255
People v. Bonoan, L-45130, 17 February 1937, 64 Phil.
87
People v. Formigones, L-3246, 29 November 1950.
People v. Puno, L-33211, 29 June 1981 (See also: J.
Makasiar’s dissent)
People v. Dungo, G.R. No. 89420, 31 July 1991, 199
SCRA 860
People v. Rafanan, L-54135, 21 November 1991, 204
SCRA 65
People v. Madarang, G.R. No. 132319, 12 May 2000,
332 SCRA 99
People v. Robios, G.R. No. 138453, 29 May 2002, 382
SCRA 581
People v. Opuran, G.R. Nos. 147674-75, 17 March 2004,
425 SCRA 654
Verdadero v. People, G.R. No. 216021, 2 March 2016

2. Minority
RA 9344 as amended by RA 10630.
People v. Doqueña, G.R. No. 46539, 27 September 1939,
68 Phil. 580
Ortega v. People, G.R. No. 151085, 20 August 2008
People v. Mantalaba, G.R. No. 186227, 20 July 2011.
Samahan ng mga Progresibong Kabataan v. Quezon
City. G.R. No. 225442, 8 August 2017. (See also: J.
Leonen’s Separate Opinion)
3. Accident
US v. Tañedo, L-5418, 12 February 1910, 15 Phil. 196
People v. Castillo, G.R. No. 172695, 29 June 2007, 526
SCRA 215
People v. Retubado, G.R. No. 124058, 10 December 2003
San Beda University
College of Law
Criminal Law I

Pomoy v. People, G.R. No. 150647, 29 September 2004,


439 SCRA 439
4. Irresistible force or uncontrollable fear of a greater
injury
US v. Caballeros, G.R. No. 1352, 29 March 1905, 4 Phil.
350
People v. Loreno, L-54414, 9 July 1984, 130 SCRA 311
People v. Del Rosario, G.R. No. 127755, 14 April 1999,
305 SCRA 740
5. Insuperable cause
People v. Bandian, G.R. No. 45186, 30 September 1936,
63 Phil. 530 (see also: separate opinion of J. Villareal)
San Beda University
College of Law
Criminal Law I

MITIGATING CIRCUMSTANCES
1. Classes of Mitigating Circumstances
a. Privileged
i. Art. 13 (2) and Art. 68
ii. Art. 13 (1) and Art. 69
People v. Jaurigue, G.R. No. 384, 21
February 1946, 76 Phil. 174
People v. Narvaez, L-33466-67, 20
April 1983, 121 SCRA 389
People v. Ulep, G.R. No. 132547, 20
September 2000
Guillermo v. People, G.R. No.
153287, 20 January 2009.
b. Specific
c. Special

i. Art. 64 (5)
d. Ordinary
i. Lack of intent to commit so grave a
wrong
People v. Ural, L-30801, 27 March
1974, 56 SCRA 138
People v. Gonzales, G.R. No. 139542,
21 June 2001, 359 SCRA 352
ii. Sufficient provocation
People v. Pagal, L-32040, 25 October
1977, 79 SCRA 570
Urbano v. People, G.R. No. 182750,
20 January 2009
iii. Vindication of a wrong
People v. Benito, L-32042, 13
February 1975, 74 SCRA 271
Bacabac v. People, G.R. No. 149372,
11 September 2007
San Beda University
College of Law
Criminal Law I

iv. Passion or obfuscation


US v. Hicks, G.R. No. 4971, 23
September 1909, 14 Phil. 217
US v. Dela Cruz, G.R. No. 7094, 29
March 1912, 22 Phil. 429
People v. Gelaver, G.R. No. 95357, 9
June 1993, 223 SCRA 310
People v. Bello, L-18792, 28 February
1964
v. Voluntary surrender or plea of guilt
People v. Amaguin, G.R. Nos. 54344-
45, 10 January 1994, 229 SCRA 166
People v. Dela Cruz, L-45284, 29
December 1936, 63 Phil. 874
vi. Deafness, muteness, blindness, or other
physical defect which restricts the
offender’s means of action, defense, or
communication
vii. Illness as would diminish the exercise of
will-power without depriving the
offender of consciousness of his acts.
viii. Analogous circumstances
Canta v. People, G.R. No. 140937, 28
February 2001
San Beda University
College of Law
Criminal Law I

AGGRAVATING CIRCUMSTANCES
Art. 14 and 62 of the RPC.
People v. Legaspi, G.R. Nos. 136164-65, 20 April 2001
1. Classes of Aggravating Circumstance
a. Generic
b. Qualifying
c. Specific
d. Inherent
e. Special
2. Taking advantage of public office
People v. Capalac, L-38297, 23 October 1982, 117 SCRA
874
People v. Gapasin, G.R. No. 73489, 25 April 1994, 231
SCRA 728
3. Insult to public authority
People v. Tiongson, L-35123-24, 25 July 1984, 130
SCRA 614
People v. Magdueño, L-68699, 22 September 1986, 144
SCRA 210
People v. Tac-an, G.R. Nos. 76338-89, 26 February
1990.
4. Disregard of rank, age, or sex, and dwelling;
People v. Diaz, G.R. No. L-24002, 21 January 1974.
People v. Arizobal, G.R. No. 135051-52, 14 December
2000, 348 SCRA 143
People v. Daniel, G.R. No. L-40330, 20 November 1978
People v. Apduhan, L-19491, 30 August 1968
5. Abuse of confidence or obvious ungratefulness
People v. Mandolado, L-51304-05, 28 June 1983, 123
SCRA 133
6. The crime is committed in the palace of Chief Executive,
in his presence, where public authorities are engaged in
San Beda University
College of Law
Criminal Law I

the discharge of their duties, or place dedicated to


religious worship;

7. Nighttime, uninhabited place, or by a band;


People v. Garcia, L-30449, 31 October 1979, 94 SCRA
14
People v. Rodas, G.R. No. 175881, 28 August 2007
People v. Damaso, L-30116, 20 November 1978, 86
SCRA 370 (uninhabited)
8. Crime committed on the occasion of conflagration,
shipwreck, earthquake, epidemic, or other calamity or
misfortune;
9. Aid of armed men or persons who afford impunity;
10. Recidivism
People v. Baldera, L-2390, 24 April 1950, 86 Phil. 189
11. Reiteracion
12. Habitual delinquency (Art. 62, par. 5);
People v. Melendrez, G.R. No. 39913, 19 December
1933, 59 Phil. 154
13. Quasi- recidivism (Art. 160)
14. Price, reward, or promise;
15. Inundation, fire, poison, etc.
16. Evident premeditation;
US v. Manalinde, G.R. No. 5292, 28 August 1909, 14
Phil. 77
People v. Ilaoa, G.R. No. 94308, 16 June 1994, 233
SCRA 231

People v. Bibat, G.R. No. 124319, 13 May 1998, 290


SCRA 27
17. Craft, fraud, or disguise;
People v. Empacis, G.R. No. 95756, 14 May 1993, 222
SCRA 59
18. Taking advantage of superior strength, or means
employed to weaken the defense;
San Beda University
College of Law
Criminal Law I

People v. Bigcas, G.R. No. 94534, 2 July 1992, 211


SCRA 631
19. Treachery;
People v. Sangalang, L-32914, 30 August 1974, 58
SCRA 737
People v. San Pedro, L-44274, 22 January 1980, 95
SCRA 306
People v. Castillo, G.R. No. 120282, 20 April 1998, 289
SCRA 213
People v. Arizobal, G.R. No. 135051-52, 14 December
2000, 348 SCRA 143
People v. Escote, G.R. No. 140756, 4 April 2003, 400
SCRA 603
People v. Villonez, G.R. Nos. 122976-77, 16 November
1998, 359 Phil. 95, 1998
People v. Guzman, G.R. No. 169246, 26 January
20. Ignominy;
People v. Torriefel CA-GR. No. 659-R, 29 November
1947, 45 OG 803
People v. Jose, L-28232, 6 February 1971, 37 SCRA 450
People v. Butler, L-50276, 27 January 1983, 120 SCRA
281
People v. Saylan, L-36941, 29 June 1984, 130 SCRA 159
People v. Sultan, G.R. No. 132470, 27 April 2000, 331
SCRA 216
21. Unlawful entry;
22. Breaking of wall, roof, floor, door, or window;

23. Aid of persons under fifteen years old (See also: Section
20(C) of RA 9344), use of motor vehicles, airships, or
other similar means;
24. Cruelty;
25. Organized or syndicated crime group;
26. Use of illegal firearms or explosives – see RA 10591
San Beda University
College of Law
Criminal Law I

People v. Ladjaalam, G.R. Nos. 136149-51, 19 September


2000
Celino v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 170562, 29 June
2007
27. Use of dangerous drugs while committing a felony –
Sec. 25 of RA 9165
28. Use of information and communications technologies in
committing a felony – Sec. 6, RA 10175

ALTERNATIVE CIRCUMSTANCES
1. Relationship
People v. Atop, G.R. No. 124303-05, 10 February 1998,
286 SCRA 157
2. Intoxication
US v. McMann, L-2229, 1 July 1905, 4 Phil. 561
3. Degree of Instruction
People v. San Pedro, L-44274, 22 January 1980, 95
SCRA 306
San Beda University
College of Law
Criminal Law I

PERSONS CRIMINALLY LIABLE


A. Principals – Art. 17
People v. Yanson-Dumancas, G.R. No. 133527-28, 13
December 1999, 320 SCRA 584
People v. Maluenda, G.R. No. 115351, 27 March 1998, 288
SCRA 225
People v. Montealegre, L-67948, 31 May 1988
People v. Madali, L-67803, 30 July 1990
B. Accomplices – Art. 18

Abejuela v. People, G.R. No. 80130, 19 August 1991, 200


SCRA 806
People v. Doble, L-30028, 31 May 1982, 114 SCRA 131
People v. Doctolero, G.R. No. 34386, 7 February 1991, 193
SCRA 632
People v. De Vera, G.R. No. 128966, 18 August 1999, 312
SCRA 640
Garces v. People, G.R. No. 173858, 17 July 2007
C. Accessories – Art. 19 and 20 (RPC); PD 1612; PD 1829
People v. Talingdan, L-32126, 6 July 1978, 84 SCRA 19
Dizon-Pamintuan v. People, G.R. No. 111426, 11 July 1994
San Beda University
College of Law
Criminal Law I

PLURALITY OF CRIMES
A. Compound crime (delito compuesto)
People v. Tabaco, G.R. No. 100382, 19 March 1997
People v. Valdez, G.R. No. 127663, 11 March 1999

People v. Sanchez, G.R No. 131116, 27 August 1999, 313


SCRA 254
B. Complex crime proper (delito complejo)
People vs. Hernandez, L-6025-26, 18 July 1956, 99 Phil. 515
Enrile vs. Salazar, G.R. No. 92163, 5 June 1990, 184 SCRA
217
People v. Garcia, G.R. No. 141125, 28 February 2002
Batulanon v. People, G.R. No. 139857, 15 September 2006
C. Continuing crime (delito continuado)
People v. Madrigal-Gonzales, L-16688, 30 April 1963
Gamboa v. Court of Appeals, L-41054, 28 November 1975
People v. Mallari, G.R. No. L-58886, 13 December 1988
Santiago v. Garchitorena, G.R. No. 109266, 2 December 1993
D. Composite Crimes/Special Complex Crimes
1. Art. 266-B
2. Art. 267

3. Art. 294
4. Art. 297
5. Art. 320
E. Complex crimes in relation to Quasi-crimes
Ivler v. San Pedro, G.R. No. 172716, 17 November 2010
San Beda University
College of Law
Criminal Law I

PENALTIES
A. Imposable penalties
1. Principal penalties
a. Capital punishment – Sec. 19, Art III of the
1987 Constitution; RA 7659, RA 8177; RA
9346; Art. 40 and 47 Revised Penal Code; RA
9346
People v. Bon, G.R. No. 166401, 30 October
2006
b. Afflictive penalties
i. Reclusion perpetua – RA 7659, Art. 27 of
Revised Penal Code
People v. Lucas, G.R. No. 108172, 25 May
1994;
People v. Lucas, G.R. No. 108172, 9
January 1995;
People v. Latupan, G.R. No. 112453, 28
June 2001
ii. Reclusion temporal
iii. Perpetual or temporary absolute
disqualification – Article 30
iv. Perpetual or temporary special
disqualification – Art. 31
v. Prision mayor – Art. 27
c. Correctional penalties – Art. 27, 39, and 44
i. Prision correccional
ii. Arresto mayor
iii. Suspension
iv. Destierro
d. Light penalties – Art. 27, 39, and 44
i. Arresto menor
ii. Public censure
e. Common penalties – Art.25
San Beda University
College of Law
Criminal Law I

i. Fines – Art. 26 as amended by RA 10951,


39, and 66
ii. Bond to keep the peace – Art. 27 and 35
2. Accessory penalties – Art. 40 -45
a. Perpetual or temporary absolute
disqualification
b. Perpetual or temporary special
disqualification
c. Suspension from public office, the right to
vote and be voted for, the profession or
calling
d. Civil interdiction
e. Indemnification
f. Forfeiture or confiscation of the instruments
and proceeds of the offense
g. Payment of costs
3. Subsidiary penalty – Art. 39
See also: RA 10159
B. Application and computation of penalties
1. General rules – Art. 5, 21, 28, 29 (see also RA 10592), 46,
73-77
2. Specific Rules
a. Complex Crimes (Art. 48)
b. Crime different from that which was intended
– Art. 49
c. Effect of degree of participation and stage of
commission – Art. 50 -57, 60-61

d. Additional penalty for certain accessories –


Art. 58
e. Impossible crimes – Art. 59
f. Effect of mitigating, aggravating, and
qualifying circumstances – Art. 62-66
San Beda University
College of Law
Criminal Law I

g. Incomplete justifying or exempting


circumstances – Art. 67 and 69
h. Minors – RA 9344
3. Indeterminate Sentence Law
People v. Lanuza, G.R. No. 188562, 17 August 2011
Talampas v. People, G.R. No. 180219, 23 November
2011
People v. Temporada, G.R. No. 173473, 17 December
2008. See CJ Puno Dissent and J. Corona Separate
Opinion
C. Execution and service of penalties
1. General rules – Art. 47, 70, 78, and 86-88,
In re Petition for Habeas Corpus, Pete Lagran, G.R. No.
147270, 15 August 2001, 363 SCRA 275

2. Probation Law (PD968 as amended)


See also: RA 10707
3. Suspension of sentence
a. In cases of insanity – Art. 79
b. Minors
i. Section 31-35 of AM No. 02-1-18-SC
ii. RA 9344
San Beda University
College of Law
Criminal Law I

EXTINCTION OF CRIMINAL LIABILITY


A. Total – Art.89-93
Sermonia v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 109454, 14 June 1994
Republic v. Desierto, G.R. No. 136506, 23 August 2001, 363
SCRA 585
See also: Act No. 3326 as amended by Act No. 3763
Romualdez v. Marcelo, G.R. No. 165510, 28 July 2006

B. Partial – Art. 94-99; See also: amendments under RA 10592


Cruz III v. Go, G.R. No. 223446, 28 November 2016

CIVIL LIABILITY ARISING FROM CRIMINAL


LIABILITY
Art. 100-113 People v. Bayotas, G.R. No. 102007, 2 September 1994.

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