MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

BFC20903

STRESS TRANSFORMATION
CHAPTER 2
Professor Ir. Dr. Abdul Aziz bin Abdul Samad

Reference:
Mechanics of Materials, R.C Hibbeler, 8th Edition,
Pearson
 STRESS TRANSFORMATION

CHAPTER OBJECTIVES

 Navigate between rectilinear co-ordinate systems for

stress components
 Determine principal stresses and maximum in-plane
shear stress
 Determine the absolute maximum shear stress in 2D
cases

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APPLICATIONS

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Three Point Bending Test

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GENERAL EQUATIONS OF PLANE-STRESS
TRANSFORMATION
• The state of plane stress at a point is uniquely represented by three
components acting on an element that has a specific orientation at
the point.
• Sign Convention:
– Positive normal stress acts outward
from all faces
– Positive shear stress acts upwards
on the right-hand face of the element

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GENERAL EQUATIONS OF PLANE-STRESS
TRANSFORMATION (cont)
• Sign convention (continued)

• Both the x-y and x’-y’ system follow the right-hand rule

• The orientation of an inclined plane (on which the normal and shear
stress components are to be determined) will be defined using the
angle θ. The angle θ is measured from the positive x to the positive
x’-axis. It is positive if it follows the curl of the right-hand fingers.

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GENERAL EQUATIONS OF PLANE-STRESS
TRANSFORMATION (cont)
• Normal and shear stress components:
– Consider the free-body diagram of the segment

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GENERAL EQUATIONS OF PLANE-STRESS
TRANSFORMATION (cont)

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GENERAL EQUATIONS OF PLANE-STRESS
TRANSFORMATION (cont)
EXAMPLE 1
The state of plane stress at a point on the surface of the
airplane fuselage is represented on the element oriented as
shown in Fig. 9–4a. Represent the state of stress at the point
on an element that is oriented 30° clockwise from the
position shown.

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EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
Solutions
• The element is sectioned by the line a-a.

• The free-body diagram of the segment is as shown.

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EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
Solutions
Applying the equations of force equilibrium in the x’ and y’ direction,

  Fx '  0;  x ' A  50A cos30 cos30  25A cos30sin 30

 80A sin 30sin 30  25A sin 30 cos30  0
 x '  4.15 MPa (Ans)

  Fy '  0;  x'y' A  50A cos30sin 30  25A cos30 cos30

 80A sin 30 cos30  25A cos30sin 30  0
 x'y'  68.8 MPa (Ans)

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EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
Solutions
Repeat the procedure to obtain the stress on the perpendicular plane
b–b.
  Fx '  0;  x ' A  25A cos30sin 30  80A cos30 cos30
 25A cos30 cos30  50A sin 30sin 30  0
 x '  25.8 MPa (Ans)

  Fy '  0; -  x'y' A  25A cos30 cos30  80A cos30sin 30

 25A sin 30sin 30  50A sin 30 cos30  0
 x'y'  68.8 MPa (Ans)

The state of stress at the point can be

represented by choosing an element
oriented.

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EXAMPLE 2
The state of plane stress at a point is represented by the
element shown in Fig. 9–7a. Determine the state of stress at
the point on another element oriented 30° clockwise from
the position shown.

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EXAMPLE 2 (cont)
Solutions
From the sign convention we have,

 x  80 MPa  y  50 MPa  xy  25 MPa   30

To obtain the stress components on plane CD,

 x  y  x  y
 x'   cos 2   xy sin 2
2 2
 80  50  80  50
 x'   cos 2(30)  (25) sin 2(30)  25.8 MPa
2 2

 x  y
 x' y'   sin 2   xy cos 2
2
 80  50
 x' y'  sin 2(30)  (25) cos 2(30)  68.8 MPa
2
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EXAMPLE 2 (cont)
Solutions
To obtain the stress components on plane BC,

 x  80 MPa  y  50 MPa  xy  25 MPa   60

 x  y  x  y
 x'   cos 2   xy sin 2
2 2
 80  50  80  50
 x'   cos 2(60)  (25) sin 2(60)  4.15 MPa
2 2

 x  y
 x' y'   sin 2   xy cos 2  68.8 MPa (Ans)
2
 80  50
 x' y'  sin 2(60)  (25) cos 2(60)  68.8 MPa
2

The results are shown on the element as shown.

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GENERAL EQUATIONS OF PLANE-STRESS
TRANSFORMATION

Eqn 1

σx + σy σx – σy
σx’ = + cos 2θ + τxy sin 2 θ
2 2

Eqn 2

σx – σy
τx’y’ = – sin 2θ + τxy cos 2 θ
2

Eqn 3
σx + σy σx – σy
σy’ = – cos 2θ – τxy sin 2 θ
2 2

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 IN-PLANE PRINCIPAL STRESS
• The principal stresses represent the maximum and
minimum normal stress at the point.
• When the state of stress is represented by the principal
stresses, no shear stress will act on the element.
d x '  x  y
 2 sin 2   2 xy cos 2  0
d 2
Solving this equation leads to θ = θp
 xy  xy
 tan 2 p  2 
 x  y tan
/ 2 p  x   y  / 2

PRINCIPALSTRESS
   x  yx   y 2
2
  x  y 
2
 1, 2  x y
  1, 2      xy     xy2
2  2 2  2 
 x' y'  0  x' y'  0
IN-PLANE PRINCIPAL STRESS (cont)

d x '  x  y
 2 sin 2   2 xy cos 2  0
d 2

 xy
 tan 2 p 
 x   y / 2

 x  y   x  y 
2

 1, 2     
2  2 
 x' y'  0

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 IN-PLANE PRINCIPAL STRESS (cont)
 xy
Solving this equation leads to θ = θp; i.e tan 2 p 
 x   y / 2

 x  y   x  y 
2
PRINCIPAL  1, 2       xy2
STRESS 2  2 
 x' y'  0
MAXIMUM IN-PLANE PRINCIPAL SHEAR STRESS
The state of stress can also be represented in terms of the
maximum in-plane shear stress. In this case, an average
stress will also act on the element.
d x ' y '  x  y
 2 cos    xy 2 sin 2   0
d 2
  x   y  / 2
Solving this equation leads to θ = θs; i.e tan 2 s   xy
PRINCIPAL SHEAR STRESS

  x  y 
2

 max in -plane      xy
2

 2 
And there is a normal stress on the
plane of maximum in-plane shear stress
 x  y
 avg 
2
EXAMPLE 3
When the torsional loading T is applied to the bar in Fig. 9–
13a, it produces a state of pure shear stress in the material.
Determine (a) the maximum in-plane shear stress and the
associated average normal stress, and (b) the principal
stress.

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EXAMPLE 3 (cont)
Solutions
From the sign convention we have, x  0  y  0  xy  
a) Maximum in-plane shear stress is

  x  y   x  y
2

 max in -plane      xy  
2
 avg   0 (Ans)
 2  2

b) For principal stress,

 xy 
tan 2 p  
 x   y / 2 0  0 2
  p 2  45,  p1  45

 x  y   x  y 
2

 1, 2       xy 2  
2  2 
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EXAMPLE 3 (cont)
Solutions
If we use  p  45
2

 x  y  x  y
 x'   cos 2   xy sin 2
2 2
 0  0    sin 90  

Thus,  2   acts at  p 2  45 as shown in Fig. 9–13b, and 1   acts on

the other face  p1  45

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EXAMPLE 4
When the axial loading P is applied to the bar in Fig. 9–14a,
it produces a tensile stress in the material. Determine (a) the
principal stress and (b) the maximum in-plane shear stress
and associated average normal stress.

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EXAMPLE 4 (cont)
Solutions
From the established sign convention,

x  0  y  0  xy  0

Principal Stress
Since no shear stress acts on this element,

1   2  0 (Ans)

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EXAMPLE 4 (cont)
Solutions
Maximum In-Plane Shear Stress
  x   y  / 2    0 / 2
tan 2 s   ;  s1  45,  s2  45
 xy 0

  x  y 
2
 0  
2

 max in plane      xy2   x   0   (Ans)

2

 2   2  2
  y   0 
 avg  x   (Ans)
2 2 2

To determine the proper orientation

of the element,   y
 x' y'   x sin 2   xy cos 2
2
 0
 sin 90  0
2


2
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 MOHR’S CIRCLE OF PLANE STRESS
A geometrical representation of Equations 9.1 and 9.3
  x  y    x  y 
 x '       cos 2   xy sin 2
 2   2 
  x  y    x  y 
 x '       cos 2   xy sin 2
 2   2 
   y 
 x ' y '   x  sin 2   xy cos 2
 2 
Squaring each equation and adding
2
   x   y    x  y 
2

 x '  
        
2 2
  x' y  2  xy
  2    

 x'   avg    x2' y '  R 2

2
Eqn 9.11

x y   x  y 
2

where  avg  and R      xy2

2  2 
 MOHR’S CIRCLE OF PLANE STRESS

Plotting Eqn 9.11,  x'   avg 

2
  2
x' y'  R 2

• Sign Convention:
σ is positive to the right, and τ is positive downward.
EXAMPLE 5
Due to the applied loading, the element at point A on the
solid shaft in Fig. 9–18a is subjected to the state of stress
shown. Determine the principal stresses acting at this point.

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EXAMPLE 5 (cont)
Solutions
Construction of the Circle
From Fig. 9–18a,
σ x  12 MPa, σ y  0, τ xy  6 MPa

The center of the circle is at

 12  0
 avg   6 MPa
2

The reference point A(-12,-6) and the center C(-6, 0) are plotted in Fig. 9–
18b.The circle is constructed having a radius of

  12  0 
2

R     6 2
 8.49 MPa
 2 

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EXAMPLE 5 (cont)
Solutions
Construction of the Mohr Circle
EXAMPLE 5 (cont)
Solutions
Principal Stress
The principal stresses are indicated by
the coordinates of points B and D.

We have  1   2 ,
 1  8.49  6  2.49 MPa (Ans)
 2  6  8.49  14.5 MPa (Ans)

The orientation of the element can be

determined by calculating the angle
6
2 p2  tan 1  45.0
  12  0 
 
 2 
 p  22.5
2
EXAMPLE 6
The state of plane stress at a point is shown on the element
in Fig. 9–19a. Determine the maximum in-plane shear stress
at this point.

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EXAMPLE 6 (cont)
Solutions
Construction of the Circle

We first construct the circle,

 x  20,  y  90 and  xy  60

The center of the circle C is on the axis at

 20  90
 avg   35 MPa
2

From point C and the A(-20, 60) are plotted, we have

  20  90 
2

R    60  81.4 MPa
2

 2 
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EXAMPLE 6 (cont)
Solutions
Construction of the Circle

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EXAMPLE 6 (cont)
Solutions
Maximum In-Plane Shear Stress.

Max in-plane shear stress and average normal stress are

 max in-plane  81.4 MPa ,  avg  35 MPa (Ans)

The counter-clockwise angle is (from Mohr Circle)

 20  35 
2 s1  tan 1
  21.3 (Ans)
 60 

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EXAMPLE 7
The state of plane stress at a point is shown on the element
in Fig. 9–20a. Represent this state of stress on an element
oriented 30°counterclockwise from the position shown.

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EXAMPLE 7 (cont)
Solutions
Construction of the Circle

We first construct the circle,

 x  8,  y  12 and  xy  6

The center of the circle C is on the axis at

 8  12
 avg   2 MPa
2

From point C and the A(-8, -6) are plotted, we have

  8  12 
2

R     6  11.66 MPa
2

 2 
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EXAMPLE 7 (cont)
Solutions

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EXAMPLE 7 (cont)
Solutions
Stresses on 30° Element

From the geometry of the circle,

6
  tan1
 30.96   60  30.96  29.04
10
 x '  2  11.66 cos 29.04  8.20 MPa (Ans)
 x ' y '  11.66 cos 29.04  5.66 MPa (Ans)

The stress components acting on the adjacent face DE of the element,

which is 60° clockwise from the positive x axis, Fig. 9–20c, are represented
by the coordinates of point Q on the circle.

 x '  2  11.66 cos 29.04  12.22 MPa (Ans)

 x'y'  11.66 sin 29.04  5.66 MPa (check) (Ans)

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READING QUIZ

1) Which of the following statement is

incorrect?

a) The principal stresses represent the maximum and minimum

normal stress at the point

b) When the state of stress is represented by the principal

stresses, no shear stress will act on the element

c) When the state of stress is represented in terms of the maximum

in-plane shear stress, no normal stress will act on the element

d) For the state of stress at a point, the maximum in-plane shear

stress usually associated with the average normal stress.

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Example