EN - 315

Cleaner Production Techniques

Introduction

2k15 Session
Engr. Babar Abbas
Free Powerpoint Templates
 COURSE OUTLINE
 Cleaner production principles
 Cleaner production and sustainable development
 Cleaner production plans and Strategies for implementing
cleaner production
 Cleaner production and Eco-efficiencies
 Environmental management system (EMS)
 Cleaner production methodologies
 Closed loop operations
 Detailed chemical / material flow analysis
 Renewable energy resources
 Life cycle design and impact assessment (LCA)
 Waste minimization
 Reuse of waste products
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 Specific examples from industry where the methods of
cleaner production have been applied.
TEXT BOOK
Engineer’s guide to Cleaner Production Technology by
Paul. M. Randell

REFERENCE BOOKS
Introduction to Environmental Engineering; 4th edition
by Mackenzie L Davis & David A Cornwell
Chemistry of the Environment; 2nd edition; Thomas G.
Sipro, William M. Stigliani
Environmental Engineering by Gerard Kiely
Principles of Environmental Chemistry; 2nd Edition;
James E. Girard 3
 Environment
“It is a complex matrix of social, physical,
ecological, economical and cultural factors that
affects our lives directly or indirectly and thus
reshapes our lives”

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ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
“An attempt to the management of the interaction and
impact of human societies on the environment in order
to preserve natural resources”

Steps involved in environmental management

 Environmental Assessment
 Voluntary
 Required for approval of Development Project
 Annual Regulatory Requirement
 For IEE / EIA
 Cleaner Production Assessment
 Environmental Audits 5
 ISO 14000 Certification
 Sustainable Development
“Development that meets the needs of the present

without compromising the ability of future

generations to meet their own needs”

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 CP AS A TOOL FOR SD

Cleaner Production is recognized as a tool that can

contribute to the sustainable forms of economic
development, as endorsed in Agenda 21 adopted by the
United Nations Conference on Environment and
Development.

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 PASSIVE ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGIES
1. Ignore Pollution

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 CONSTRUCTIVE ENVIRONMENTAL
STRATEGIES
2. End-of-pipe Approaches

• Methods used to remove

contaminants from a stream of
air, water, wastewater, or product
etc.
• They are normally implemented
as a last stage of a process
before the stream is disposed of
or delivered.

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 REACTIVE ENVIRONMENTAL
STRATEGIES
3. Disperse and Dilute

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 REACTIVE ENVIRONMENTAL
STRATEGIES

4. On-site Recycling

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 PROACTIVE ENVIRONMENTAL
STRATEGIES
5. Cleaner Production

Prevention of Waste Generation:

1. Good housekeeping
2. Input substitution
3. Better process control
4. Equipment modification
5. Technology change
6. On-site recovery/reuse
7. Production of a useful by-
product
8. Product modification
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 CLEANER PRODUCTION DEFINITION

“The continuous application of an integrated preventive

environmental strategy applied to processes, products,

and services to increase overall efficiency and reduce
risks to humans and the environment.”

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 Course Objective

At the completion of this course the participants

will have understanding of :
- Evolution of environmental strategies, concept of
sustainable development
- Basic concepts of preventive environmental
approaches
- Methodology of CP implementation in industrial
enterprises
- How to develop and implement CP project
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 CLEANER PRODUCTION CATEGORIES
OPERATION

TECHNOLOGY

PRODUCTION PROCESS

INPUT MATERIALS PRODUCTS

WASTE &
EMISSIONS
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 OPTION 1: INPUT SUBSTITUTION
OPERATION

TECHNOLOGY

PRODUCTION PROCESS

Change INPUT MATERIALS PRODUCTS

1/ Change inputs materials, water and energy:

> Replacing toxic or harmful materials with less toxic
> Use of renewable materials
> Use materials with longer lifetime WASTES &17
> Material purification EMISSIONS
 OPTION 2: TECHNOLOGY CHANGE
Improve New technology OPERATION
equipment and
process control
TECHNOLOGY

PRODUCTION PROCESS

Change INPUT MATERIALS PRODUCTS

2/ Technology > Replacing

change: > Equipment modification
> Optimal process conditions
> Increased automation
> Improved process control WASTES &18
> Improved equipment lay-out EMISSIONS
 OPTION 3: GOOD OPERATION PRACTICES
Improve New technology OPERATION
equipment and Improved
process control management
TECHNOLOGY
Workers skills &
process control

PRODUCTION PROCESS

Change INPUT MATERIALS PRODUCTS

3/ Improved > Production scheduling

operation > Energy management (peak shaving)
practices: > Maintenance programmes
> Working instructions and procedures
> Training and incentives program WASTES &19
> Adequate process control operations EMISSIONS
> Proper maintenance and cleaning
 OPTION 4: PRODUCT MODIFICATION
Improve New technology OPERATION
equipment and Improved
process control management
TECHNOLOGY
Workers skills &
process control

PRODUCTION PROCESS

Change INPUT MATERIALS PRODUCTS

modification
4/ Product modification:
> Recycling friendly design
> Product Life Extension
> More efficient, less material intensive packaging WASTES &20
> Reduction of harmful substances. EMISSIONS
 OPTION 5: REUSE AND RECYCLING
Improve New technology OPERATION
equipment and Improved
process control management
TECHNOLOGY
Workers skills &
process control

PRODUCTION PROCESS

Change INPUT MATERIALS PRODUCTS

modification
5/ On-site reuse and recycling:
> On site recovery and re-use of raw materials in the
process, waste water, waste heat and cooling water
> Transforming waste into useful by-products WASTES &21
> Waste segregation and storage EMISSIONS
Re-use and recycling
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 What are the benefits of Cleaner Production?

Improved environmental condition

Continuous
Increasing economical environmental
benefits improvement

Gaining competitive
Increasing advantage
productivity
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WHAT IS NOT CP?

 Transferring hazardous wastes

 Waste treatment

 Concentrating hazardous or toxic constituents to

reduce volume

 Diluting constituents to reduce hazard or toxicity

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 CLEANER PRODUCTION
CP is…
In other words, CP is a tool to answer 3 questions:

CP is a method and tool to identify where and why a

company are losing resources in the form of waste and
pollution, and how these losses can be minimized.

CP assessment CP options

CP options Less waste

Less waste Improved productivity

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 CLEANER PRODUCTION
Key elements
Cleaner Production in 7 points:
1. CP adds value to the EMS: it places emphasis on pollution
prevention rather than control, with clear improvement in
environmental performance.
2. CP does not deny or impede growth but insists that growth can be
ecologically sustainable.
3. CP is not limited only to manufacturing industries of a certain type
or size, it can be applied towards the provision of services also.
4. CP includes safety and protection of health.
5. CP emphasizes risk reduction.
6. CP improves immediate efficiency as well as long-term efficacy. 29
7. CP is Win-Win-Win factor: it benefits the environment,
communities and businesses.
CP BARRIERS

Internal to the companies :

 Lack of information and expertise

 Low environmental awareness
 Competing business priorities, in
particular, the pressure for a
short term profits
 Financial obstacles
 Lack of communication in firms
 Middle management inertia
 Labour force obstacles

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 Cleaner Production Financing
The “Cost of Waste” Iceberg

THE HIDDEN COST

OF WASTE

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Adapted from: Bierma, TJ., F.L. Waterstaraat, and J. Ostrosky. 1998. “Chapter 13: Shared Savings and
Environmental Management Accounting,” from The Green Bottom Line. Greenleaf Publishing:England.
Waste costs
• Treatment and disposal are only the tip of the waste iceberg…

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(Source: UNEP-DTIE)
 Evolution of attitudes toward
environmental issues
Passive environmental protection Active environmental protection Cleaner production

Negative environmental impacts Costly end-of-pipe solutions Cost-effective


  Regulatory compliance
Regulatory non-compliance Inefficient

  More efficient use of
raw materials and energy 33

Ref.: Lanteigne et al. 2004
Cleaner Production
There are some basic methods/techniques to
implement CP in companies
But
Every single company has different problems.
So there is no time the same solution for two
different problems! Every solution is unique,
due to the specific features of every company.
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 CLEANER PRODUCTION
Operational improvements to business
What are the benefits for industrialists ?
> CP improves products and services
> CP lowers risks (liability)
> CP improves company image
> CP improves worker’s health and safety conditions
> CP reduces waste treatment and disposal costs
> CP can be integrated with the business EMS
> CP saves costs on raw material, energy and water
> CP makes companies more profitable and competitive 35

> CP can help implementing MEAs

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References
• United Nations Environmental Programme Division of Technology Industry
and Economics (UNEP/DTIE): Cleaner Production.
URL: http://www.uneptie.org/cp
• UNEP/DTIE: Financing Cleaner Production.
URL: http://www.financingcp.org/
• United Nations Environmental Programme Division of Technology Industry
and Economics (2002) Profiting from Cleaner Production. Towards Efficient
Resource Management.
URL: http://www.financingcp.org/training/Booklet.pdf
• R. Lanteigne, V. Laforest, F. Breuil (2004) Clean Technologies and Best
Available Techniques (BATs): An Overview. PRODEST project. Ecole Nationale
Supérieure des Mines, Saint-Etienne, France.
URL: http://www.emse.fr/site/entreprises/prodests/menu.html
• Chapter 1: The evolution of environmental strategies: Toward Cleaner
Production
• Chapter 5: How can Cleaner Production help reduce waste and make profit: 37
Case study
Thank You
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