"""Implement Agents and Environments (Chapters 1-2).

The class hierarchies are as follows:

Object ## A physical object that can exist in an environment

Agent
Wumpus
RandomAgent
ReflexVacuumAgent
...
Dirt
Wall
...

Environment ## An environment holds objects, runs simulations

XYEnvironment
VacuumEnvironment
WumpusEnvironment

EnvFrame ## A graphical representation of the Environment

"""

from utils import *

import random, copy

#____________________________________________________________________________
__

class Object:
"""This represents any physical object that can appear in an Environment.
You subclass Object to get the objects you want. Each object can have a
.__name__ slot (used for output only)."""
def __repr__(self):
return '<%s>' % getattr(self, '__name__', self.__class__.__name__)

def is_alive(self):
"""Objects that are 'alive' should return true."""
return hasattr(self, 'alive') and self.alive

def display(self, canvas, x, y, width, height):

"""Display an image of this Object on the canvas."""
pass

class Agent(Object):
"""An Agent is a subclass of Object with one required slot,
.program, which should hold a function that takes one argument, the
percept, and returns an action. (What counts as a percept or action
will depend on the specific environment in which the agent exists.)
Note that 'program' is a slot, not a method. If it were a method,
then the program could 'cheat' and look at aspects of the agent.
It's not supposed to do that: the program can only look at the
percepts. An agent program that needs a model of the world (and of
the agent itself) will have to build and maintain its own model.
There is an optional slots, .performance, which is a number giving
the performance measure of the agent in its environment."""
 def __init__(self):
def program(percept):
return raw_input('Percept=%s; action? ' % percept)
self.program = program
self.alive = True

def TraceAgent(agent):
"""Wrap the agent's program to print its input and output. This will let
you see what the agent is doing in the environment."""
old_program = agent.program
def new_program(percept):
action = old_program(percept)
print '%s perceives %s and does %s' % (agent, percept, action)
return action
agent.program = new_program
return agent

#____________________________________________________________________________
__

class TableDrivenAgent(Agent):
"""This agent selects an action based on the percept sequence.
It is practical only for tiny domains.
To customize it you provide a table to the constructor. [Fig. 2.7]"""

def __init__(self, table):

"Supply as table a dictionary of all {percept_sequence:action}
pairs."
## The agent program could in principle be a function, but because
## it needs to store state, we make it a callable instance of a
class.
Agent.__init__(self)
percepts = []
def program(percept):
percepts.append(percept)
action = table.get(tuple(percepts))
return action
self.program = program

class RandomAgent(Agent):
"An agent that chooses an action at random, ignoring all percepts."
def __init__(self, actions):
Agent.__init__(self)
self.program = lambda percept: random.choice(actions)

#____________________________________________________________________________
__

loc_A, loc_B = (0, 0), (1, 0) # The two locations for the Vacuum world

class ReflexVacuumAgent(Agent):
"A reflex agent for the two-state vacuum environment. [Fig. 2.8]"

def __init__(self):
Agent.__init__(self)
 def program((location, status)):
if status == 'Dirty': return 'Suck'
elif location == loc_A: return 'Right'
elif location == loc_B: return 'Left'
self.program = program

def RandomVacuumAgent():
"Randomly choose one of the actions from the vaccum environment."
return RandomAgent(['Right', 'Left', 'Suck', 'NoOp'])

def TableDrivenVacuumAgent():
"[Fig. 2.3]"
table = {((loc_A, 'Clean'),): 'Right',
((loc_A, 'Dirty'),): 'Suck',
((loc_B, 'Clean'),): 'Left',
((loc_B, 'Dirty'),): 'Suck',
((loc_A, 'Clean'), (loc_A, 'Clean')): 'Right',
((loc_A, 'Clean'), (loc_A, 'Dirty')): 'Suck',
# ...
((loc_A, 'Clean'), (loc_A, 'Clean'), (loc_A, 'Clean')): 'Right',
((loc_A, 'Clean'), (loc_A, 'Clean'), (loc_A, 'Dirty')): 'Suck',
# ...
}
return TableDrivenAgent(table)

class ModelBasedVacuumAgent(Agent):
"An agent that keeps track of what locations are clean or dirty."
def __init__(self):
Agent.__init__(self)
model = {loc_A: None, loc_B: None}
def program((location, status)):
"Same as ReflexVacuumAgent, except if everything is clean, do
NoOp"
model[location] = status ## Update the model here
if model[loc_A] == model[loc_B] == 'Clean': return 'NoOp'
elif status == 'Dirty': return 'Suck'
elif location == loc_A: return 'Right'
elif location == loc_B: return 'Left'
self.program = program

#____________________________________________________________________________
__

class Environment:
"""Abstract class representing an Environment. 'Real' Environment
classes
inherit from this. Your Environment will typically need to implement:
percept: Define the percept that an agent sees.
execute_action: Define the effects of executing an action.
Also update the agent.performance slot.
The environment keeps a list of .objects and .agents (which is a subset
of .objects). Each agent has a .performance slot, initialized to 0.
Each object has a .location slot, even though some environments may not
need this."""
def __init__(self,):
self.objects = []; self.agents = []

object_classes = [] ## List of classes that can go into environment

def percept(self, agent):

"Return the percept that the agent sees at this point. Override this."
abstract

def execute_action(self, agent, action):

"Change the world to reflect this action. Override this."
abstract

def default_location(self, object):

"Default location to place a new object with unspecified location."
return None

def exogenous_change(self):
"If there is spontaneous change in the world, override this."
pass

def is_done(self):
"By default, we're done when we can't find a live agent."
for agent in self.agents:
if agent.is_alive(): return False
return True

def step(self):
"""Run the environment for one time step. If the
actions and exogenous changes are independent, this method will
do. If there are interactions between them, you'll need to
override this method."""
if not self.is_done():
actions = [agent.program(self.percept(agent))
for agent in self.agents]
for (agent, action) in zip(self.agents, actions):
self.execute_action(agent, action)
self.exogenous_change()

def run(self, steps=1000):

"""Run the Environment for given number of time steps."""
for step in range(steps):
if self.is_done(): return
self.step()

def add_object(self, object, location=None):

"""Add an object to the environment, setting its location. Also keep
track of objects that are agents. Shouldn't need to override this."""
object.location = location or self.default_location(object)
self.objects.append(object)
if isinstance(object, Agent):
object.performance = 0
self.agents.append(object)
return self
class XYEnvironment(Environment):
"""This class is for environments
labelled by (x, y) points, either
perceive objects within a radius.
has a .location slot which should
and a .holding slot, which should
held """
on a 2D plane, with locations
discrete or continuous. Agents
Each agent in the environment
be a location such as (0, 1),
be a list of objects that are

def __init__(self, width=10, height=10):

update(self, objects=[], agents=[], width=width, height=height)

def objects_at(self, location):

"Return all objects exactly at a given location."
return [obj for obj in self.objects if obj.location == location]

def objects_near(self, location, radius):

"Return all objects within radius of location."
radius2 = radius * radius
return [obj for obj in self.objects
if distance2(location, obj.location) <= radius2]

def percept(self, agent):

"By default, agent perceives objects within radius r."
return [self.object_percept(obj, agent)
for obj in self.objects_near(agent)]

def execute_action(self, agent, action):

if action == 'TurnRight':
agent.heading = turn_heading(agent.heading, -1)
elif action == 'TurnLeft':
agent.heading = turn_heading(agent.heading, +1)
elif action == 'Forward':
self.move_to(agent, vector_add(agent.heading, agent.location))
elif action == 'Grab':
objs = [obj for obj in self.objects_at(agent.location)
if obj.is_grabable(agent)]
if objs:
agent.holding.append(objs[0])
elif action == 'Release':
if agent.holding:
agent.holding.pop()
agent.bump = False

def object_percept(self, obj, agent): #??? Should go to object?

"Return the percept for this object."
return obj.__class__.__name__

def default_location(self, object):

return (random.choice(self.width), random.choice(self.height))

def move_to(object, destination):

"Move an object to a new location."

def add_object(self, object, location=(1, 1)):

Environment.add_object(self, object, location)
object.holding = []
object.held = None
 self.objects.append(object)

def add_walls(self):
"Put walls around the entire perimeter of the grid."
for x in range(self.width):
self.add_object(Wall(), (x, 0))
self.add_object(Wall(), (x, self.height-1))
for y in range(self.height):
self.add_object(Wall(), (0, y))
self.add_object(Wall(), (self.width-1, y))

def turn_heading(self, heading, inc,

headings=[(1, 0), (0, 1), (-1, 0), (0, -1)]):
"Return the heading to the left (inc=+1) or right (inc=-1) in headings."
return headings[(headings.index(heading) + inc) % len(headings)]

#____________________________________________________________________________
__
## Vacuum environment

class TrivialVacuumEnvironment(Environment):
"""This environment has two locations, A and B. Each can be Dirty or
Clean.
The agent perceives its location and the location's status. This serves
as
an example of how to implement a simple Environment."""

def __init__(self):
Environment.__init__(self)
self.status = {loc_A:random.choice(['Clean', 'Dirty']),
loc_B:random.choice(['Clean', 'Dirty'])}

def percept(self, agent):

"Returns the agent's location, and the location status
(Dirty/Clean)."
return (agent.location, self.status[agent.location])

def execute_action(self, agent, action):

"""Change agent's location and/or location's status; track
performance.
Score 10 for each dirt cleaned; -1 for each move."""
if action == 'Right':
agent.location = loc_B
agent.performance -= 1
elif action == 'Left':
agent.location = loc_A
agent.performance -= 1
elif action == 'Suck':
if self.status[agent.location] == 'Dirty':
agent.performance += 10
self.status[agent.location] = 'Clean'

def default_location(self, object):

"Agents start in either location at random."
return random.choice([loc_A, loc_B])

class Dirt(Object): pass

class Wall(Object): pass

class VacuumEnvironment(XYEnvironment):
"""The environment of [Ex. 2.12]. Agent perceives dirty or clean,
and bump (into obstacle) or not; 2D discrete world of unknown size;
performance measure is 100 for each dirt cleaned, and -1 for
each turn taken."""
def __init__(self, width=10, height=10):
XYEnvironment.__init__(self, width, height)
self.add_walls()

object_classes = [Wall, Dirt, ReflexVacuumAgent, RandomVacuumAgent,

TableDrivenVacuumAgent, ModelBasedVacuumAgent]

def percept(self, agent):

"""The percept is a tuple of ('Dirty' or 'Clean', 'Bump' or 'None').
Unlike the TrivialVacuumEnvironment, location is NOT perceived."""
status = if_(self.find_at(Dirt, agent.location), 'Dirty', 'Clean')
bump = if_(agent.bump, 'Bump', 'None')
return (status, bump)

def execute_action(self, agent, action):

if action == 'Suck':
if self.find_at(Dirt, agent.location):
agent.performance += 100
agent.performance -= 1
XYEnvironment.execute_action(self, agent, action)

#____________________________________________________________________________
__

class SimpleReflexAgent(Agent):
"""This agent takes action based solely on the percept. [Fig. 2.13]"""

def __init__(self, rules, interpret_input):

Agent.__init__(self)
def program(percept):
state = interpret_input(percept)
rule = rule_match(state, rules)
action = rule.action
return action
self.program = program

class ReflexAgentWithState(Agent):
"""This agent takes action based on the percept and state. [Fig. 2.16]"""

def __init__(self, rules, udpate_state):

Agent.__init__(self)
state, action = None, None
def program(percept):
state = update_state(state, action, percept)
rule = rule_match(state, rules)
action = rule.action
return action
self.program = program
#____________________________________________________________________________
__
## The Wumpus World

class Gold(Object): pass

class Pit(Object): pass
class Arrow(Object): pass
class Wumpus(Agent): pass
class Explorer(Agent): pass

class WumpusEnvironment(XYEnvironment):
object_classes = [Wall, Gold, Pit, Arrow, Wumpus, Explorer]
def __init__(self, width=10, height=10):
XYEnvironment.__init__(self, width, height)
self.add_walls()
## Needs a lot of work ...

#____________________________________________________________________________
__

def compare_agents(EnvFactory, AgentFactories, n=10, steps=1000):

"""See how well each of several agents do in n instances of an
environment.
Pass in a factory (constructor) for environments, and several for agents.
Create n instances of the environment, and run each agent in copies of
each one for steps. Return a list of (agent, average-score) tuples."""
envs = [EnvFactory() for i in range(n)]
return [(A, test_agent(A, steps, copy.deepcopy(envs)))
for A in AgentFactories]

def test_agent(AgentFactory, steps, envs):

"Return the mean score of running an agent in each of the envs, for
steps"
total = 0
for env in envs:
agent = AgentFactory()
env.add_object(agent)
env.run(steps)
total += agent.performance
return float(total)/len(envs)

#____________________________________________________________________________
__

_docex = """
a = ReflexVacuumAgent()
a.program
a.program((loc_A, 'Clean')) ==> 'Right'
a.program((loc_B, 'Clean')) ==> 'Left'
a.program((loc_A, 'Dirty')) ==> 'Suck'
a.program((loc_A, 'Dirty')) ==> 'Suck'

e = TrivialVacuumEnvironment()
e.add_object(TraceAgent(ModelBasedVacuumAgent()))
e.run(5)
## Environments, and some agents, are randomized, so the best we can
## give is a range of expected scores. If this test fails, it does
## not necessarily mean something is wrong.
envs = [TrivialVacuumEnvironment() for i in range(100)]
def testv(A): return test_agent(A, 4, copy.deepcopy(envs))
testv(ModelBasedVacuumAgent)
(7 < _ < 11) ==> True
testv(ReflexVacuumAgent)
(5 < _ < 9) ==> True
testv(TableDrivenVacuumAgent)
(2 < _ < 6) ==> True
testv(RandomVacuumAgent)
(0.5 < _ < 3) ==> True
"""

#____________________________________________________________________________
__
# GUI - Graphical User Interface for Environments
# If you do not have Tkinter installed, either get a new installation of
Python
# (Tkinter is standard in all new releases), or delete the rest of this file
# and muddle through without a GUI.

'''
import Tkinter as tk

class EnvFrame(tk.Frame):
def __init__(self, env, title='AIMA GUI', cellwidth=50, n=10):
update(self, cellwidth = cellwidth, running=False, delay=1.0)
self.n = n
self.running = 0
self.delay = 1.0
self.env = env
tk.Frame.__init__(self, None, width=(cellwidth+2)*n,
height=(cellwidth+2)*n)
#self.title(title)
# Toolbar
toolbar = tk.Frame(self, relief='raised', bd=2)
toolbar.pack(side='top', fill='x')
for txt, cmd in [('Step >', self.env.step), ('Run >>', self.run),
('Stop [ ]', self.stop)]:
tk.Button(toolbar, text=txt, command=cmd).pack(side='left')
tk.Label(toolbar, text='Delay').pack(side='left')
scale = tk.Scale(toolbar, orient='h', from_=0.0, to=10,
resolution=0.5,
command=lambda d: setattr(self, 'delay', d))
scale.set(self.delay)
scale.pack(side='left')
# Canvas for drawing on
self.canvas = tk.Canvas(self, width=(cellwidth+1)*n,
height=(cellwidth+1)*n, background="white")
self.canvas.bind('<Button-1>', self.left) ## What should this do?
self.canvas.bind('<Button-2>', self.edit_objects)
self.canvas.bind('<Button-3>', self.add_object)
if cellwidth:
c = self.canvas
for i in range(1, n+1):
 c.create_line(0, i*cellwidth, n*cellwidth, i*cellwidth)
c.create_line(i*cellwidth, 0, i*cellwidth, n*cellwidth)
c.pack(expand=1, fill='both')
self.pack()

def background_run(self):
if self.running:
self.env.step()
ms = int(1000 * max(float(self.delay), 0.5))
self.after(ms, self.background_run)

def run(self):
print 'run'
self.running = 1
self.background_run()

def stop(self):
print 'stop'
self.running = 0

def left(self, event):

print 'left at ', event.x/50, event.y/50

def edit_objects(self, event):

"""Choose an object within radius and edit its fields."""
pass

def add_object(self, event):

## This is supposed to pop up a menu of Object classes; you choose
the one
## You want to put in this square. Not working yet.
menu = tk.Menu(self, title='Edit (%d, %d)' % (event.x/50,
event.y/50))
for (txt, cmd) in [('Wumpus', self.run), ('Pit', self.run)]:
menu.add_command(label=txt, command=cmd)
menu.tk_popup(event.x + self.winfo_rootx(),
event.y + self.winfo_rooty())

#image=PhotoImage(file=r"C:\Documents and
Settings\pnorvig\Desktop\wumpus.gif")
#self.images = []
#self.images.append(image)
#c.create_image(200,200,anchor=NW,image=image)

#v = VacuumEnvironment(); w = EnvFrame(v);
'''