A

REPORT
ON

SIGNAL AND TELECOMMUNICATON

ENGINEERING
DIVISIONAL RAILWAY MANAGER OFFICE,
JHANSI

PROJECT GUIDE SUBMITTED TO

MR. TRIVEDI

S.S.E. TELECOMMUNICATION

JHANSI (NCR)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The opportunity given to us by Indian Railways to learn and study about their
signalling and communication techniques over local area network and their
state of the art devices and telecommunication devices like modems, routers,
batteries and their optical fibre network splicing techniques will make a real
difference in our engineering aptitude, knowledge and abilities.
I wish to express my gratitude to the officials and other members of North
Central Railway who rendered their help during the period of my training.
I would like to thank all those who helped me by giving their valuable thoughts
and information without which it would have been difficult for me to complete
this project I am obliged and honoured in expressing the deep sense of
gratitude to my training instructor Mr. , S.S.E (TELE.) of Jhansi for his helpful
guidance and suggestion at every stage of this report.
 ABSTRACT

This report takes a pedagogical stance in demonstrating how results from

theoretical computer science may be applied to yield significant insight into
the behaviour of the devices computer systems engineering practice seeks to
put in place, and that this is immediately attainable with the present state of
the art.
The focus for this detailed study is provided by the type of solid state signaling
and various communication systems currently being deployed throughout
mainline railways. Safety and system reliability concerns dominate in this
domain. With such motivation, two issues are tackled: the special problem of
software quality assurance in these data-driven control systems, and the
broader problem of design dependability. In the former case, the analysis is
directed towards proving safety properties of the geographic data which
encode the control logic for the railway interlocking; the latter examines the
fidelity of the communication protocols upon which the distributed control
system depends.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 ABOUT INDIAN RAILWAYS
1.2 GENESIS OF INDIAN RAILWAYS
1.3 OTHER MILESTONES
1.4 THE NEED FOR A RAILWAY NETWORK
1.5 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS

CHAPTER 2 OPTICAL FIBRE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

2.1 OPTICAL FIBER
2.2 FIBER GEOMETRY PARAMETERS
2.3 OPTICAL FIBRE COMMUNICATION
2.4 FIBER OPTIC SOURCES
2.5 FIBER OPTIC DETECTORS
2.6 OPTICAL NETWORK CONFIGURATION
2.9 FIBER OPTIC SPLICING

CHAPTER 3 NETWORKING
3.1 LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)
3.2 WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)
3.3 OSI REFERENCE MODEL
3.4 DOMAIN NAMES
3.5LAN DEVICES

CHAPTER 4 AUTO EXCHANGE COMMUNICATION

4.1 ELECTRONIC EXCHANGE
4.2 ISDN
4.3 ISDN IN INDIA
4.4 TYPES OF COMM. THROUGH ISDN
4.5 TELEPHONE EXCHANGE RING TONES
CHAPTER 5 PUBLIC AMENITIES
5.1 PASSENGER RESERVATION SYSTEM (PRS)
5.2 NATIONAL TRAIN ENQUIRY SERVICE (NTES)
5.3 BOOKING OF TICKETS ON INTERNET
5.4 UNRESERVED TICKETING SYSTEM (UTS)
5.5 INTERACTIVE VOICE RESPONSE SYSTEM

BIBLIOGRAPHY
CONCLUSION
 INTRODUCTION

1.1 ABOUT INDIAN RAILWAYS

Indian Railways, a historical legacy, are a vital force in our economy. The first
railway on Indian sub-continent ran from Bombay to Thane on 16th April 1853.
Fourteen railway carriages carried about 400 guests from Bombay to Thane
covering a distance of 21 miles (34 Kilometers). Since then there has been no
looking back. Today, it covers 6,909 stations over a total route length of more
than 63,028 kilometers. The track kilometers in broad gauge (1676 mm) are 86,
526 kms, meter gauge (1000 mm) are 18, 529 kms and narrow gauge (762/610
mm) are 3,651 kms. Of the total route of 63,028 kms, 16,001 kms are
electrified. The railways have 8000 locomotives, 50,000 coaching vehicles,
222,147 freight wagons, 6853 stations, 300 yards, 2300 goodsheds, 700 repair
shops, and 1.54 million work force. Indian Railways runs around 11,000 trains
every day, of which 7,000 are passenger trains. Presently, 9 pairs of Rajdhani
and 13 pairs of Shatabdi Express Trains run on the rail tracks of India.
It is interesting to note that though the railways were introduced to facilitate
the commercial interest of the British, it played an important role in unifying
the country. Railways are ideally suited for long distance travel and movement
of bulk commodities. Regarded better than road transport in terms of energy
efficiency, land use, environment impact and safety it is always in forefront
during national emergency.
Indian railways, the largest rail network in Asia and the world's second largest
under one management are also credited with having a multi gauge and multi
traction system. The Indian Railways have been a great integrating force for
more than 150 years. It has helped the economic life of the country and helped
in accelerating the development of industry and agriculture. Indian Railways is
known to be the largest railway network in Asia.
The Indian Railways network binds the social, cultural and economic fabric of
the country and covers the whole of country ranging from north to south and
east to west removing the distance barrier for its people. The railway network
of India has brought together the whole of country hence creating a feeling of
unity among Indians.

1.1.1 Organization Overview

The Ministry of Railways under Government of India controls Indian Railways.

The Ministry is headed by Union Minister who is generally supported by a
Minster of State. The Railway Board consisting of six members and a chairman
reports to this top hierarchy. The railway zones are headed by their respective
General Managers who in turn report to the Railway Board. For administrative
convenience Indian Railways is primarily divided into 16 zones:
1.1.2 The Ministry of Railways has following nine undertakings:
1. Rail India Technical & Economic Services Limited (RITES)
2. Indian Railway Construction (IRCON) International Limited
3. Indian Railway Finance Corporation Limited (IRFC)
4. Container Corporation of India Limited (CONCOR)
5. Konkan Railway Corporation Limited (KRCL)
6. Indian Railway Catering & Tourism Corporation Ltd (IRCTC)
7. Railtel Corporation of India Ltd. (Rail Tel)
8. Mumbai Rail Vikas Nigam Ltd. (MRVNL)
9. Rail Vikas Nigam Ltd. (RVNL)

Indian Railways have their research and development wing in the form of
Research, Designs and Standard Organization (RDSO). RDSO functions as the
technical advisor and consultant to the Ministry, Zonal Railways and
Production Units.

1.1.3 Railway Budget

Since 1924-25, railway finances have been separated from General Revenue.
Indian railways have their own funds in the form of Railway Budget presented
to the Parliament annually. This budget is presented to the Parliament by the
Union Railway Minster two days prior to the General Budget, usually around
26th February.
It has to be passed by a simple majority in the Lok Sabha before it gets final
acceptance. Indian Railways are subject to the same audit control as other
government revenues and expenditure.

1.1.4 Passenger Traffic

The passenger traffic has risen from leaps and bounds from 1284 million in
1950-51 to 5112 million in 2002-2003.

1.1.5 Freight Traffic

The revenue fright traffic has also grown immensely from 73.2 million tons in
1950-51 to 557.39 million tones. Indian railways carry huge variety of goods
such as mineral ores, fertilizers, petrochemicals, agricultural produce and
others. It has been made possible with measures such as line capacity
augmentation on certain critical sectors and modernization of signaling system
and increase in roller bearing equipped wagons. Indian Railways make huge
revenue and most of its profits are from the freight sector and uses these
profits to augment the loss-making passenger sector.
Here, it is important to note that computerization of freight operations ---
Freight Operations Information System (FOIS) has been achieved with the
implementation of Rake Management System.

1.1.6 Facilities for Passengers

Computer based unreserved ticketing takes care of the large chunk of
unreserved segment of passengers. This facility allows issuance of unreserved
tickets from locations other than boarding station.

1.1.7 Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation

(IRCTC):
IRCTC has launched on line ticketing facility with the aid of Center for Railway
Information System, which can be booked on www.irctc.co.in. For the
convenience of customers queries related to accommodation availability,
passenger status, train schedule etc are can all be addressed online.
Computerized reservation facilities have made the life easy of commuters
across India.
National Train Enquiry system is another initiative of Indian Railways which
offers train running position on a current basis through various output devices
such as terminals in the station enquiries and Interactive Voice Response
Systems (IVRS) at important railway stations.
Indian Railways are committed to provide improved telecommunication
system to its passengers. For this Optical Fibre Communication (OFC) system
has been embraced, which involves laying optical fibre cable along the railway
tracks. In recent years Indian Railways have witnessed the marked rise of
collaboration between private and public sectors. Few of the notable examples
here are the broad gauge connectivity to Pipya Port where a joint venture
company is formed with Pipava Port authority. Similarly Memorandums of
Understanding has been signed between Railways and State governments of
Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu and
Jharkhand.
1.1.8 Rolling Stock
Today, Indian Railways have become self-reliant in production of rolling stock.
It supplies rolling stock to other countries and non-railway customers. The
production units are at Diesel Locomotive Works, Varanasi, Chittaranjan
Locomotive Works, Chittaranjan, Diesel-Loco Modernisation Works, Patiala,
Integral Coach Factory, Chennai, Rail Coach Factory, Kapurthala, Wheel & Axle
Plant, Bangalore and Rail Spring Karkhana, Gwalior.

1.2 GENESIS OF INDIAN RAILWAYS

The story of the Indian Railways (IR) is not just a saga of mundane statistics and
miles of rolling stock. It is the glorious tale of a pioneering institution that
has blazed a trail for nearly a century and a half, making inroads into far-flung
territory and providing a means of communication.

Indian Railway is one of India's most effective networks that keep together the
social, economic, political and cultural fabric of the country intact. Be it cold,
mountainous terrain or the long stretches through the Rajasthan desert, Indian
Railways cover the vast expanse of the country from north to south, east to
west and all in between.

More than a hundred years ago, on the 16 April 1853, a red-letter day
appeared in the glorious history of the Indian Railways. On the day, the very
first railway train in India ran over a stretch of 21 miles from Bombay to Thane.
This pioneer railway train consisting of 14 railway carriages carrying about 400
guests, steamed off at 3:30 pm amidst the loud applause of a vast multitude
and to the salute of 21 guns. It reached Thane at about 4.45 pm. The guests
returned to Bombay at 7 pm on the next day, that is, April 17. On April 18,
1853, Sir Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy, Second Baronet, reserved the whole train and
traveled from Bombay to Thane and back along with some members of his
family and friends. This was the humble beginning of the modern Indian
Railway system known today for its extraordinary integration of high
administrative efficiency, technical skill, commercial enterprise and
resourcefulness. Today the Indian Railway (IR) is one of the most specialized
industries ofe the world.

1.3 OTHER MILESTONES

Under the British East India Company's auspices, the Great Indian Peninsula
Railway Company (GIPRC) was formed on July 15, 1844. Events moved at a fast
pace. On October 31, 1850, the ceremony of turning the first sod for the GIPRC
from Bombay to Kalyan was performed. The opening ceremony of the
extension to Kalyan took place on May 1, 1854. The railway line from Kalyan to
Khopoli was opened on May 12, 1856. It was further extended to Poona on
June 14, 1858 when the traffic was opened for public use. In the eastern part
of India, the first passenger train steamed out of Howrah station for Hooghly, a
distance of 24 miles, on August 15, 1854. This marked the formation of the
East Indian Railway.
This was followed by the emergence for the Central Bengal Railway Company.
These small beginnings multiplied and by 1880, the IR system had a route
mileage of 9,000 miles in India. The Northeastern Railway also developed
rapidly. On October 19, 1875, the train between Hathras Road and Mathura
Cantonment was started. By the winter of 1880-81, the Kanpur-Farukhabad
line became operational and further east, the Dibrugarh-Dinjan line became
operational on August 15, 1882. In South India, the Madras Railway Company
opened the first railway line between Veyasarpaudy and the Walajah Road
(Arcot) on July 1, 1856. This 63-mile line was the first section, which eventually
joined Madras and the west coast. On March 3, 1859, a length of 119 miles
was laid from Allahabad to Kanpur.
In 1862, the railway line between Amritsar and Attari was constructed on the
Amritsar-Lahore route. Some of the trains started by the British are still in
existence. The Frontier Mail is one such train. It was started on September 1,
1928 as a replacement for the Mumbai-Peshawar mail. It became one of the
fastest trains in India at that time and its reputation in London was very high.
The Kalka Mail from Howrah to Kalka was introduced with the specific goal of
facilitating the annual migration of British officials, their families and their
retinue of servants and clerks from the imperial capital at Calcutta to the
summer capital in Shimla. From Kalka, there was the remarkable toy train
service to Shimla. Plans for this narrow-gauge train had started as early as
1847, but it was at the intervention of the Viceroy, Lord Curzon, that work
actually began. Hence this train service was also known as the Viceroy's Toy
Train. In order to prevent any head-on collisions on the single-track sections of
this railway service, the Neals Token System has been used ever since the train
was inaugurated. The train guards exchange pouches containing small brass
discs with staff on the stations en route. The train driver then puts these discs
into special machines, which alert the signals ahead of their approach. The
Darjeeling toy trains, the Matheran toy train from Neral to Matheran, the
Nilgiri Blue Mountain Railway are other engineering marvels running on routes
designed and built by the British. Trains like the Deccan Queen from Bombay
to Secunderabad and the Grand Trunk Express from Delhi to Madras are some
other prominent trains initiated by the British. With the advancement in the
railway system, electrifying railway lines began side by side, and it was in 1925,
that the first electric train ran over a distance of 16 km from Victoria Terminus
to Kurala.

1.4 THE NEED FOR A RAILWAY NETWORK

The British rule in India was governed by three principal considerations to
expand the IR system. These were the commercial advantages, the political
aspect and even more importantly, the inexorable imperial defense of India
against the possible military attacks from certain powerful countries showing
signs of extending their orbit of influence into Central Asia.

1.5 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS

Now, to further improve upon its services, the Indian Railways have embarked
upon various schemes, which are immensely ambitious. The railway has
changed from meter gauge to broad gauge and the people have given it a
warm welcome. Now, there are the impressivelooking locomotives that haul
the 21st-century harbingers-the Rajdhanis and Shatabdis-at speeds of 145
kmph with all amenities and comfort. With these, the inconvenience of
changing to a different gauge en route to a destination will no longer be felt.
The Research, Designing, and Standardizing Organization at Lucknow-the
largest railway research organization in the worldwas constituted in 1957. It is
constantly devising improvements in the signaling systems, track design and
layout, coach interiors for better riding comfort and capacity, etc., along with
improvements in locomotives. Improvements are being planned by engineers.
The workshops of the railways too have been given new equipment to create
sophisticated coaches at Perambur and Kapurthala and diesel engine parts at
Patiala. Locomotives are being made at Chittaranjan and Varanasi. This is in
sharp contrast to the earlier British conviction that only minor repairs would be
possible in India, so all spare parts including nuts and bolts for locomotives
would have to be imported from England. More trains and routes are
constantly being added to the railway network and services. The British legacy
lives on in our railway system, transformed but never forgotten. Long live the
Romance of the Rails! The network of lines has grown to about 62,000
kilometers. But, the variety of Indian Railways is infinite. It still has the
romantic toy trains on narrow gauge hill sections, meter gauge beauties on
other and broad gauge bonanzas as one visits places of tourist interest
courtesy Indian Railways! They are an acknowledgement of the Railways that
tourism as an industry has to be promoted and that India is full of unsurpassed
beauty. The Calcutta Metro is a fine example of highly complex engineering
techniques being adopted to lay an underground railway in the densely built-
up areas of Calcutta city. It is a treat to be seen. The Calcuttans keep it so clean
and tidy that not a paper is thrown around! It only proves the belief that a man
grows worthy of his superior possessions. Calcutta is also the only city where
the Metro Railway started operating from September 27, 1995 over a length of
16.45 km. There is also a Circular Railway from Dum Dum to Princep Ghats
covering 13.50 km to provide commuter trains.
In time of war and natural disasters, the railways play a major role. Whether it
was the earthquake of 1935 in Quetta (now in Pakistan) or more recently in
Latur in Maharashtra, it is the railways that muster their strength to carry the
sick and wounded to hospitals in nearby towns and to the people of the
affected areas. In rehabilitation and reconstruction, too, their role is vital.
During the Japanese war, the Indian Railways added further laurels to their
record as they extended the railway line right up to Ledo in the extreme
northeastern part of Assam and thus enabled the Allied forces under General
Stillwell to combat the Japanese menace. In fact, several townships in Assam
like Margherita and Digboi owe their origin to the endeavours of the Indian
Railways. It was the Assam Railway and Trading Company that opened up the
isolated regions of Assam with the laying of the railway lines and thus
providing the lifeline to carry coal, tea, and timber out of the area and bring
other necessary commodities to Assam and the adjoining countryside. Now,
the Indian Railways system is divided into 9 zonal railways, a metro railway,
Calcutta, the production units, construction organizations, and other railway
establishments.

2. OPTICAL FIBRE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

2.1 OPTICAL FIBRE

An optical fiber is a cylindrical dielectric waveguide made of low-loss materials

such as silica glass. It has a central core in which the light is guided, embedded
in an outer cladding of slightly lower refractive index. Light rays incident on the
core-cladding boundary at angles greater than the critical angle undergo total
internal reflection and are guided through the core without refraction. Rays of
greater inclination to the fiber axis lose part of their power into the cladding at
each reflection and are not guided.

As a result of recent technological advances in fabrication, light can be guided

through 1 km of glass fiber with a loss as low as = 0.16 dB (= 3.6 %). Optical
fibers are replacing copper coaxial cables as the preferred transmission
medium for electromagnetic waves, thereby revolutionizing terrestrial
communications. Applications range from longdistance telephone and data
communications to computer communications in a local area network.
2.1.1 Single-mode and multimode optical fibres

 Multimode is 50/125 or 62.5/125

 50 micron is the core
 125 micron is the cladding
 Single mode is 8-10/125
 8-10 micron is the core
 125 micron is the cladding

2.1.2 Operational Parameters

 1 st Window – 850 nm allows cheap LED‘s to operate over reasonable

distances (km)
 2 nd Window – 1300nm more expensive LED‘s and Lasers operate over
longer distances (10‘s of Km). Fiber attenuation at this level is less than at
850nm

 3 rd Window – 1550nm employs expensive sophisticated laser /detected

systems. Long distance without repeaters (100‘s of Km)
Multimode optical fibers are dielectric waveguides which can have many
propagation modes. Light in these modes follows paths that can be
represented by rays as shown in Figure 1-1a and 1-1b, where regions 1, 2 and 3
are the core, cladding and coating, respectively. The cladding
glass has a refractive index, a parameter related to the dielectric constant,
which is slightly lower than the refractive index of the core glass.

Figure 1-1 – The three principal types of fibres

The fiber in Figure 1-1a is called ―step index‖ because the refractive index
changes abruptly from cladding to core. As a result, all rays within a certain
angle will be totally reflected at the core-cladding boundary. Rays striking the
boundary at angles greater than this critical angle will be partially reflected and
partially transmitted out through the boundary towards the cladding and
coating. After many such reflections, the energy in these rays will eventually be
lost from the fibre. Region 3, the coating, is a plastic which protects the glass
from abrasion.
The paths along which the rays (modes) of this step-index fibre travel differ
depending on their angle relative to the axis. As a result, the different modes in
a pulse arrive at the far end of the fibre at different times, resulting in pulse
spreading, which limits the bit rate of a digital signal that can be transmitted.
The different mode velocities can be nearly equalized by using a ―graded-
index‖ fibre as shown in Figure 1-1b. Here the refractive index changes
smoothly from the centre out in a way that causes the end-to-end travel time
of the different rays to be nearly equal, even though they traverse different
paths. This velocity equalization can reduce pulse spreading by a factor of 100
or more. By reducing the core diameter and the refractive index difference
between the core and the cladding only one mode (the fundamental one) will
propagate and the fibre is then ―singlemode‖ (Figure 1-1c). In this case there
is no pulse spreading at all due to the different propagation time of the various
modes.
The cladding diameter is 125 μm for all the telecommunication types of fibres.
The core diameter of the multimode fibres is 50 μm, whereas that of the
single-mode fibres is 8 to 10 μm.

2.1.3 The Design of Fiber Core and Cladding

An optical fiber consists of two different types of highly pure, solid glass,
composed to form the core and cladding. A protective acrylate coating then
surrounds the cladding. In most cases, the protective coating is a dual layer
composition.

2.1.4 Single-Mode and Multimode Fibers

Multimode fiber was the first type of fiber to be commercialized. It has a much
larger core than single-mode fiber, allowing hundreds of modes of light to
propagate through the fiber simultaneously. Additionally, the larger core
diameter of multimode fiber facilitates the use of lower-cost optical
transmitters (such as light emitting diodes [LEDs] or vertical cavity surface
emitting lasers [VCSELs]) and connectors.
Single-mode fiber, on the other hand, has a much smaller core that allows only
one mode of light at a time to propagate through the core. While it might
appear that multimode fibers have higher capacity, in fact the opposite is true.
Singlemode fibers are designed to maintain spatial and spectral integrity of
each optical signal over longer distances, allowing more information to be
transmitted. Its tremendous information-carrying capacity and low intrinsic
loss have made single-mode fiber the ideal transmission medium for a
multitude of applications. Single-mode fiber is typically used for longer-
distance and higher-bandwidth applications. Multimode fiber is used primarily
in systems with short transmission distances (under 2 km), such as premises
communications, private data networks, and parallel optic applications.

2.1.5 Optical Fiber Sizes

The international standard for outer cladding diameter of most singlemode
optical fibers is 125 microns (μm) for the glass and 245 μm for the coating. This
standard is important because it ensures compatibility among connectors,
splices, and tools used throughout the industry.
Standard single-mode fibers are manufactured with a small core size,
approximately 8 to 10 μm in diameter. Multimode fibers have core sizes of 50
to 62.5 μm in diameter.
2.2 FIBER GEOMETRY PARAMETERS

The three fiber geometry parameters that have the greatest impact on splicing
performance include the following:

 core/clad concentricity (or core-to-cladding offset): how well the core is

centered in the cladding glass region.

 fiber curl: the amount of curvature over a fixed length of fiber These
parameters are determined and controlled during the fiber-manufacturing
process. As fiber is cut and spliced according to system needs, it is
important to be able to count on consistent geometry along the entire
length of the fiber and between fibers and not to rely solely on
measurements made.

2.2.1 Cladding Diameter

The cladding diameter tolerance controls the outer diameter of the fiber, with
tighter tolerances ensuring that fibers are almost exactly the same size. During
splicing, inconsistent cladding diameters can cause cores to misalign where the
fibers join, leading to higher splice losses. The drawing process controls
cladding diameter tolerance, and depending on the manufacturer‘s skill level,
can be very tightly controlled.

2.2.2 Core/Clad Concentricity

Tighter core/clad concentricity tolerances help ensure that the fiber core is
centered in relation to the cladding. This reduces the chance of ending up with
cores that do not match up precisely when two fibers are spliced together. A
core that is precisely centered in the fiber yields lower-loss splices more often.
Core/clad concentricity is determined during the first stages of the
manufacturing process, when the fiber design and resulting characteristics are
created. During these laydown and consolidation processes, the dopant
chemicals that make up the fiber must be deposited with precise control and
symmetry to maintain consistent core/clad concentricity performance
throughout the entire length of fiber.
2.2.3 Fiber Curl

Fiber curl is the inherent curvature along a specific length of optical fiber that
is exhibited to some degree by all fibers. It is a result of thermal stresses that
occur during the manufacturing process. Therefore, these factors must be
rigorously monitored and controlled during fiber manufacture. Tighter fiber-
curl tolerances reduce the possibility that fiber cores will be misaligned during
splicing, thereby impacting splice loss. Some mass fusion splicers use fixed
vgrooves for fiber alignment, where the effect of fiber curl is most noticeable.

2.2.4 Single-Mode Fiber Performance Characteristics

The key optical performance parameters for single-mode fibers are

attenuation, dispersion, and mode-field diameter. Optical fiber performance
parameters can vary significantly among fibers from different manufacturers in
ways that can affect your system‘s performance. It is important to understand
how to specify the fiber that best meets system requirements.

2.3 OPTICAL FIBRE COMMUNICATION

2.3.1 Basic optical fiber communication system

Figure shows the basic components in the optical fiber communication system.
The input electrical signal modulates the intensity of light fromthe optical
source. The optical carrier can be modulated internally or externally using an
electro-optic modulator (or) acousto-optic modulator. Nowadays electro-optic
modulators (KDP, LiNbO3 or beta barium borate) are widely used as external
modulators which modulate the light by changing its refractive index through
the given input electrical signal. In the digital optical fiber communication
system, the input electrical signal is in the form of coded digital pulses from
the encoder and these electric pulses modulate the intensity of the light from
the laser diode or LED and convert them into optical pulses. In the receiver
stage, the photo detector like avalanche photodiode (APD) or positive-intrinsic
negative (PIN) diode converts the optical pulses into electrical pulses. A
decoder converts the electrical pulses into the original electric signal.

Figure Basic analog optical fiber communication system & Table Different
generations of optical fiber communication systems
Table shows the different generations of optical fiber communication. In
generation I, mostly GaAs based LEDs and laser diodes having emission
wavelength 0.8 micrometer were used from 1974 to 1978, graded index
multimode fibers were used. From 1978 onwards, only single mode fibers are
used for long distance communication. During the second generation the
operating wavelength is shifted to 1.3 micrometer to overcome loss and
dispersion. Further InGaAsP hetero-junction laser diodes are used as optical
sources. In the third generation the operating wavelength is further shifted to
1.55 micrometer m and the dispersion-shifted fibers are used. Further single
mode direct detection is adopted. In the fourth generation erbium doped
optical (fiber) amplifiers are fabricated and the whole transmission and
reception are performed only in the optical domain. Wavelength Division
Multiplexing (WDM) is introduced to increase the bit rate. In the proposed
next generation (V generation), soliton based lossless and dispersion less
optical fiber communication will become a reality. At that time, the data rate
may increase beyond 1000 Tb/s.

2.3.4 Advantages of optical fiber communication

1. Wider bandwidth: The information carrying capacity of a transmission

system is directly proportional to the carrier frequency of the transmitted
signals. The optical carrier frequency is in the range 1013 to 1015 Hz while the
radio wave frequency is about 106 Hz and the microwave frequency is about
1010 Hz. Thus the optical fiber yields greater transmission bandwidth than the
conventional communication systems and the data rate or number of bits per
second is increased to a greater extent in the optical fiber communication
system. Further the wavelength division multiplexing operation by the data
rate or information carrying capacity of optical fibers is enhanced to many
orders of magnitude.

2. Low transmission loss: Due to the usage of the ultra-low loss fibers and the
erbium doped silica fibers as optical amplifiers, one can achieve almost lossless
transmission. In the modern optical fiber telecommunication systems, the
fibers having a transmission loss of 0.002 dB/km are used. Further, using
erbium doped silica fibers over a short length in the transmission path at
selective points, appropriate optical amplification can be achieved. Thus the
repeater spacing is more than 100 km. Since the amplification is done in the
optical domain itself, the distortion produced during the strengthening of the
signal is almost negligible.
3. Dielectric waveguide: Optical fibers are made from silica which is an
electrical insulator. Therefore they do not pickup any electromagnetic wave or
any high current lightning. It is also suitable in explosive environments. Further
the optical fibers are not affected by any interference originating from power
cables, railway power lines and radio waves. There is no cross talk between the
fibers even though there are so many fibers in a cable because of the absence
of optical interference between the fibers.
4. Signal security: The transmitted signal through the fibers does not radiate.
Further the signal cannot be tapped from a fiber in an easy manner. Therefore
optical fiber communication provides hundred per cent signal security.

5. Small size and weight: Fiber optic cables are developed with small radii, and
they are flexible, compact and lightweight. The fiber cables can be bent or
twisted without damage. Further, the optical fiber cables are superior to the
copper cables in terms of storage, handling, installation and transportation,
maintaining comparable strength and durability.

2.6 FIBER OPTIC SOURCES

Two basic light sources are used for fiber optics: laser diodes (LD) and light-
emitting diodes (LED). Each device has its own advantages and disadvantages
as listed in Table.
Fiber optic sources must operate in the low-loss transmission windows of glass
fiber. LEDs are typically used at the 850-nm and 1310-nm transmission
wavelengths, whereas lasers are primarily used at 1310 nm and 1550 nm. LEDs
are typically used in lower-data-rate, shorter-distance multimode systems
because of their inherent bandwidth limitations and lower output power. They
are used in applications in which data rates are in the hundreds of megahertz
as opposed to GHz data rates associated with lasers. Two basic structures for
LEDs are used in fiber optic systems: surface-emitting and edge emitting
In surface-emitting LEDs the radiation emanates from the surface. An example
of this is the Burris diode as shown in Figure 8-21. LEDs typically have large
numerical apertures, which makes light coupling into single-mode fiber difficult
due to the fiber‘s small N.A. and core diameter. For this reason LEDs are most
often used with multimode fiber. LEDs are used in lower-data-rate, shorter-
distance multimode systems because of their inherent bandwidth limitations
and lower output power. The output spectrum of a typical LED is about 40 nm,
which limits its performance because of severe chromatic dispersion. LEDs
operate in a more linear fashion than do laser diodes. This makes them more
suitable for analog modulation. Figure 8-22 shows a graph of typical output
power versus drive current for LEDs and laser diodes. Notice that the LED has a
more linear output power, which makes it more suitable for analog
modulation. Often these devices are pigtailed, having a fiber attached during
the manufacturing process. Some LEDs are available with connector-ready
housings that allow a connectorized fiber to be directly attached. They are also
relatively inexpensive. Typical applications are local area networks, closed-
circuit TV, and transmitting information in areas where EMI may be a problem.

2.7 FIBER OPTIC DETECTORS

The purpose of a fiber optic detector is to convert light emanating from the
optical fiber back into an electrical signal. The choice of a fiber optic detector
depends on several factors including wavelength, responsively, and speed or
rise time. Figure depicts the various types of detectors and their spectral
responses.
The process by which light is converted into an electrical signal is the opposite
of the process that produces the light. Light striking the detector generates a
small electrical current that is amplified by an external circuit. Absorbed
photons excite electrons from the valence band to the conduction band,
resulting in the creation of an electron-hole pair. Under the influence of a bias
voltage these carriers move through the material and induce a current in the
external circuit. For each electron-hole pair created, the result is an electron
flowing in the circuit. Typical current levels are small and require some
amplification as shown in Figure.

The most commonly used photo detectors are the PIN and avalanche
photodiodes (APD). The material composition of the device determines the
wavelength sensitivity. In general, silicon devices are used for detection in the
visible portion of the spectrum; InGaAs crystal are used in the near-infrared
portion of the spectrum between 1000 nm and 1700 nm, and germanium PIN
and APDs are used between 800 nm and 1500 nm.
2.8 OPTICAL NETWORK CONFIGURATION

 More complex network than long-haul pointto-point.

 Reconfigurable add/drop multiplexers (ROADM) are the current
technology that enable the network bandwidth to be dynamically
switched based on need.
 Up to 80 wavelengths separated by 100 GHz = 0.8 nm at 1550 nm, each
carrying 10 Gb/s for a total of 800 Gb/sec.
 This system has been replaced with models offering well in excess of 1
Tb/s.
2.9 FIBER OPTIC SPLICING

Optical fibres have to be joined together to make longer lengths of fibre or

existing fibre lengths which have been broken have to be repaired. Also the
ends of the fibre have to be fitted with convenient connectors (terminations)
to allow them to be easily plugged into equipment such as power meters, data
transmitters, etc. Unlike electrical cables where all that is needed is to solder
lengths of cable together, the process of joining two fibres (splicing) or
terminating the end of a fibre is more complex and requires special equipment.
Splicing is the process of joining the two bare ends of two fibres together. The
ends of the fibre must be precisely lined up with each other, otherwise the
light will not be able to pass from one fibre across the gap to the other fibre.
There are four main alignment errors and any splicing technique is designed to
deal with ends of these errors.
 3. NETWORKING

Computer networking is an integral part of business today. A network is a

group of computers, printers, and other devices that are connected together
with cables. Information travels over the cables, allowing network users to
exchange documents & data with each other, print to the same printers, and
generally share any hardware or software that is connected to the network.
Each computer, printer, or other peripheral device that is connected to the
network is called a node. Networks can have tens, thousands, or even millions
of nodes.

3.1 LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)

A network is any collection of independent computers that exchange
information with each other over a shared communication medium. Local Area
Networks or LANs are usually confined to a limited geographic area, such as a
single building or a college campus. LANs can be small, linking as few as three
computers, but can often link hundreds of computers used by thousands of
people. The development of standard networking protocols and media has
resulted in worldwide proliferation of LANs throughout business and
educational organizations.

3.2 WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)

Often elements of a network are widely separated physically. Wide area

networking combines multiple LANs that are geographically separate. This is
accomplished by connecting the several LANs with dedicated leased lines such
as a T1 or a T3, by dial-up phone lines (both synchronous and asynchronous),
by satellite links and by data packet carrier services. WANs can be as simple as
a modem and a remote access server for employees to dial into, or it can be as
complex as hundreds of branch offices globally linked. Special routing
protocols and filters minimize the expense of sending data over vast distances.

3.4 OSI REFERENCE MODEL

 The OSI reference model consists of seven layers, each of which can (and
typically does) have several sub layers. The upper layers of the OSI reference
model (application, presentation, session, and transport—Layers 7, 6, 5, and 4)
define functions focused on the application. The lower three layers (network,
data link, and physical—Layers 3, 2, and 1) define functions focused on end to
end delivery of the data.

 The model was developed by the International Organisation for

Standardisation (ISO) in 1984. It is now considered the primary
Architectural model for inter-computer communications.
 The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model is a descriptive
network scheme. It ensures greater compatibility and interoperability
between various types of network technologies.
 The OSI model describes how information or data makes its way from
application programmes (such as spreadsheets) through a network medium
(such as wire) to another application programme located on another
network.
 The OSI reference model divides the problem of moving information
between computers over a network medium into SEVEN smaller and more
manageable problems.
3.8 LAN DEVICES

3.8.1 MODEM:

Modem is the short form for modulator-demodulator. A modem is a device or

program that enables a computer to transmit data over, for example,
telephone or cable lines. Computer information is stored digitally, whereas
information transmitted over telephone lines is transmitted in the form of
analog waves. A modem converts between these two forms.

3.8.2 SERVER:

A computer or device is a network that manages network resources. For

example, a file server is a computer and storage device dedicated to storing
files. Any user on the network can store files on the server. A print server is a
computer that manages one or more printers, and a network server is a
computer that manages network traffic. A database server is a computer
system that processes database queries. Servers are often dedicated, meaning
that they perform no other tasks besides their server tasks. On multiprocessing
operating systems, however, a single computer can execute several programs
at once. A server in this case could refer to the program that is managing
resources rather than the entire computer.

3.8.3 UTP:

Short for unshielded twisted pair, a popular type of cable that consists of two
unshielded wires twisted around each other. Due to its low cost, UTP cabling is
used extensively for localarea networks (LANs) and telephone connections.
UTP cabling does not offer as high bandwidth or as good protection from
interference as coaxial or fiber optic cables, but it is less expensive and easier
to work with.

3.8.4 REPEATERS:

A repeater is a physical layer device used to interconnect the media segments

of an extended network. A repeater essentially enables a series of cable
segments to be treated as a single cable. Repeaters receive signals from one
network segment and amplify, retime, and retransmit those signals to another
network segment. These actions prevent signal deterioration caused by long
cable lengths and large numbers of connected devices. Repeaters are
incapable of performing complex filtering and other traffic processing. In
addition, all electrical signals, including electrical disturbances and other
errors, are repeated and amplified.

3.8.5 ROUTER:

A router is a device that forwards data packets along networks, and

determines which way to send each data packet based on its current
understanding of the state of its connected networks. Routers are typically
connected to at least two networks, commonly two LANs or WANs or a LAN
and its Internet Service Providers (ISPs) network. Routers are located at
gateways, the places where two or more networks connect. Routers filter out
network traffic by specific protocol rather than by packet address. Routers also
divide networks logically instead of physically. An IP router can divide a
network into various subnets so that only traffic destined for particular IP
addresses can pass between segments. Network speed often decreases due to
this type of intelligent forwarding. Such filtering takes more time than that
exercised in a switch or bridge, which only looks at the Ethernet address.
However, in more complex networks, overall efficiency is improved by using
routers.

4. AUTO EXCHANGE
COMMUNICATION

4.1 ELECTRONIC EXCHANGE

 Railway has its own communication system including microwave stations

and automatic electronic exchanges.
 Power Plant (Required for exchange)
 C-DOT Exchange
 Digital Electronic Exchange
 Jaipur Division exchange consists of three main exchanges:
 First is having a capacity of 128 lines. It is based on C-DOT technology
which is an Indian Technology and it is a product of RTPL (Raj. Telematics
Pvt. Ltd.).
 Second one has the capacity of 1200 lines and is based on OKI technology.
It is a collaboration product of TATA Telecom and Crompton Greaves.
 Third one has a capacity of 60 lines. It is a MKT (Multi Key Telephone)
exchange. It provides ISDN facility to Railway.

4.2 ISDN

Integrated Services for Digital Network (ISDN) is a set of communication

standards for simultaneous digital transmission of voice, video, data, and other
network services over the traditional circuits of the public switched telephone
network. It was first defined in 1988 in the CCITT red book.[1] Prior to ISDN,
the telephone system was viewed as a way to transport voice, with some
special services available for data. The key feature of ISDN is that it integrates
speech and data on the same lines, adding features that were not available in
the classic telephone system. There are several kinds of access interfaces to
ISDN defined as Basic Rate Interface (BRI), Primary Rate Interface (PRI),
Narrowband ISDN (N-ISDN), and Broadband ISDN (BISDN).

ISDN is a circuit-switched telephone network system, which also provides

access to packet switched networks, designed to allow digital transmission of
voice and data over ordinary telephone copper wires, resulting in potentially
better voice quality than an analog phone can provide. It offers circuit-
switched connections (for either voice or data), and packet-switched
connections (for data), in increments of 64 kilobit/s. A major market
application for ISDN in some countries is Internet access, where ISDN typically
provides a maximum of 128 kbit/s in both upstream and downstream
directions. Channel bonding can achieve a greater data rate; typically the ISDN
B-channels of three or four BRIs (six to eight 64 kbit/s channels) are bonded.
ISDN should not be mistaken for its use with a specific protocol, such as Q.931
whereas ISDN is employed as the network, data-link and physical layers in the
context of the OSI model. In a broad sense ISDN can be considered a suite of
digital services existing on layers 1, 2, and 3 of the OSI model. ISDN is designed
to provide access to voice and data services simultaneously. However,
common use reduced ISDN to be limited to Q.931 and related protocols, which
are a set of protocols for establishing and breaking circuit switched
connections, and for advanced calling features for the user. They were
introduced in 1986.

In a videoconference, ISDN provides simultaneous voice, video, and text

transmission between individual desktop videoconferencing systems and
group (room) videoconferencing systems. ISDN elements.
Integrated services refers to ISDN's ability to deliver at minimum two
simultaneous connections, in any combination of data, voice, video, and fax,
over a single line. Multiple devices can be attached to the line, and used as
needed. That means an ISDN line can take care of most people's complete
communications needs (apart from broadband Internet access and
entertainment television) at a much higher transmission rate, without forcing
the purchase of multiple analog phone lines. It also refers to integrated
switching and transmission[3] in that telephone switching and carrier wave
transmission are integrated rather than separate as in earlier technology.

4.2.1 ISDN elements

 Basic Rate Interface

 Primary Rate Interface
 Bearer channels
 Signaling channel
 X.25
 Frame Relay

4.3 ISDN IN INDIA

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, Reliance Communications and Bharti Airtel are
the largest communication service providers, and offer both ISDN BRI and PRI
services across the country. Reliance Communications and Bharti Airtel uses
the DLC technology for providing these services. With the introduction of
broadband technology, the load on bandwidth is being absorbed by ADSL. ISDN
continues to be an important backup network for point-to-point leased line
customers such as banks, Eseva Centers, Life Insurance Corporation of India,
and SBI ATMs.

4.4 TYPES OF COMMUNICATION THROUGH ISDN

Among the kinds of data that can be moved over the 64 kbit/s channels are
pulse-code modulated voice calls, providing access to the traditional voice
PSTN. This information can be passed between the network and the user end-
point at call set-up time. In North America, ISDN is now used mostly as an
alternative to analog connections, most commonly for Internet access. Some of
the services envisioned as being delivered over ISDN are now delivered over
the Internet instead. In Europe, and in Germany in particular, ISDN has been
successfully marketed as a phone with features, as opposed to a POTS phone
with few or no features. Meanwhile, features that were first available with
ISDN (such as Three-Way Calling, Call Forwarding, Caller ID, etc.) are now
commonly available for ordinary analog phones as well, eliminating this
advantage of ISDN. Another advantage of ISDN was the possibility of multiple
simultaneous calls (one call per B channel), e.g. for big families, but with the
increased popularity and reduced prices of mobile telephony this has become
less interesting as well, making ISDN unappealing to the private customer.
However, ISDN is typically more reliable than POTS, and has a significantly
faster call setup time compared with POTS, and IP connections over ISDN
typically have some 30–35ms round trip time, as opposed to 120–180ms (both
measured with otherwise unused lines) over 56k or V.34/V.92 modems,
making ISDN more reliable and more efficient for telecommuters.
ISDN is commonly used in radio broadcasting. Since ISDN provides a high
quality connection this assists in delivering good quality audio for transmission
in radio. Most radio studios are equipped with ISDN lines as their main form of
communication with other studios or standard phone lines. Equipment made
by companies such as Telos/Omnia (the popular Zephyr codec), Comrex,
Tieline and others are used regularly by radio broadcasters. Almost all live
sports broadcasts on radio are backhauled to their main studios via ISDN
connections.

4.5 TELEPHONE EXCHANGE RING TONES

The status of a local telephone line (idle or busy) is indicated by on-hook or off-
hook signals as follows:
On-Hook Minimum dc resistance between tip and ring conductors of 30,000
Ohms.
Off-Hook Maximum dc resistance between tip and ring conductors of 200
Ohms.

Telephone sets give an off-hook condition at all times from the answer or
origination of a call to its completion. The only exception to this is during dial
pulsing of rotary or pulse dialing phones.
 Dial pulses consist of momentary opens in the loop; dial pulses should meet
the following standards: Pulse rate: 10 pulses/second +/- 10%
Pulse shape: 58% to 64% break (open)
Inter-digital time: 600 milliseconds minimum

NOTE: Two pulses indicate the digit "2", three pulses indicate the digit "3", and
so on up to ten pulses indicating the digit "0". Audible tones are used in the
telephone system to indicate the progress or disposition of a call. Precise dial
tone consists of Current day "precise" tones consist of a summation of two low
distortion sine waves. Earlier tones included below consisted of a higher
frequency amplitude modulated by a lower frequency.

1. Dial tone (Real Audio) / Dial tone (WAV): Precise dial tone
consists of 350 and 440 Hz @ -13 dBm0 per tone, at telephone exchange
(continuous). Earlier modulated dial tone consisted of 600 Hz amplitude
modulated by 120 Hz. For Touch-Tone compatibility reasons this was
replaced with precise dial tone on many electro-mechanical exchanges
when they were converted for Touch-Tone calling.
2. Busy tone: "Precise" busy signal (Real Audio) / "Precise" busy signal
(WAV): 480 and 620 Hz @ -24 dBm0 per tone, at telephone exchange,
interrupted at 60 interruptions per minute (0.5 sec. on, 0.5 sec. off).
3. Reorder (Real Audio) / Reorder (WAV): (today's standard for "all
trunks busy") 480 and 620 Hz interrupted at 120 interruptions per minute.
4. Ringback: "Precise" Ring-Back Tone (Real Audio) / "Precise" Ring-Back
Tone (WAV): 440 and 480 Hz @ -19 dBm0 per tone, at telephone exchange
(2 seconds on, 4 seconds off). Compare this with 420/40 Hz Modulated
Ring-Back Tone (Real Audio) / Modulated Ring-Back.
5. Call waiting (Real Audio) / Call waiting (WAV): 440 Hz @ -13
dBm0, at telephone exchange (0.3 sec. on every 10 seconds).

5. PUBLIC AMENITIES

5.1 PASSENGER RESERVATION SYSTEM (PRS)

 PRS started in 1985 as a pilot project in New Delhi. The objective was to
provide ticketing system for reserved accommodation on any train from any
counter, preparation of train charting and keeping a proper record of the
money received. This was implemented all over Indian Railway later on.
With this implementation any passenger can get a reserved ticket from one
destination to another station of India Railway from any Passenger
Reservation Systems counter of Indian Railways.
 PRS networking of entire Indian Railways completed in April, 1999.
 PRS is running currently at 1,200 locations, Deploying 4,000 terminals,
covering journeys of 3,000 trains and executing ONE MILLION passenger
transactions per day.
 Internet booking of tickets was started In August 2002.
 Internet booking timings extended to 4:00 a.m. – 11:30 p.m. from March
2005.

This project involves the integration of five major regional reservation

centers. It therefore enables better coordination to improve the reservation
 process. The major regional centers with all the information for their
regions coordinate for better planning and control. This is a complex but
comprehensive system which provides for better functioning of the
reservation process. IT enables this scale of coordination and such systems
rely heavily on a strong IT backbone. Leased lines are predominantly used
to connect this system.
This system demonstrates high levels of performance. It takes less than one
second for a local transaction and three seconds for a networked one. It is
capable of providing reservations for 22 hours per day.
The large volumes of passenger traffic that the Indian Railways handles
makes the PRS a quintessential part of the Railways‘ IT infrastructure.

5.2 NATIONAL TRAIN ENQUIRY SERVICE (NTES)

 National Train Enquiry System (NTES) is a centralized information system

that provides up-to-date and accurate information to passengers
regarding arrival/ departure of passenger trains including expected time of
arrival (ETA) of trains.

5.2.1 Why NTES?

1. Arrival and departure of passenger trains

2. Platform berthing of passenger trains
3. Facilities available at various stations ( e.g. retiring rooms)
4. Railway Rules
5. To make above information available on internet

The above information is made available to the public through:

  Display Boards
 Interactive Voice Response System ( telephone enquiry)
 Automatic Announcement System
 Face to Face Enquiry counters
 TV display Web Sites

5.2.3 The above information is available at:

 Arrival Departure Information - Control Offices
 Platform Berthing – Stations
 Other Data - Designated Database Operator

5.3 BOOKING OF TICKETS ON INTERNET

E-ticketing initiative is critical in the current scenario of rapid growth of

internet usage and technologies. This offers customers the convenience of
reserving tickets from the comfort of their homes. This is in keeping with the
times. The Indian railways are making an effort to use IT for not only higher
profitability but also for better customer facilities which will also indirectly lead
to higher profits. This is all made possible by IT.

5.4 UNRESERVED TICKETING SYSTEM (UTS)

 More than 1.2 crore Rail passengers travel in unreserved coaches and
trains every day and thus form the bulk of rail users. For this category of
passengers Railways have introduced the facility of Computerised
Unreserved Ticketing System. It was initially provided at 10 stations of
Delhi area in the first stage as a pilot project on 15 August 2002. Another
13 stations of Delhi area were provided with UTS counters in the second
stage on 2nd Oct, 2002.
 UTS will provide the facility to purchase Unreserved Ticket 3 days in
advance of the date of journey. A passenger can buy a ticket for any
destination from the UTS counter for all such destinations which are
served by that station. The cancellation of tickets has also been
simplified. Passengers can cancel their tickets one day in advance of the
 journey from any station provided with a UTS counter. On the day of
journey, the ticket can be cancelled from station from which the journey
was to commence.
 Indian Railway is constantly looking for new ideas to simplify and
streamline procedures for the convenience of passengers. In this endeavor
they have introduced several path breaking technologies on the Railway
system over the years.

5.5 INTERACTIVE VOICE RESPONSE SYSTEM (IVRS)

Interactive Voice Response (IVR) is a software application that accepts a

combination of voice telephone input and touch-tone keypad selection and
provides appropriate responses in the form of voice, fax, callback, e-mail and
perhaps other media. IVR is usually part of a larger application that includes
database access.
An IVR application provides pre-recorded voice responses for appropriate
situations, keypad signal logic, and access to relevant data, and potentially the
ability to record voice input for later handling. Using computer telephony
Integration (CTI), IVR applications can hand off a call to a human being who can
view data related to the caller at a display. Interactive Voice Response (IVR)
systems allow callers to get access to information without human intervention.
Thus callers hear a pleasant and cheerful voice 24-hours a day, 7 days a year
without any attendant human fatigue. Since even the cost of the call is borne
by the caller, apart from the one-time installation cost, there is no running
expense for the company who deploys the IVR systems. Another advantage to
the company is that it would otherwise be impossible to handle high loads of
callers, both in terms of time, and the cost of the large number of individuals
that it would require.

Interactive Voice Response Features

 Simple to use Graphical System Design Interface
 Multiple telephone line support both on Analog and Digital
 Advanced call screening and call switching options
 Can be integrated with any type of database. Playback data retrieved from
database
 Text to Speech
 Call Transfer to other extensions, optionally announcing the Caller ID,
allowing the recipient to accept or decline the call
 Full logging of callers' details and all the selections made during the call
 Multi-Language support (English /Hindi)
 DNIS: (Dialed number identification service)
 ANI: (Automatic Number Identification)

BIBLIOGRAPHY
 Optical fibres, cables and system ITU-T Manual 2009
 Centre for Railway Information Systems, INDIAN RAILWAYS, DELHI
 On ―LOCAL AREA NETWORK‖
 Fundamentals of Photonics Bahaa E. A. Saleh, Malvin Carl Teich
 Signalling and Telecommunication in Indian Railways Report No. PA 26 of
200809 (Railways)
 Fiber Optic Telecommunication Nick Massa Springfield Technical
Community College Springfield, Massachusetts
 Fiber-Optic Technology, cornings
 E I M S - Interactive Voice Response System, Redox Technologies
 Chapter 11, Introduction to DSL Technology, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
 Introduction to the Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH), Calyptech
 Wikipedia

CONCLUSION
Indian Railways, as an organization is a very vast center of telecommunication
in itself. Today the telecommunicating world is getting its roots, grabbing the
new era more firmly. We think that our training was an success and we think
that Indian Railways was an excellent training institute for inquisitive emerging
engineers. In Indian Railways, training is given to engineering aspirant desiring
to secure future in the dynamic world of Telecommunication.
The main achievements of the training at Indian Railways are that we got
familiar with the latest technologies and principles of networking. The main
achievement could be said to get knowledge about recent technologies of LAN.
We got experience as to how to organize the things. After the completion of
the training we consider ourselves capable of facing any other challenge of
that type. The training at Indian Railways cultivated the zeal of inquisitiveness
and the excitement to know more than more about this field in limited
duration.