AISSCE

CHEMISTRY INVESTOGATORY PROJECT

2019-20

TOPIC: DETERMINATION OF VARIOUS

CONTENTS OF COLD DRINKS

SUBMITTTED BY: ANJISHNU DAS BOARD ROLL NO:

Contents:

Certificate
Acknowledgement
Introduction
Theory
Objective
Apparatus
Chemicals Required
Detection of pH
Test for Carbon Dioxide
Test for Glucose
Test for Phosphate
Test for Alcohol
Test for Sucrose
Result
Precautions
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction:

A cold drink is a drink that usually contains carbonated

water (although some lemonades are not carbonated),
a sweetener, and a natural or artificial flavoring.
The sweetener may be a sugar, high-fructose corn syrup, fruit
juice, a sugar substitute (in the case of diet drinks), or some
combination of these. Cold drinks may also
contain caffeine, colorings, preservatives, and/or other
ingredients. Soft drinks are mixed with other ingredients in
several contexts. In Western countries, in bars and other places
where alcohol is served (e.g. airplanes, restaurants and
nightclubs), many mixed drinks are made by blending a soft
drink with hard liquor and serving the drink over ice. One well-
known example is the rum and coke, which may also
contain lime juice. Some homemade fruit punch recipes, which
may or may not contain alcohol, contain a mixture of
various fruit juices and a soft drink (e.g. ginger ale). At ice
cream parlors and 1950s-themed diners, ice cream floats, and
specifically root beer floats, are often sold. Examples of brands
include Coca-Cola, Pepsi, Sprite, Sierra,
Mist, Fanta, Sunkist, Mountain Dew, Dr. Pepper, and 7 UP. The
era of cold drinks began in 1952 but the industrialization in
India marked its beginning with the launching of Limca and
Goldspot by parley group of companies. Since, the beginning of
cold drinks was highly profitable and luring, many multinational
companies launched their brands in India like Pepsi and Coke.
Now days, it is observed in general that majority of people
viewed Sprite, Fanta and Limca to give feeling of lightness,
while Pepsi and Thumps Up to activate pulse and brain.
Theory:

Cold drinks of different brands are composed of alcohol,

carbohydrates, carbon dioxide, phosphate ions etc. These soft
drinks give feeling of warmth, lightness and have a tangy taste
which is liked by everyone. Carbon dioxide is responsible for
the formation of froth on shaking the bottle. The carbon dioxide
gas is dissolved in water to form carbonic acid which is also
responsible for the tangy taste. Carbohydrates are the naturally
occurring organic compounds and are major source of energy to
our body.
General formula of carbohydrates is CX (H2O)Y. On the basis
of their molecule size carbohydrates are classified as:-
Monosaccharide, Disaccharides and Polysaccharides.

Glucose is a monosaccharide with formula C6H12O6.

It occurs in Free State in the ripen grapes in bones and also in

many sweet fruits. It is also present in human blood to the extent
of about 0.1%. Sucrose is one of the most useful disaccharides
in our daily life. It is widely distributed in nature in juices, seeds
and also in flowers of many plants. The main source of sucrose
is sugar cane juice which contain 15-20 % sucrose and sugar
beet which has about 10-17 % sucrose. The molecular formula
of sucrose is C12H22O11. It is produced by a mixture of glucose
and fructose. It is non-reducing in nature whereas glucose is
reducing. Cold drinks are a bit acidic in nature and their acidity
can be measured by finding their pH value. The pH values also
depend upon the acidic contents such as citric acid and
phosphoric acid
.
Aim:

Comparative and Quantitive analysis of contents of following

cold drinks:-
1. Coca Cola
2. Limca
3. Sprite
4. Fanta
5. Mountain dew

Apparatus:

 Test Tube Stand

 Bunsen Burner
 China Dish
 pH Paper
 Water Bath
 Test Tube Holder
 Test Tubes
 Stop Watch
 Beaker
 Bunsen Burner
 Tripod Stand
 Wire Gauge
Chemicals Required:
 Benedict Solution
 Fehling’s A & B Solution
 Iodine Solution
 Potassium Iodide
 Sodium Hydroxide
 Lime Water
 Concentrated Nitric Acid
 Ammonium Molybdate

Detection Of pH:

Experiment: Small samples of cold drinks of different brands

were taken in a test tube and put on the pH paper.
The change in colour of pH paper was noticed and was
compared with standard pH scale.
Sl no. Name of Cold Colour pH value
Drink Observed
1 Coca Cola Pinkish 2.3
2 Limca Dark Orange 4
3 Sprite Light Orange 3.1
4 Fanta Pale Orange 3.5
5 Mountain Dark Yellow 3.2
Dew

Inference:

Soft Drinks are generally acidic because of the presence of citric

acid and phosphoric acid.
pH values of cold drinks of different brand are different due to
the variation in amount of acidic content.

Test for Carbon Dioxide:

Experiment:

As soon as the bottles were opened, one by one the samples

were passed through lime water. The lime water turned milky.

Sr. No Name of cold Time taken Conclusion

drink (in seconds)
1 Coca Cola 28 CO2 is present
2 Limca 38 CO2 is present
3 Sprite 20 CO2 is present
4 Fanta 36 CO2 is present
5 Mountain 30 CO2 is present
Dew

Inference:

All the soft drinks contain dissolved carbon dioxide in water.

The carbon dioxide (CO2) dissolves in water to form carbonic
acid, which is responsible for its tangy taste. Chemical Reaction
Ca(OH)2 (s) + CO2 (g) → CaCO3 (s) + H2O(l)
Test for Glucose:

Experiment:

Glucose is a reducing sugar acid. Its presence is detected by the

following test:-

1. Benedict’s Reagent Test:

Small samples of cold drinks of different brands were taken in a

test tube and a few drops of Benedict’s reagent were added. The
test tube was heated for few seconds. Formation of reddish color
confirmed the presence of glucose in cold drinks.
Sr. no Name of Cold Observation Conclusion
Drink
1 Coca cola Reddish Glucose is
brown present
Precipitate
2 Limca Reddish Glucose is
brown present
Precipitate
3 Sprite Reddish Glucose is
brown present
Precipitate
4 Fanta Reddish Glucose is
brown present
Precipitate
5 Mountain Reddish Glucose is
Dew brown present
Precipitate
Inference:

All the samples gave positive test for glucose with Benedict’s
reagent. Hence all the drinks contain glucose.

2. Fehling’s Solution Test:

Small samples of cold drinks of different brands were taken in a

test tube and a few drops of Fehling’s A solution and Fehling’s
B solution was added in equal amount. The test tube was heated
in water bath for 10 minutes. Appearance of brown precipitate
confirmed the presence of glucose in cold drinks.
[Same as Benedict’s observation]

Inference:

All samples gave positive test for glucose with Fehling’s (A &
B) solutions. Hence all the cold drinks contain glucose.

Test for Phosphate:

Experiment:

Small samples of each brand of cold drinks were taken in

separate test tubes and Ammonium Molybdate followed by
concentrated Nitric Acid (HNO3) was added to it.
The solution was heated. Appearance of canary-yellow
precipitate confirmed the presence of phosphate ions in cold
drinks.
Sr. no Name of Cold observation Conclusion
drink
1 Coca cola Canary yellow Phosphate is
precipitate present
2 Limca Canary yellow Phosphate is
precipitate present
3 Sprite Canary yellow Phosphate is
precipitate present
4 Fanta Canary yellow Phosphate is
precipitate present
5 Mountain dew Canary yellow Phosphate is
precipitate present

Inference:

All the soft drinks samples gave positive test for phosphate ions.
Hence all the cold drinks contain phosphate.

Test for Alcohol:

Experiment:

Small samples of each brand of cold drinks were taken in

separate test tubes and Iodine followed by Potassium Iodide and
Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) solution was added to each test
tube.
Then the test tubes were heated in hot water bath for 30
minutes.
Appearance of yellow coloured precipitate confirmed the
presence of alcohol in cold drinks.
Sr. no Name of cold observation Conclusion
drink
1 Coca cola Yellow Presence of
precipitate alcohol
2 Limca Yellow Presence of
precipitate alcohol
3 Sprite Yellow Presence of
precipitate alcohol
4 Fanta Yellow Presence of
precipitate alcohol
5 Mountain dew Yellow Presence of
precipitate alcohol

Inference:

All the cold drinks samples gave positive test for alcohol.
Hence all the cold drinks contain alcohol. Chemical Reaction
CH3CH2OH + 4I2 + 6NaOH → CHI3 + HCOONa + 5NaI +
5H2O

Test for Sucrose:

Experiment:

5 ml samples of each brand of cold drinks were taken in separate

china dishes and were heated very strongly until changes occur.
Black coloured residue left confirmed the presence of sucrose in
cold drinks.
Sr.no Name of cold observation Conclusion
drink
1 Coca cola Black Sucrose is
precipitate present
2 Limca Black Sucrose is
precipitate present
3 Fanta Black Sucrose is
precipitate present
4 Sprite Black Sucrose is
precipitate present
5 Mountain dew Black Sucrose is
precipitate present

Inference:

All the brands of cold drinks contain sucrose. But amount of

sucrose varies in each brand of drink. Fanta contains highest
amount of sucrose.

Result:

After conducting several tests, it was concluded that the

different brands of cold drinks namely:
1. Coca Cola
2. Sprite
3. Limca
4. Fanta
5. Mountain Dew
All contains glucose, alcohol, sucrose, phosphate and carbon
dioxide. All cold drinks are acidic in nature.
On comparing the pH value of different brands Coca Cola is the
most acidic and Limca is least acidic of all the four brands
taken.
Among the four samples of cold drinks taken, Sprite has the
maximum amount of dissolved carbon dioxide and Fanta has the
minimum amount of dissolved carbon dioxide.

Precautions:

Some of the precautions which need to be taken care of are –

 Concentrated solutions should be handled with

immense care.
 Hands should be washed thoroughly after
performing each experiment.
 If possible, one should wear hand gloves to prevent
from any possible damage.
 If chemicals come into contact with your skin or eyes,
flush immediately with copious amounts of water.
 Never leave burners unattended. Turn them off
whenever you leave your workstation.
 Never point a test tube or any vessel that you are
heating at yourself or your neighbour.

Conclusion:

From the above experiments various contents of different brands

of cold drinks are determined.
DIS-ADVANTAGES OF COLD DRINKS:

1. Soft Drinks are acidic which corrodes teeth by eroding its

enamel. The high amount of sugar present in it leads to
development of bacteria that leads to dental problems (by
attacking teeth).If u have 2 or 3 glasses of aerated gaseous
drinks higher the chances of dental decay, fillings and teeth loss

2. Soft drinks contain filtered H2O, artificial additives and

refined sugar. Acids present in them are citric, phosphoric,
malic/tartaric acids. Gas present is carbon dioxide.

3. Phosphoric acid present upsets calcium-phosphorous ratio's

hence dissolving calcium resulting in premature osteoporosis
(bones loosing Calcium).

4. Lack nutritional value, add up calories and make u gain

weight (For Obese people).

5. Aspartame is 200 times sweeter than sugar which is used to

sweeten it.This sweeter makes you hungrier and crave
(addiction) for food.

USES OF COLD DRINKS:

1. Cold drinks can be used as toilet cleaners.

2. They can remove rust spots from chrome car humpers.
3. They clean corrosion from car battery terminals.
4. Soft drinks are used as an excellent ‘detergent’ to remove
grease from clothes.
5. They can loose a rusted bolt.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF SOME OF THE FAMOUS

BRANDS OF COLD DRINKS:

Coca Cola:

Coca-Cola, or Coke, is a carbonated soft drink manufactured

by The Coca-Cola Company. Originally marketed as
a temperance drink and intended as a patent medicine, it was
invented in the late 19th century by John Stith Pemberton and
was bought out by businessman Asa Griggs Candler, whose
marketing tactics led Coca-Cola to its dominance of the world
soft-drink market throughout the 20th century. The drink's name
refers to two of its original ingredients: coca leaves, and kola
nuts (a source of caffeine). The current formula of Coca-Cola
remains a trade secret, although a variety of reported recipes and
experimental recreations have been published. The primary
ingredients of Coca-Cola syrup include either high fructose corn
syrup or sucrose derived from cane sugar, caramel color,
caffeine, phosphoric acid, coca extract, lime extract, vanilla, and
glycerin. High fructose corn syrup or sucrose are
overwhelmingly the major added ingredients: one 600 ml bottle
(≈20.29 U.S. fl. oz.) of Coca Cola contains the approximate
equivalent of 15 teaspoons of sugar. However, contrary to what
is implied by the "cola" name, Coca-Cola syrup does not contain
any kola nut extract. Since no kola extracts are present in the
recipe, the primary taste of Coca-Cola comes from vanilla and
cinnamon with trace amounts of orange, lime and lemon and
spices.

Sprite:

Sprite is a colorless, caffeine-free, lemon and lime-flavored soft

drink created by The Coca-Cola Company. It was first
developed in West Germany in 1959 as Fanta Klare Zitrone
(“Clear Lemon Fanta”) and was introduced in the United States
under the current brand name Sprite in 1961 as a competitor to 7
Up. Sprite is a colorless, lemon-lime flavored, caffeine-free soft
drink, created by the Coca-Cola Company.

Fanta:

Fanta is a brand of fruit-flavored carbonated drinks marketed

globally created by The Coca-Cola Company. There are more
than 100 flavors worldwide. Fanta originated as a Coca-
Cola substitute during the American trade embargo of Nazi
Germany which affected the availability of Coca-Cola
ingredients in 1940. In India, Fanta entered the market as a
substitute for the then-popular Indian soft drink Gold Spot.
When Coca-Cola re-entered the Indian market in 1993, it bought
Gold Spot from Parle and withdrew it from the market in order
to make space for Fanta.

Limca:

Limca is a lemon and lime flavoured carbonated soft drink made

primarily in India and certain parts of the U.S.Prior to 1988 the
original formula of Limca contained brominated vegetable oil
(BVO). After worldwide reports of ill effects of BVO - the use
of BVO in soft drinks was banned in India. As a result of this
ban - the formula for Limca was changed and BVO was
removed from the concentrate for Limca.Limca also publishes
the Limca Book of Records, a record book similar to
the Guinness Book of Records, started originally by Mr. Ramesh
Chauhan. The Limca Book of Records details feats, records and
other unique statistics from an Indian perspective.
Mountain dew:

Mountain Dew (stylized as Mtn Dew in the United States) is a

carbonated soft drink brand produced and owned by PepsiCo.
The original formula was invented in 1940 by Tennessee
beverage bottlers Barney and Ally Hartman and was first
marketed in Marion, Between the 1940s and 1980s, there was
just one variety of Mountain Dew, which was citrus-flavored
and caffeinated. Diet Mountain Dew was introduced in
1988,[3] followed by Mountain Dew Red, which was introduced
and subsequently discontinued in 1988.[4] In 2001, a cherry
flavor called Code Red debuted.

Bibliography:

Following books and websites were a source for my project:

www. Google.com
www.Wikipedia.com
www. Icbse.com www.
Unoregon.edu