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Abstract
Fluids specifically water, as an essential substance, is being supplied to all over the
world through pipelines. Water, alongside with other materials are in the form of fluids that are
transported flow through pipes and conduits. As such it is necessary to be able to quantify and
control the amount of water leaving a reservoir and entering channels, such as pipes. To do so,
apparatuses were designed to measure flow.
Flow meters are devices that measure the amount of liquid or gas or vapor that passes
through the apparatus. Flow meters measure flow as the amount of fluid passing through the
flow meter during a time period. To transport any material like water through a pipe requires a
certain amount of energy. An energy or pressure difference must exist to cause the liquid to
move. A portion of that energy is lost to due resistance to flow. Hypothetically, this internal
resistance experienced to flow is called head loss.
Since volumetric flow rate is essential apparatuses are installed to measure flow rates.
These apparatuses can contribute head loss and the expected flow rate is deduced because of
this. On this account, the researchers endeavor to determine flow rates using flow meters
utilizing the Flow Meter Demonstration Apparatus.
In harmony with this, the researchers will compare flow metering methods harnessing
rotameter, orifice plate, Pitot tube and Venturi Nozzle. The aforementioned devices shall be
compared on their flow coefficients and theoretical flow entering and passing the devices.
Introduction
The researchers seek to perform an experiment which involves flow measurements and
flow coefficients using four distinct methods. All apparatuses that are to be utilized conform the
established theorems in fluid dynamics.
Any time a liquid flow changes direction there is resistance. Since, all liquids are matter
and have mass and according to the fundamentals of mechanics, liquids have inertia. This
means the liquid will always try to continue moving in the same direction. When the liquid
encounters a change in direction, its momentum carries the flow to the outer edge of the
fitting. Because the liquid is trying to flow around the outer edge of the fitting, the effective area
of the fitting is reduced. The velocity of the liquid increases and the head loss due to friction
increases.
Cross section change, in accordance to the continuity equation for fluids, cause an
increase of velocity of fluids flowing. As liquid flows into a channel on a longer basis and
changes in the channel, it causes head loss and the initial flow rate do change.
Hydraulic Bench
Fluid Meter Demosnstration Apparatus
Rotameter
Orifice Plate
Measuring Nozzle
Venturi Tube
Procedures
1. Connect the connecting hoses to one of the two measuring elements and to the 6 tube
manometer.
2. Close the ventilation valve on the 6 tube manometer.
3. Open the ventilation valve on the 6 tube manometer.
4. Start the water inlet via HM 150.
5. Close the gate valve.
6. Rinse the 6 tube manometer until no more bubbles are visible.
7. Stop the water inlet.
8. Close the ventilation valve.
9. Open the ventilation valve and adjust the water level in the tube manometer.
10. Close the ventilation valve.
11. Carefully open the gate valve.
12. Carefully open the water inlet.
13. Observe the heights of the water columns on the tube.
14. Adjust the flow rate with the gate valve.
C. Flow Measurements
a. HM 500.01 Rotameter
Desciption: The orifice and nozzle are what is known as the restrictors. They
both represent a constriction in a tube. The reduction in cross section results in the
velocity increase of the flowing medium. This is associated with a pressure loss
between the normal tube cross section before the inlet and the constricted tube cross
section at the orifice.
The orifice plate narrows the cross-section in the tube. The constriction of the cross-
section causes an increase in velocity which results in a measurable decrease in
pressure. Taking the orifice geometry into account, the flow rate can be calculated from
the decrease in pressure using Bernoulli’s principle and the Continuity law.
1. Insert either the orifice disk into the housing and fit the housing in the tube.
2. Connect the pressure connections on the housing to two measuring tubes on the
manometer panel.
3. Prepare the manometer panel for different pressure measurement.
4. Switch the pump on the HM 150.1 and initially set a low flow rate.
5. Note the differential pressure resulted.
d. HM 500.06 Venturi Tube
The venturi nozzle is installed in the water circuit. The flow rate measurement is
based on the differential pressure method.
A constriction of the nozzle cross-section causes an increase in velocity which results in
a measurable decrease in pressure. Taking account of the geometry of the nozzle, the
flow rate can be calculated from the decrease in pressure using Bernoulli’s principle and
the Continuity law.
RESULTS
ROTAMETER
3.056 10-
2 0.01 32.16 1100 3.110 10-4 4 0.983
3.056 10-
3 0.01 27.25 1100 3.670 10-4 4 0.833
3.056 10-
4 0.01 28.93 1100 3.457 10-4 4 0.884
3.056 10-
5 0.01 32.19 1100 3.107 10-4 4 0.984
3.194 10-
6 0.01 30.63 1150 3.265 10-4 4 0.978
3.194 10-
7 0.01 28.27 1150 3.537 10-4 4 0.903
2.778 10-
8 0.01 31.03 1000 3.223 10-4 4 0.862
2.778 10-
9 0.01 32.29 1000 3.097 10-4 4 0.897
2.639 10-
10 0.01 34.88 950 2.867 10-4 4 0.92
ORIFICE PLATE
D1 D2 h1 h2 V2 QA QT
Trial C
(mm) (mm) (m) (m) (m/s) (m3/s) (m3/s)
1.360 10-
1 70 18.5 0.325 0.315 0.444 4 1.193 10-4 0.878
1.097 10-
2 70 18.5 0.395 0.39 0.314 4 8.440 10-5 0.769
1.243 10-
3 70 18.5 0.3 0.292 0.397 4 1.067 10-4 0.858
1.241 10-
4 70 18.5 0.215 0.207 0.397 4 1.067 10-4 0.86
1.018 10-
5 70 18.5 0.22 0.215 0.314 4 8.440 10-5 0.829
9.873 10-
8 70 18.5 0.235 0.231 0.281 4 7.553 10-5 0.765
1.042 10-
9 70 18.5 0.245 0.242 0.243 4 6.532 10-5 0.627
1.210 10-
10 70 18.5 0.27 0.262 0.397 4 1.067 10-4 0.882
NOZZLE
Trial D1 D2 h1 h2 V2 QA QT C
(mm) (mm) (m) (m) (m/s) (m3/s) (m3/s)
1 70 14 0.34 0.3 0.893 1.780 10-4 1.375 10-4 0.772
2 70 14 0.37 0.29 1.263 3.110 10-4 1.944 10-4 0.625
3 70 14 0.375 0.27 1.447 3.670 10-4 2.228 10-4 0.607
4 70 14 0.37 0.31 1.094 3.457 10-4 1.684 10-4 0.487
5 70 14 0.37 0.29 1.263 3.107 10-4 1.944 10-4 0.626
6 70 14 0.3 0.21 1.34 3.265 10-4 2.063 10-4 0.632
7 70 14 0.36 0.19 1.841 3.537 10-4 2.834 10-4 0.801
8 70 14 0.38 0.26 1.547 3.223 10-4 2.381 10-4 0.739
9 70 14 0.385 0.35 0.835 3.097 10-4 1.285 10-4 0.415
10 70 14 0.39 0.31 1.263 2.867 10-4 1.944 10-4 0.678
AVERAGE FLOW COEFFICIENT 0.638
VENTURI METER
Trial A1 A2 h1 h2 V2 QA QT C
(mm2) (mm2) (m) (m) (m/s) (m3/s) (m3/s)
1 338.6 84.6 0.31 0.238 1.228 1.179 10-4 1.039 10-4 0.881
2 338.6 84.6 0.315 0.24 1.253 1.083 10-4 1.060 10-4 0.978
3 338.6 84.6 0.35 0.263 1.349 1.219 10-4 1.141 10-4 0.936
4 338.6 84.6 0.3 0.225 1.253 1.098 10-4 1.060 10-4 0.965
5 338.6 84.6 0.34 0.26 1.294 1.371 10-4 1.095 10-4 0.799
6 338.6 84.6 0.32 0.27 1.023 1.225 10-4 8.655 10-5 0.706
7 338.6 84.6 0.34 0.28 1.121 1.091 10-4 9.484 10-5 0.87
8 338.6 84.6 0.33 0.26 1.21 1.069 10-4 1.024 10-4 0.958
9 338.6 84.6 0.35 0.27 1.294 1.448 10-4 1.095 10-4 0.756
10 338.6 84.6 0.32 0.25 1.21 1.337 10-4 1.024 10-4 0.765
STANDAR
D 0.052 0.079 0.12 0.099
DEVIATION
SS
0.02472889999999 0.08812839999999
(Sum of 0.0564756 0.1301656
8 9
Squares)
N 10 10 10 10
The total sample size is N=40. Therefore, the total degrees of freedom are:
dftotal = 40 - 1= 39
Also, the between-groups degrees of freedom are df between = 4 – 1 = 3, and the within-
groups degrees of freedom are:
dfwithin = dftotal - dfbetween = 39 – 3 = 36
First, we need to compute the total sum of values and the grand mean. The following is
obtained
The between sum of squares is computed directly as shown in the calculation below:
Now that sum of squares are computed, we can proceed with computing the mean sum
of squares.
Finally with having already calculated the mean sum of squares, the F-statistic is
computed as follows:
Discussion
Flow meters are devices that measure the amount of liquid or gas or vapor that
passes through the apparatus. Flow meters measure flow as the amount of fluid
passing through the flow meter during a time period. To transport any material like water
through a pipe requires a certain amount of energy. An energy or pressure difference
must exist to cause the liquid to move. A portion of that energy is lost to due resistance
to flow. Hypothetically, this internal resistance experienced to flow is called head loss.
Since volumetric flow rate is essential apparatuses are installed to measure flow rates.
These apparatuses can contribute head loss and the expected flow rate is deduced because of
this. On this account, the researchers endeavor to determine flow rates using flow meters
utilizing the Flow Meter Demonstration Apparatus.
Conclusion
The researchers concluded after conducting several tests on the flow meters
used the following: The rotameter is not applicable to be used in pipes due to
calibration. The Venturi Meter produces the highest pressure differences. The Orifice
Plate and Nozzles yields low pressure differences. The flow coefficient of the meters
used are (arranged from highest to lowest)
a. Rotameter 0.918
b. Venturi Meter 0.861
c. Orifice Plate 0.815
d. Measuring Nozzle 0.638
The higher the pressure difference the higher the flow rate. From the statistical
treatment of data it proved that the flow metering devices are not related to each other
and has a significant difference on their flow coefficients.
.
References
Qahtan S. K., (2010) Phase Flow Rate Measurements Of Annular Flows. University
of Huddersfield: http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/9104/1/qalyarubifinalthesis.pdf]
[= BASE], 18, 544-557. https ://orbi .uliege.be /bitstream/ 2268/ 180057 /1/813-872-1-PB.pdf
Documentation
CONNECT THE MANOMETER TO
PREPARE THE APPARATUS
THE METERING DEVICE
CALIBRATE AND
OPERATE
REMOVE
THEEXCESS
APPARATUS
AIR
RECORD VOLUME AND TIME
OPEN THE WATER OUTLET OF COLLECTION
HYDRAULICS ENGINEERING
CE 411- CE42FA4
FINAL REQUIREMENT
MANUSCRIPT
SUBMITTED TO:
__________________________
ENGR. GERARDO G. JUSTO
MARCH 2019