Padel2005 PDF

British Food Journal
Exploring the gap between attitudes and behaviour: Understanding why consumers buy
or do not buy organic food
Susanne Padel Carolyn Foster
Article information:
To cite this document:
Susanne Padel Carolyn Foster, (2005),"Exploring the gap between attitudes and behaviour", British Food
Journal, Vol. 107 Iss 8 pp. 606 - 625
Permanent link to this document:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00070700510611002
Downloaded by UNIVERSITY OF OTAGO At 04:54 05 November 2016 (PT)
Downloaded on: 05 November 2016, At: 04:54 (PT)

References: this document contains references to 34 other documents.
To copy this document: permissions@emeraldinsight.com
The fulltext of this document has been downloaded 28890 times since 2006*
Users who downloaded this article also downloaded:
(2014),"Consumer segments in organic foods market", Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 31 Iss 4 pp.
263-277 http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/JCM-01-2014-0845
(2000),"Do consumers really care about corporate responsibility? Highlighting the attitude—behaviour gap",
Journal of Communication Management, Vol. 4 Iss 4 pp. 355-368 http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb023532
Access to this document was granted through an Emerald subscription provided by emerald-srm:203778 []
For Authors
If you would like to write for this, or any other Emerald publication, then please use our Emerald for
Authors service information about how to choose which publication to write for and submission guidelines
are available for all. Please visit www.emeraldinsight.com/authors for more information.
About Emerald www.emeraldinsight.com
Emerald is a global publisher linking research and practice to the benefit of society. The company
manages a portfolio of more than 290 journals and over 2,350 books and book series volumes, as well as
providing an extensive range of online products and additional customer resources and services.
Emerald is both COUNTER 4 and TRANSFER compliant. The organization is a partner of the Committee
on Publication Ethics (COPE) and also works with Portico and the LOCKSS initiative for digital archive
preservation.
*Related content and download information correct at time of download.

The Emerald Research Register for this journal is available at The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at
www.emeraldinsight.com/researchregister www.emeraldinsight.com/0007-070X.htm
BFJ
107,8 Exploring the gap between
attitudes and behaviour
Understanding why consumers buy or do not
606 buy organic food
Susanne Padel
Organic Research Group, Institute of Rural Sciences, University of Wales,
Aberystwyth, UK, and
Carolyn Foster
Countryside and Community Research Unit, University of Gloucestershire,

Cheltenham, UK
Abstract
Purpose – The purpose of the paper is to explore the values that underlie consumers purchasing
decisions of organic food.
Design/methodology/approach – The paper draws on data from focus groups and laddering
interviews with a total of 181 regular and occasional consumers of organic food that were contrasted
with survey results of other studies.
Findings – The results show that most consumers associate organic at first with vegetables and fruit
and a healthy diet with organic products. Fruit and vegetables are also the first and in many cases only
experience with buying organic product. The decision-making process is complex and the importance
of motives and barriers may vary between product categories.
Research limitations/implications – While further research would be required to facilitate full
understanding of the consumer-decision making process with regard to organic produce, this work
indicates the complexity of the process and the likelihood of variation between different product
categories. Future research should consider tradeoffs that consumers make between values and
product as well as consumer segmentation.
Originality/value – Prior research concerning the consumer decision-making process with regard to
organically produced food is limited. Theses findings have implications for future sector-based
communications to consumers and, potentially, for product development and labelling.
Keywords Organic foods, Purchasing, Consumer behaviour, United Kingdom
Paper type Research paper
Introduction
The UK has one of the leading organic markets in Europe and worldwide with an
estimated value of £1.2 billion in 2003 or, about half the size of the leading European
market for organic food, Germany (SA, 1999; Richter and Padel, 2005).
Financial support of the EU for the OMIARD project is gratefully acknowledged. The authors
British Food Journal
Vol. 107 No. 8, 2005 would also like to thank all our project partners in OMIARD that helped develop the methods,
pp. 606-625 and all participants and their colleagues who helped with organising and conducting the field
q Emerald Group Publishing Limited
0007-070X
work in various locations, Peter Midmore, Catherine Seymor, Sensory vision in Reading, Hilke
DOI 10.1108/00070700510611002 Barghaus, Michaela Bähr and Pascal Desmond.
Certified organic land area in the UK has also increased considerably over the last The gap between
few years, but in 2003 declined for the first time from 724,523 in 2002 to 695,619 ha. attitudes and
This is likely to be a reflection of changes to certification requirements in Scotland – all
producers are now required to certify both land and stock, whereas before livestock behaviour
could be exempt. However, it could also be a reflection of problems that organic
producers experienced in the market particularly in relation to milk and meat, where,
depending on product type, only 60 to 80 per cent of organic production is sold under 607
organic labels with the remainder going into conventional channels (Hamm and
Gronefeld, 2004). Although demand for organic food is still buoyant, there are signs
that markets are maturing and growth rates over the last few years have slowed to
below 10 per cent (Firth et al., 2004; MINTEL, 2003; Organic Monitor, 2001; Organic
Monitor, 2002; Smith and Marsden, 2004; SA, 1999). Smith and Marsden (2004,
p. 355-356) have suggested that the slow down might be placing limits on the potential
of organic farming to act as a “panacea for the problems of rural economic
development”. Like other authors before them who have supported a shift away from
purely production-based subsidies (e.g. Hamm and Michelsen, 1996; Hamm and
Gronefeld, 2004; Dabbert et al., 2004), they conclude that a lack willingness of policy
makers to intervene in the supply chains in the UK has led to peculiar mix of
government production support with retailer-led private interest regulation of the rest
of the supply chain. They argue that it is necessary to go beyond the trends charted by
the statistics and examine in greater detail the evolving construction of limits both in
production and consumption.
In relation to growth potential of consumer demand and its limits, many surveys
have identified and ranked motivations for buying organic food and have generally
painted a positive picture of robust demand, confirming the growth witnessed in the
value of the retail market throughout the 1990s and into the twenty-first century (e.g.
MINTEL, 2000; SA, 1999). However, the observable slow down in market growth may
indicate a discrepancy between an evident willingness to buy, captured by these
surveys, and actual purchasing behaviour (Makatouni, 2002). Zanoli et al. (2004) also
talk about differences between the perceived organic consumer and the actual organic
consumer. On this basis, it is necessary to be cautious of the very positive conclusions
that some studies reach.
Drawing on the results of in-depth research on consumer attitudes to and
perceptions of and organic food, this paper explores the values that underlie consumers
purchasing decisions. The first section includes an overview of recent surveys and
other literature on organic food and the consumer, followed by an introduction to the
method and results of our empirical research with consumers in England and Wales
using focus groups (96 participants) and laddering interviews (85 responses). In the
discussion section we explore links and discrepancies between attitudes and behaviour
and suggest strategies to understand better the consumption of organic food.
Organic food and the consumer

The retail market has grown from an estimated £605 million in 1999 to £1.1 billion in
April 2004 (SA, 1999). The development of the organic sector in the UK has been
largely driven by three factors:
BFJ (1) growing interest of consumers;
107,8 (2) retailers, especially the multiples, which have had a key role in furthering
growth, promoting products, increasing range and aiding farmers to convert;
and
(3) conversion support available to producers (Michelsen et al., 2001).
608 Growing consumer demand has been attributed to a response to various food-scares
including widespread concern and resistance to the introduction of genetically
modified organisms in the food chain (MINTEL, 1999; SA, 1999; Farodoye, 1999;
Michelsen et al., 2001).
Leading UK market intelligence companies have regularly surveyed purchasing of
and shoppers’ attitudes to organic food in the UK using nationally representative
samples (e.g. Datamonitor, 2002; MINTEL, 2003; MORI, 1996; TNS, 2004). The surveys
have covered a number of issues, such as socio-demographic aspects and shopper
typology, frequency, availability and place of purchase, motivations and perceptions,
barriers, and information about organic labels (summarised in the following section)
supplemented by panel data in relation to actual purchasing behaviour of consumers in
relation to organic food (TNS, 2004; SA, 1999).
Who is the organic shopper?

A MORI poll in 1999 found that one third of the public buy organic food (SA, 1999). In
an NOP poll in August 2004 this had increased to 77 per cent of all households buying
some organic products (SA, 1999).
On the basis of a TNS survey, the Soil Association (SA, 1999) provided a detailed
breakdown of organic shoppers into eight categories, according to frequency of
purchase and the number of product categories bought. “Frequent” organic shoppers
were generally older, more affluent and had fewer children than the average UK
shopper. Two-thirds of frequent organic shoppers belonged to socio-economic groups
A, B, C1), compared to under 50 per cent in the population. However, people who are
among the highest spenders on organic food were on average more affluent and
younger.
In contrast, the MINTEL (2000) survey found youngest and oldest age groups least
concerned with organic, reflecting a lower emphasis on health and diet. Organic
purchasing grows as consumers reach their 30s and have no children. More affluent
families and those with children that have left home have more disposable income to
buy organic food. However, it was concluded that with improved supply, the profile
could spread down the socio-economic scale. Based on a NOP World survey of a
representative sample of 1,057 adults, the SA, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004
claimed that the appeal of organic food is broadening to include a wider spread of
social groups. MINTEL (2003) claims that organic meat and fruit have become more
popular and differentiates between consumers of organic vegetables and other
categories. The most common purchasers of organic vegetables are 45-54 year olds,
whereas the youngest age group is the least likely of all demographic groups to
purchase organic vegetables.
How much do they spend? The gap between
Data from TNS panels (published in SA (1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004) show that attitudes and
despite slowing growth the frequency of purchase and average spend of organic
consumers has continued to increase in the last two years. In the year ending June 2004, behaviour
the average organic consumer bought organic food 13.6 times per year, compared with
12.8 times per year in 2002 and the average spend per household increased to £59.39,
compared with £32.44 in 2002. However, 84 per cent of all organic purchases are made 609
by only 25 per cent of all customers buying organic food, i.e. the market depends on a
small number of committed organic shoppers (TNS, 2004).
Several surveys found a pronounced North/South divide in the organic sector with
demand steadily diminishing northwards (e.g. MINTEL, 2000) For example, spending
of “heavy” organic shoppers was found to be skewed towards the South East and
London (TNS, 2004).

Most organic food in the UK continues to be bought in supermarkets, although
direct sales of organic food have seen higher than average growth in the last two years
(16.2 per cent compared with 10 per cent on average). Despite slower than average
growth in the last two years, multiple retailers remain, with a share of 80 per cent of all
sales, the most important outlets for organic food in the UK. The stores most active in
marketing organic foods and stocking the widest range are concentrated in southern
England, and availability of organic produce tends to be less in other regions.
Attitudes and motives to buy organic

According to MINTEL (2000), the term “organic” and organic labels have strong
emotional resonance with consumers in terms of personal wellbeing and health and in
the wider context of benefits to the environment. In various surveys, personal health
remains a strong motivating factor for the purchase of organic food (e.g. Datamonitor,
2002). Over the years, the Soil Association has published several surveys of consumers’
reasons for buying organic food, which are contrasted in Table I. Slight changes in the
wording of the attitude statements make a direct comparison between the surveys
difficult but illustrate an overall increase in agreement with various statements about
organic food. The main driving force behind expected health benefits could be the
absence of residues, but altruistic motives (such as concerns for the environment and
animal welfare) are becoming more important. A recent survey by MINTEL (2003)
suggested that concerns about food safety remain important for consumers, but that in
the absence of major food scares in the last two years these drivers have arguably been
less important; this could in part explain the slow down of growth in the organic retail
1999 MORI 2002 TNS 2004 NOP1: 1

(%) (%) (%)
No chemicals/additives/pesticides 59 68 78
Better for the environment/better for wildlife 28 59 78
Personal health/it is better for me/my family 53 49 66
Tastes better 43 34 48
Table I.
GM free 30 N/a 74
Development of
Higher animal welfare 24 50 N/A
consumer motives for
Sources: SA (1999, 2003, 2004) organic food in the UK
BFJ market. MINTEL (2003) see animal welfare and environmental concerns remaining
107,8 important as secondary drivers of the market.
McEachern and Willock (2004) identify four key factors in consumer attitudes to
organic meat in an analysis of postal questionnaires: meat safety, animal welfare,
quality assurance and media topics – but highlight that this cannot be generalised in
relation to other product categories. The 2002 TNS survey provides some indication
610 that motives change as purchasing frequency increases, with heavy shoppers taking
on board a greater number of issues. Motives can also vary depending on what
category of product is purchased (TNS, 2004).
In addition to the structured survey data presented above, consumer attitudes to
organic food have also been explored in a small number of qualitative studies, mainly
outside the UK (e.g. Nielsen et al., 1998; Torjusen et al., 2001). Similar to the
quantitative surveys, reasons for buying organic food revolve around the issues of
health and environmentally sensitive production methods and are generally contingent
on convenience, availability and cost. “Naturalness” of the product also emerges as a
factor, but is interpreted in a variety of ways, e.g. animal welfare and non-use of
agrochemicals (Lockie et al., 2002; McEachern and Willock, 2004). In studies carried out
in Greece, for example, health is not the overriding motive that it is in the UK and other
northern European countries, and issues of food quality and “eating to enjoy” (derived
from the organoleptic qualities of organic food) emerge as important driving forces in
both Greece and Italy (Fotopoulos et al., 2003; Zanoli and Naspetti, 2002).
Barriers
Price continues to be cited as the main reason for not buying organic food, despite a
slight shift in this trend recently (MINTEL, 1999, 2000; SA, 1999, 2003). Multiple
retailers have experimented with initiatives to discount prices, but no scientific studies
into the effect of such promotions could be identified. Other barriers include lack of
information, poor presentation (e.g. the amount of packaging used; uninviting displays
in the shops) and availability (Makatouni, 2000; MINTEL, 2000). In 1999, 26 per cent of
consumers in Wales did not know where to find an organic product and a further 35
per cent found it difficult. Analysing the data in relation to purchasing frequency, the
study concluded that lack of availability was one reason preventing people from
buying organic food in more marginal regions of the UK. MINTEL (2003) refer to
improved accessibility of organic products since the multiple retailers have greatly
increased the range of products they stock, but the research does not differentiate
between different regions of the UK.
Knowledge and information

TNS asked 4,000 households in 2002 how they would identify an organic product. A
total of 52 per cent claimed that they look for the word “organic” on the label (SA, 1999,
2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004). This supports the conclusion of MINTEL (2000) that the
best-known brand in the UK is probably the word “organic” itself rather than specific
certification labels. UK consumers, unlike their continental counterparts, do not look
for and are not familiar with the various organic labels and compared with other
European countries relatively few organic brands exist in the UK (MINTEL, 2000).
However, about one-third of respondents of the 2002 TNS survey did not know how to
correctly identify an organic product: 21 per cent “didn’t know” and 11 per cent would
look for the word “natural”. This casts doubts on the results in terms of frequency of The gap between
purchase based on self-classification by consumers. In addition, according to focus attitudes and
group research, both buyers and non-buyers would like to be better informed and
would appreciate more supplementary information about the organic certification behaviour
process when they make a purchase (Makatouni, 2002).
In summary 611
Many attempts have been made to develop a typography of organic shoppers, and key
reasons for buying or not buying organic food are well documented. Regular
consumers tend to be educated, affluent and of higher social class, but age profiles vary
slightly between different studies. They buy organic products because they perceive
them to contain no pesticide residues and to be better for their own health. Of
continuing importance to them are ethically-based motives relating to the environment

and animal welfare. However, this largely positive attitude stands in stark contrast to
the size of the organic food market which accounts for only 1.2 per cent of the food
retail market in the UK (SA, 1999). Few attempts have been made to explore whether
the motives and barriers identified apply equally to product categories that have only
recently become more widely available, such as organic meat.
Research exploring underlying values and other factors influencing purchasing
intentions such as availability and convenience remains limited. Some authors refer to
the complexity of the decision-making process of consumers and it will be influenced
and determined by their attitudes, preferences and socio-demographic or
socio-economic profile; they will make trade-offs accordingly. Those who consume
organic food on a regular basis face the same “barriers” of price, convenience etc. as
others, but more often opt in favour of organics as opposed to their non- or occasional-
buying counterparts (Torjusen et al., 2001; Lockie et al., 2002). This is confirmed by one
qualitative study of parents’ attitudes to organic food in the UK which found no
difference in general perceptions between regular and non-buyers in relation to product
quality (no chemicals), production method (natural, home grown) and product value
(safety and health). The non-buyers were more sceptical regarding some claims made
for organic food (e.g. health benefits, superior taste) and consider themselves to be less
able to afford it, whereas the families that bought organic food had at least one child
suffering from asthma or food allergies and considered themselves to be better off
(Makatouni, 2002). This raises the question of whether the major barrier “price” is
related to scepticism surrounding justification for a premium among non-buyers, who
are uncertain or doubtful about various claims made for organic food. This paper seeks
to explore in greater depth the underlying values of the purchasing decision and the
circumstances in which decisions are taken. It focuses on whether positive perceptions
and opinions of organic food can be turned into purchasing reality and considers how a
larger body of non-buyers could be reached.
Empirical research approach

The paper draws on focus groups and laddering interviews with UK consumers that
were carried out as part of a wider study of consumer behaviour in Europe covering
eight countries: Austria, Denmark, Finland, France, Italy, Switzerland and the UK[1]. A
summary of the EU-wide data relating to consumers was published by Zanoli et al.
(2004).
BFJ Focus groups
107,8 Focus groups are a qualitative method, giving importance to each individual voice,
encouraging dialogue in the group and listening to individual concerns (Saumure,
2001), but not aiming to obtain data on representativeness of a particular position. In
carefully prepared discussions (90 to 120 minutes) with six to 15 participants the
researchers aim to learn about the perceptions, feelings, attitudes, values and ideas of
612 the participants in a defined area of interest (Calder, 1977, cited in Kahan, 2001; Zanoli
et al., 2004). Historically, focus groups can be traced back to Merton in the 1930s, who
worked with non-directive group interview techniques and soon found that people
were most revealing when they found themselves in a safe, comfortable place with
individuals like themselves (Saumure, 2001). Focus groups represent one of the most
widely used techniques in market research. Since the mid 1980s they have become
re-accepted as a valuable method in academic research, including the area of policy

research (Saumure, 2001; Kahan, 2001).
In this study, focus groups were used to explore the perceptions of organic
consumers, their level of knowledge concerning organic and similar “competing”
products and to identify the most effective way to communicate with target groups
about organic products and organic market initiatives (Zanoli et al., 2004).
The 12 focus groups were conducted in two blocks in August and November 2002 in
Aberystwyth (four groups), Reading (two groups) and Lancaster (six groups) (see
Table II). In total, 96 participants were interviewed, about half of whom classified
themselves as regular consumers of organic food. Participants were recruited to reflect
a range of characteristics: just over half were female, a third in full-time employment;
a relatively high proportion had an academic education.
Participants were recruited through local contacts and were given an incentive to
take part. Some participants in the Lancaster region had a higher than expected level of
environmental awareness, which may be a reflection of the recruitment which was
carried out in association with a particular Organic Marketing Initiative. The groups
were moderated by one of the authors and another researcher from the University of
Wales, Aberystwyth. All discussions groups were recorded and fully transcribed and
each statement attributed to the individual person so that it could be related to the
participant’s gender and frequency of purchase. The results were analysed with the
help of computer software for the analysis of unstructured data.
Laddering interviews
The in-depth interview technique of laddering is frequently used in market research and
has been employed in several studies to explore the consumption of organic food (e.g.
Regular Children , 14 Full-time Academic Age (years)

organic Female years employed education 18-35 36-64 , 55
Location No. (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)
Aberystwyth 28 86 46 29 21 64 36 46 18
Table II. Reading 18 50 56 39 56 61 28 39 33
Composition of focus Lancaster 50 42 62 20 26 76 32 48 20
groups Total 96 56 56 26 30 70 32 46 22
Fotopoulos et al., 2003; Makatouni, 2002; Zanoli and Naspetti, 2002). This method aims to The gap between
uncover cognitive structures of consumers, explore the underlying values of purchasing attitudes and
choices, and to follow through the decision-making process by eliciting product
attributes or characteristics and encouraging the respondent to reflect on why these are behaviour
important to them. The basis of the laddering technique is the means-end-chain model
(MEC), linking the consumer’s knowledge about product attributes with consequences
and values in a hierarchical way in the form of a ladder. The structures of the chain are 613
divided into three basic levels: attributes ! consequences ! values, whereby attributes
can be concrete or abstract, consequences are functional or psycho-social and values are
instrumental or terminal (see Figure 1)).
It has been suggested that the model can be understood in terms of a problem
solving process. The consumers select a course of action according to their association
of products with particular attributes as a means to reach an objective or end. In other

words, “product attributes (e.g. in the case of organic food, “produced without artificial
chemicals”) are a means whereby consumers to obtain desired ends (e.g. “personal
health”) (Gutman, 1982).
Figure 1.
Example of a means-end
chain
BFJ The present study adopted a laddering approach to shed light on core motivating
107,8 values underlying purchase decisions of organic food (for further details see Zanoli,
2004). By exploring the cognitive structures, the discrepancy between positive
attitudes towards organic food and actual purchasing behaviour can be better
understood (Makatouni, 2002).
In all, 85 laddering interviews were undertaken in the following locations, about 80
614 per cent of which were recruited in predominantly urban areas:
.
Aberystwyth in Wales (rural area);
.
Chorley in Lancashire (market town in a post industrial area);
.
Norwich (provincial city); and
.
London (major metropolis).
Interviewees were chosen according to frequency of purchase (50 per cent regular
buyers and 50 per cent occasional or non-buyers); area (70 per cent urban and 30 per
cent rural); main place of purchase (supermarkets, direct marketing, speciality shops);
and interview time (80 per cent weekdays and 20 per cent at weekends) to ensure that a
variety of consumer types were represented. They were recruited through a number of
routes: at random, either customers in specialist health food shops and supermarkets or
passers-by in the street; and via a mail shot included in weekly boxes provided by a
direct organic vegetable box scheme. The period of surveying was between January
and August 2002. It was easier to recruit regular rather than occasional purchasers of
organic food, and the sample is therefore biased towards them. However, results were
analysed for the range of values expressed rather than their distribution in the
sample-making representativeness, less important.
Motives and barriers were investigated in relation to four product categories: dairy
products, fruit and vegetables, cereal products and meat. The category meat elicited a
poor response and yielded insufficient data and is therefore not included in this
analysis. As it was the last product to be discussed, we attribute this to interview
fatigue. Other areas explored in the interviews were preferred point of purchase,
understanding of certification and labelling and how the consumer relates to these
issues, and finally “usage situations” i.e. in what circumstance the consumer is most
likely to buy organic products.
Results
In the following section, the results of the focus groups and laddering interviews have
been combined to reveal insights into consumer attitudes to organic food, highlighting
different aspects that might or might not influence their decision to buy. Where
possible, the responses of regular consumers (RC) and occasional consumers (OC), are
contrasted with one another.
Initial associations with the term organic

All focus group participants were asked for their first association with the term
organic. Participants in all six groups in Lancaster clearly associated “organic” with
fresh fruit and vegetables and tended not to mention other products (meat, dairy etc.).
The association of organic vegetables with soil was largely seen as positive, the proof
of a genuine, wholesome and healthy product that has an “earthy feel” to it (“dirty but
pure”). Groups in Aberystwyth and Reading hardly made any spontaneous reference The gap between
to product categories, but during the later discussion it became clear that they shared attitudes and
the strong association of organic with fresh produce.
RCs mostly mentioned abstract product related aspects that are known from other behaviour
studies as first associations, such as “healthy products”, “less contaminated”, “no
chemicals/pesticides”, “good taste” and “price”, but also “friendly service” and
“unpackaged”. There seemed to be a shared understanding also supported by many 615
OCs that “real” organic products are those that are home-grown.
One-third of the spontaneous associations of RCs with organics had a negative
touch, in particular in relation to the high price (“expensive” but also “élitist”) and to
product appearance (“a better taste, but not terribly attractive” (RC, female ). In the OCs
responses such negative statements clearly outnumbered the positive ones. Some
stated that they are too expensive without further elaboration; others refer to
uncertainty about the reliability of information received on the topic. RCs appeared
more reflective on price issues; price has to be seen in context of the shopping situation
and individual price perceptions.
The most significant result across all the product categories discussed in the
laddering interviews was the proportion of respondents associating organic food with
non-use of pesticides (seen by most interviewees as the “definition” of organic). This
led to a secondary association of organic foods with “natural production” leading to the
end value of “personal health” followed by “protection of the environment”. In the case
of fruit and vegetables only, the ladder, “tastes good ! eating to enjoy” emerged. The
respondents were more articulate and engaged when discussing fruit and vegetables
than any other product category which is reflected in the more complex hierarchical
maps that have emerged and the strong association of organic food with horticultural
products (see Figures 2 and 3). This confirms the strong first association of organic
with vegetables and fruit observed in some focus groups.
Why consumers buy organic food

The focus group discussion guide did not contain direct questions about why
participants buy organic food, but they were recorded when they came up in the
discussion. Some RCs seem to take for granted that everybody is clear about the
reasons for buying organic, and hence did not discuss them further. The main motives
that were mentioned in the focus groups are health consciousness, the assumed higher
health value, as well as social aspects like support of local farming, fair trade and –
further down the scale – environmental protection.
In relation to health, two different reasons for buying organic could be
distinguished; personal illness and food allergies (“my husband was diagnosed with
cancer” (RC, female) and the desire to reduce the exposure to residues in a more
preventive way. Particularly in the latter category, respondents admitted that they
might well ignore this reason under certain circumstances. Taste was important to
some and participants suggested that the organic sector should offer more taste
promotions in store. Participants in the Lancaster groups also referred frequently to
political motives underpinning their purchases, such as supporting the local economy
and fair trade.
The laddering results revealed two major chains of association that influence
consumers’ decision-making: health and concern for the environment, both of which
BFJ
107,8
616
Figure 2.
Cognitive structure of
motivations for buying
organic fruit and
vegetables
The gap between
attitudes and
behaviour
617
Figure 3.
Cognitive structure of
motivations for buying
organic dairy products
BFJ respondents relate directly to production methods (see Figures 2 and 3). By far the
107,8 strongest reason for buying organic food was health. Interestingly, it was mostly
individual health, rather than family health that was the main focus, even for parents
with young children, although “buying healthy food for the sake of the children” was
frequently echoed when discussing usage situations. The strongest links in the main
ladders involve personal health, well-being and quality of life, which can be traced
618 back to the intrinsic qualities of organic food, including “naturalness” in production,
specifically the perceived absence of agrochemical use, health-giving properties and a
sign of a positional good. The other major chain leads from the absence of
agrochemicals through to a reduced impact of farming on the environment to a better
environment overall. Secondary reasons for buying organic food were animal welfare
(dairy products), taste (fruit and vegetables, and cereal products) and local/regional
products (fruit and vegetables and, to a lesser extent, dairy products).

Environmental consciousness is relatively well developed in some sections of the
population in the UK, and the character of the sample may have led to rather more
emphasis being placed on this. The same is true of animal welfare, which has a
longstanding profile in the UK. A minority of respondents associated organic dairy
products and fruit and vegetables with local production stating that they like to buy
organic because it supports the local economy and makes them “feel good”. This chain
does not appear in the ladder maps for cereal products. As regards organic fruit and
vegetables in particular, there was a strong association between heavy agro-chemical
use and vegetable production and consequently, reducing exposure to chemicals in
their diet was one of the major attributes that consumers claimed to consider when
buying organic vegetables. This then taps into the desire to maximise personal health
and wellbeing.
A segmentation of the laddering results revealed that households without children
made clear connections to organic fruit and vegetables as a source of “enjoyment”,
“good health” and “environmentally sensitive production”, whereas those with children
displayed a set of interconnected values which related mostly to the health factor,
indicating that more thought and effort has to be expended to tempt children into
eating “healthy” vegetables. Male interviewees produced a less complex map than
female, suggesting that the latter have a subtler attitude to the more extensive issues
involved. Young working women and middle-aged women are among the core buyers
of organic food, they are perhaps better informed and have reflected in greater depth on
the issues involved. These findings reflect a fairly standard gender division of
household labour, with women having more involvement in the preparation of food
and family care. However, men in the UK are becoming increasingly health conscious,
which emerges in the ladder-maps as a strong motivator for buying organic food.
The results confirm that consumer motivations for buying organic products vary.
Health was a main reason, but also more altruistic reasons entered the discussion (e.g.
“better for the environment”), especially among the more regular consumers. The
results clearly illustrate that different motives and reasoning applies to different
product categories. The issue of lower residues is particularly important for fruits and
vegetables (where you eat the skin), but also for dairy (less drugs in animal
production), leading to values of personal health considerations as well as respect for
nature and the environment. For organic meat and dairy production the political value
of animal welfare appears, but also the localness of the food production. The issue of
fair trade may be more important for politically motivated organic buyers of coffee or The gap between
bananas, but these consumers displayed a level of confusion as to whether organic attitudes and
products are always fair trade.
behaviour
Important barriers 619

Discussion of barriers to buying organic food revolved around the issue of price, but
also covered price perception, access and availability, visual product quality and
presentation, mistrust of organic food in supermarkets, eating habits and lack of
cooking skills. Looking at different types of respondents a more differentiated picture
emerges.
In the focus groups, the RCs in particular seemed to be more reflective on price
issues. While they agreed that organic products are more expensive, they highlighted
variation in premiums between different organic product categories and the places of
purchase, a link with the disposable income of the household and with other food
choices, such as the proportion of convenience food that is purchased. They make clear
reference to value for money comparisons:
The main important thing is quality if people can see what they are paying for and can taste
the difference . . . and as with any other product they will be willing to pay slightly more for
that (OC, female).
When the moderator used an indirect projective technique to elicit purchase barriers,
RCs mostly reflected on habit and convenience aspects as well as lack of information
about the potential benefits rather than on high price premiums. RCs also criticised a
lack of choice of organic product lines and stressed that they do not want to have to
make too much of an effort to buy organics. In suggesting price reductions as a
supportive tool for the development of the organic market, they acknowledged the
price barrier, but saw it as more important for other less frequent consumers than for
themselves. Also among RCs, mistrust persisted as to whether something labelled
organic actually is organic (see below).
In contrast, OCs mostly see a low food budget as the main barrier for buying
organic products, but this was related to the levels of awareness about healthy eating
and health issues; because they do not really know what organic means and what
guarantees and personal benefits a consumer can expect from an organic product, they
find it difficult to justify paying a high premium. On the question of availability, OCs
simply declare that what they can get organically depends on what is stocked where
they shop regularly. They also mention a mismatch with a certain culture as a potential
barrier:
I can think of certain areas where I have lived in the past where [the] culture would just not be
– people would just not be into having lots of fresh fruit and vegetables and stuff, but its not a
definite anti-organic thing (OC, male).
The laddering interviewees almost invariably mentioned price as a characteristic, and
further probing was unsatisfactory, leading to restricted income and the need to
provide household provisions from a limited budget. This more evident the less
affluent the interviewee, but only slightly so.
BFJ The role of the point of sale
Responses to questions concerning retail outlets in both focus groups and laddering
107,8 interviews suggest a strongly segmented population of consumers, with different retail
channels being associated with different and unrelated chains.
Using projective techniques in the focus groups, RCs emphasized that convenience
is an important factor that has to be considered when developing new outlets for
620 organic products. Supermarkets appeared to have a negative connotation for some as
regards the emphasis placed on cosmetic presentation and in relation to food miles.
OCs primarily commented on the financial control of supermarkets: “they make the
products more expensive but do not pay enough to farmers”. Some focus group
participants, particularly in the Lancaster groups, expressed a preference for buying
organic produce from markets and specialist shops. Some went so far as stating that
they would never buy organic produce in multiples (“If my option is to buy organic
from the supermarket, I have no faith in it– so I just go in and buy the regular stuff”
(OC, female). However, others preferred shopping in supermarkets because of the
convenience of being able to do all shopping in one place.
Although the supermarkets are cited as the main point of purchase for most
respondents in the laddering interviews, some were ambivalent about them as a point
of sale for organic products; a number of people expressed reservations about shopping
there but admitted to doing so for the sake of convenience. There are no links through
chains to terminal values suggesting that the convenience and range offered by
supermarkets is relatively low down the Maslow hierarchy of needs. When asked
about the least preferred place to buy organic food, only supermarkets were mentioned.
These respondents expressed a lack of trust in supermarkets and also a concern about
the incompatibility of marketing organic food through these outlets: “they do not
support organic farming”. Specialist organic shops, on the other hand, were associated
with knowledge, personal relationships and trust, while local retail outlets were
strongly associated with the “feel good” factor.
When contrasting the results of regular with occasional buyers of organic products,
there was evidence that regular consumers are willing to trade-off their values against
the convenience and choice offered by supermarkets. Differences between rural and
urban interviewees reveal a stronger inclination to buy through local or direct
marketing outlets. This could simply be attributed to ease of access to such outlets in
rural areas or greater affinity with food production issues. The greater ease with which
urban interviewees use supermarkets may reflect the fact that in larger towns and
cities the supermarket offers a more pleasant overall environment, and improved range
and quality of products; supermarket strategies for smaller stores in small towns and
rural areas are to carry a restricted range in a smaller space.
Contrasting the results of employed and not working groups with the medium
income and low-income groups, we initially felt that there may be significant overlap
between these although having rechecked the data it seems this is not necessarily the
case. However, we find that the stereotype that less well-off consumers want cheap
food is contradicted by the map. The ladder of avoiding anxiety by being able to trust
is not as important as for the medium-high income group.
Trust builders: certification and labelling

Both focus groups and laddering interviews provided evidence of a relatively low level
understanding of the organic inspection and certification systems and the legal
protection of the term organic on food products. “Is organic an actual definable term or The gap between
is it just another bendable thing” (male). This was reinforced by widespread confusion attitudes and
about labelling issues.
The association of truly organic with home grown in the focus group could also behaviour
relate to the issue of trust. Consumers feel they can only trust the quality claims if the
product is almost passed over the garden fence. The high number of unprompted
negative statements that OCs made could also be connected to issues of trust as well as 621
insecurity about information received on the topic of organics in relation to GM and
labelling; mistrust among RCs was already mentioned (“It is a label you can put on
something and charge extra for” (male)). They demand more reassurance about truly
organic quality, and suggested for this direct contact to producers, more widely
available information, stricter controls (more than twice a year and unannounced
inspections of farms), and rigorous enforcement of the rules to counteract fraud.

Distrust is especially strong in relation to imported organic products, combined with
insecurity about the equivalence of organic standards elsewhere. Most RCs seem to
have greater trust in small companies working along their self-set philosophies, but for
a few participants, even these businesses were not exempt from their feelings of
distrust.
It proved difficult to draw out opinions around the issues of labelling and
certification in the laddering interviews. Few spontaneous associations arose requiring
vigorous probing and eliciting answers, which in some cases seemed forced. Most
respondents were uncertain about these issues and were evidently unfamiliar with or
confused by labelling. Answers revolved around the need to be able to trust both the
product and any organisation responsible for validating that product. Independent
organisations, with clearly defined and explained standards and information about
them, were felt to be more trustworthy than a state controlled certification system. Also
mentioned was the need for a “unique” or “clearly identifiable” symbol in order to
simplify shopping/choosing.
Discussion and conclusions

The findings in this qualitative study illustrate some patterns and themes that appear
to be in consumers’ minds when considering whether or not to buy organic food. They
show a need to differentiate reasons and barriers according to product categories and
provide some insights into trade-offs that consumers make between competing and
conflicting values and needs.
Organic vegetables are one of the earliest recognised and the most widely available
organic products and in some focus groups are the main product category that
consumers associate with organic. At the same time, some respondents make reference
to the health benefits of eating five portions of fruit and vegetables a day, highlighting
the generally strong association between fruit and vegetables and a healthy diet.
Coupled with the perception that horticultural production is characterised by high
intensity and heavy use of agrochemicals, it is unsurprising that fruit and vegetables
have been a major focus of attention concerning organic food and the available range
continuous to grow. For many consumers these are the sole or major focus of their
“organic experience” and they have indeed been described as a “key entry point” for
most organic shoppers, who subsequently might move on to other categories, such as
eggs and dairy, grocery products, meat and soft drinks (SA, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002,
BFJ 2003, 2004). Their importance is reflected in a higher than average share of organic
107,8 sales in the vegetable sector (3 per cent compared 1.05 per cent organic share of total
retail sales (Firth et al., 2004)). However, in the UK organic market, fruit and vegetables
are among those product categories that are characterised by high dependency on
imports (76 per cent compared to the average of 56 per cent imports across all product
categories; (SA, 1999), indicating a clear mismatch between the importance of
622 horticulture in UK organic production compared with consumer expectations.
Our results confirm that health is an important but not the only motive for buying
organic food. In relation to health both personal experience with ill health and more
general concern about healthy eating and health promotion could be observed. The
former is likely to be stable irrespective of external determinants, whereas the latter is
more likely to be affected by overall trends in consumption. Most consumers express
more than one motive for buying organic and our results confirm the presence of “food
as enjoyment” and also more altruistic concerns; concern for the environment and
animal welfare and more “political” motives such as support for the local economy and
“fair trade” are other drivers. There is indication that the importance of drivers may
vary for different product categories.
Consumers are ambivalent about point of sale. This may reflect the increasingly
successful profile of multiple retailers in the UK, which, in the last few years, have
committed themselves to an extensive organic range. Supermarkets are clearly by far
the most dominant place of purchase for organic food and may now be crowding out
small organic shops in a manner similar to other independent small retailers, although
direct sales of organic products have increased over the last two years (SA, 1999).
Trust emerges as an important factor in deciding where to buy organic food and our
results suggest that consumers have less trust in supermarkets and large corporations.
The higher trust of specialist organic or local shops over supermarkets may be a
reflection of wider anxieties about the food system. Interestingly, none of those who
express a preference for shopping at supermarkets reach the “value level” in the ladder
maps. This is true regardless of income, gender, frequency of purchase, rural/urban,
etc. and suggests that supermarkets, as a point of sale, serve a purely functional
purpose and unlike local, specialist shops, do not tap into or fulfil any deep desires or
aspirations. Regular consumers of organic food, whose choices tend to be more value
laden, are willing to enter into a process of negotiation with themselves and, according
to circumstance, sacrifice these values to the convenience of the one-stop shop.
However, in everyday life the convenience of shopping in a supermarket often wins
out.
Although data on regional variations exist in relation to frequency of purchase and
availability, few studies investigate consumer attitudes and awareness in the different
regions, and how these may influence buying behaviour. With increasing amounts of
organic food being sold and bought through direct sales, it would be interesting to
explore the competing consumer discourses of local and organic food and how, if at all,
this could impact on the production and consumption patterns for organic food at a
local level.
Our findings confirm the significance of price as a barrier. Other consumer research
suggests that, as supermarkets compete to reduce prices for organic products, the
overall importance of price as a barrier is decreasing (Reuters, 2002). However, a
marketing structure that inherently leads to an erosion of the organic price premium
may dilute the incentives for farmers to convert or stay in organic production in the UK The gap between
and risk jeopardising the potential of the market to take proper care of environmental attitudes and
and ethical demands, thereby undermining the uniqueness of the product and one of its
key selling points. behaviour
Our research further indicates that price is not an absolute barrier but only one
factor in the complex decision-making process that underlies purchasing decisions.
Consumers consider price in the context of disposable income, but also “value for 623
money” and need to feel in a position to justify a premium through other gains to be
willing to pay a higher price for organic products.
Consumers are faced with an almost bewildering array of choices and decisions
when buying organic food. Lockie et al. (2002, p. 37) refer to competing and conflicting
discourses that revolve around consumer motivations (environment, health, food
production, nutrition, etc.) as well as competing desires, needs and preferences. Add to
this mix the vast array of products (organic and non-organic) that are available today
with their competing and sometimes conflicting marketing messages and associations
of relative “value” targeted across all segments of society then it is not surprising that
the consumer is confused. In relation to organic products our research indicates that
there is a lack of knowledge about certification and labelling and about the guarantee
that organic standards really offer to consumers. By implication, many of these
consumers will lack confidence when it comes to claims made about organic food that
ultimately will prevent them from buying it. An observable link between organic
consumption and education could indicate that only those consumers who have
attained a certain level of education have the confidence to negotiate conflicting claims
and counterclaims in relation to organic food (Lockie, 2002).
Beyond the two poles of the converted (regular consumers) and the sceptical
non-consumers who would never consider buying organic, there is a large body of
consumers who buy organic food on a more occasional basis, but lack the knowledge,
financial resources, conviction, or simply the inclination to buy more regularly. It
appears that so far, attempts to communicate the need for premiums as a result of
higher production costs have not reached these occasional consumers. If the industry
wants to attract new consumers then they need to pay attention to the body of
occasional buyers and communicate clearly the benefits of different categories of
organic food to a wider audience.
Conclusions
Qualitative studies of this kind can provide important insight into the way consumers
are willing to enter into trade-off between values when they make an actual purchasing
decisions.
Fruit and vegetables, generally associated with a more healthy diet, are the first and
in many cases the only experience of consumers with organic food. This stands in
contrast to the low level of UK-grown organic fruit and vegetables.
Price remains a barrier for many consumers, but it is possible that its significance
could be diminished, were consumers to be made more aware of the reasons for the
higher price and convinced that organic food is a value for money choice despite the
premium.
The importance of motives and barriers appears to vary between different product
categories and future research should focus on product segmentation.
BFJ The complexity of consumer decision making is illustrated by their ambivalence in
107,8 relation to points of sale and our results suggest that consumers opt often but not
always for convenience rather than the more value laden choices which they are
confronted with when shopping in smaller shops or farmers’ markets, for example.
Further research could explore other value trade-offs that consumers make, for
example between the potentially conflicting values of local and organic food.
624
Note
1. OMIARD– Organic Marketing Initiatives and Rural Development (www.irs.aber.acuk/
omiard).
References
Dabbert, S., Haering, A.M. and Zanoli, R. (2004), Organic Farming: Policies and prospects, Zed
Books, London.
Datamonitor (2002), The Outlook for Organic Food and Drink, Datamonitor Europe, London.
Farodoye, L. (1999), “Focus on organic food”, Meat Demand Trends, Vol. 3, pp. 3-10.
Firth, C., Geen, N., Foster, C., Green, M., Haward, R. and Smithson, A. (2004), The UK Organic
Vegetable Market (2002-2003), HDRA, Coventry.
Fotopoulos, C., Krystallis, A. and Ness, M. (2003), “Wine produced by organics grapes in Greece:
using means-ends chains analysis to reveal organic buyers’ purchasing motives in
comparison to non-buyers”, Food Quality and Preference, Vol. 14, pp. 549-66.
Gutman, J.A. (1982), “A means-end chain model based on consumer categorization processes”,
Journal of Marketing, Vol. 46 No. 2, pp. 60-72.
Hamm, U. and Gronefeld, F. (2004), “The European market for organic food: revised and updated
analysis”, School of Business and Management, University of Wales, Aberystwyth.
Hamm, U. and Michelsen, J. (1996), “Organic agriculture in a market economy: perspectives from
Germany and Denmark”, in Oestergaard, T.V. (Ed.), Fundamentals of Organic Farming,
Vol. 5, IFOAM, Tholey Theley.
Kahan, J.P. (2001), “Focus groups as a tool for policy analysis”, Analyses of Social Issues and
Public Policy, Vol. 1 No. 1, pp. 129-46.
Lockie, S., Lyons, K., Lawrence, G. and Mummery, K. (2002), “Eating ‘green’ motivations behind
organic food consumption in Australia”, Sociologia Ruralis, Vol. 42 No. 1, pp. 23-40.
McEachern, M.G. and Willock, J. (2004), “Producers and consumers of organic meat: a focus on
attitudes and motivations”, British Food Journal, Vol. 106 No. 7, pp. 534-52.
Makatouni, A. (2002), “What motivates consumers to buy organic food in the UK? Results from a
qualitative study”, British Food Journal, Vol. 104 Nos 3/4/5, pp. 345-52.
Michelsen, J., Lynggard, K., Padel, S. and Foster, C. (2001), “Organic farming development and
agricultural institutions in Europe: a study of six countries”, University of Hohenheim,
Hohenheim.
MINTEL (1999), Organic Food and Drink Retailing, UK Economist Intelligence Unit, London.
MINTEL (2000), Organic Food and Drink Retailing, Market Intelligence Unit of the UK Economic
Intelligence Unit, London.
MINTEL (2003), Organic Foods UK, MINTEL International Group, London.
MORI (1996), Attitudes to Organic Food, The Soil Association, Bristol.
Nielsen, N.A., Bech-Larsen, T. and Grunert, K.G. (1998), “Consumer purchase motives and The gap between
product perceptions: a laddering study on vegetable oil in three countries”, Food Quality
and Preference, Vol. 9, pp. 455-66. attitudes and
Organic Monitor (2001), The UK Market for Fresh Organic Vegetables, Organic Monitor, London. behaviour
Organic Monitor (2002), The British Market for Organic Meat Products, Organic Monitor,
London.
Reuters (2002), The Outlook for Organic Food and Drinks: Consumer Trends and New Product 625
Development, Datamonitor, London.
Richter, T. and Padel, S. (2005), “The European market for organic foods”, in Willer, H. and
Yuseffi, M. (Eds), The World of Organic Agriculture: Statistics and Emerging Trends
2005, IFOAM, Bonn.
Soil Association (SA) (1999), Soil Association Organic Food and Farming Report, SA, Bristol.
Saumure, K. (2001), “Focus groups: an overview”, University of Alberta, Alberta.
Smith, E. and Marsden, T. (2004), “Exploring the ‘limits to growth’ in UK organics: beyond the
statistical image”, Journal of Rural Studies, Vol. 20, pp. 345-57.
TNS (2004), Organic Food: Understanding the Consumer and Increasing Sales, result of a 2003
Taylor Nelson Sofres Survey published jointly by the Soil Association, Welsh Agri-Food
Partnership, Organic Centre Wales and the Welsh Development Agency, Aberystwyth.
Torjusen, H., Lieblein, G., Wandel, M. and Francis, C.A. (2001), “Food system orientation and
quality perception among consumers and producers of organic food in Hedmark County,
Norway”, Food Quality and Preference, Vol. 12 No. 3, pp. 207-16.
Zanoli, R. (Ed.), (2004), The European Consumer and Organic Food, Vol. 4, School of Business
and Management, University of Wales, Aberystwyth.
Zanoli, R. and Naspetti, S. (2002), “Consumer motivations in the purchase of organic food: A
means-end approach”, British Food Journal, Vol. 104 No. 8, pp. 643-53.
This article has been cited by:
1. Femke Hilverda, Margôt Kuttschreuter, Ellen Giebels. 2017. Social media mediated interaction with peers,
experts and anonymous authors: Conversation partner and message framing effects on risk perception and
sense-making of organic food. Food Quality and Preference 56, 107-118. [CrossRef]
2. John Lever, Adrian EvansCorporate Social Responsibility and Farm Animal Welfare: Towards Sustainable
Development in the Food Industry? 205-222. [CrossRef]
3. Femke Hilverda Universiteit Twente Enschede Netherlands Manon Jurgens Universiteit Twente Enschede
Netherlands Margot Kuttschreuter Universiteit Twente Enschede Netherlands ChristopherJ. Griffith
Broadmayne Consulting Dorchester United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland ChristopherJ. Griffith Broadmayne Consulting
Dorchester United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Northern Ireland . 2016. Word associations with “Organic”: what do consumers think of?. British Food
Journal 118:12. . [Abstract] [PDF]

4. Khandoker Mahmudur Rahman Universiti Utara Malaysia Sintok Malaysia Nor Azila Mohd Noor
Universiti Utara Malaysia Sintok Malaysia ChristopherJ. Griffith Broadmayne Consulting Dorchester
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern
Ireland ChristopherJ. Griffith Broadmayne Consulting Dorchester United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Northern Ireland United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland . 2016. In search of a model
explaining organic food purchase behavior: the overlooked story of Montano and Kasprzyk’s integrated
behavior model. British Food Journal 118:12. . [Abstract] [PDF]
5. Norazah Mohd Suki Universiti Malaysia Sabah - Kampus Antarabangsa Labuan Labuan Malaysia
ChristopherJ. Griffith Broadmayne Consulting Dorchester United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Northern Ireland United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland ChristopherJ. Griffith
Broadmayne Consulting Dorchester United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland . 2016. Green product purchase intention: impact of
green brands, attitude, and knowledge. British Food Journal 118:12. . [Abstract] [PDF]
6. Hyun-Joo Lee, Jiyoung Hwang. 2016. The driving role of consumers’ perceived credence attributes in
organic food purchase decisions: A comparison of two groups of consumers. Food Quality and Preference
54, 141-151. [CrossRef]
7. Andrea K. Moser Pforzheim University Pforzheim Germany Leuphana University Lueneburg Lüneburg
Germany Dipayan Biswas University of South Florida Tampa United States . 2016. Buying organic –
decision making heuristics and empirical evidence from Germany. Journal of Consumer Marketing 33:7. .
[Abstract] [PDF]
8. KimSo-young So-young Kim YoonJihyun Jihyun Yoon ChoiInjoo Injoo Choi Department of Food
Science and Nutrition, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, South Korea Department of Food and Nutrition,
Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea Department of
Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea . 2016. What matters to promote
consumers’ intention to patronize sustainable business-and-industry (B&I) food services?. British Food
Journal 118:11, 2710-2731. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
9. Adoración Mozas-Moral, Enrique Bernal-Jurado, Miguel Jesús Medina-Viruel, Domingo Fernández-
Uclés. 2016. Factors for success in online social networks: An fsQCA approach. Journal of Business Research
69:11, 5261-5264. [CrossRef]
10. Rambalak Yadav. 2016. Altruistic or egoistic: Which value promotes organic food consumption among
young consumers? A study in the context of a developing nation. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services
33, 92-97. [CrossRef]
11. Corinna Hempel, Ulrich Hamm. 2016. Local and/or organic: a study on consumer preferences for organic
food and food from different origins. International Journal of Consumer Studies 40:6, 732-741. [CrossRef]
12. Dacinia Crina Petrescu, Ruxandra Malina Petrescu-Mag, Philippe Burny, Hossein Azadi. 2016. A New
Wave in Romania: Organic Food. Consumers’ Motivations, Perceptions and Habits. Agroecology and
Sustainable Food Systems . [CrossRef]
13. Sarah Hemmerling, Daniele Asioli, Achim Spiller. 2016. Core Organic Taste: Preferences for Naturalness-
Related Sensory Attributes of Organic Food Among European Consumers. Journal of Food Products
Marketing 22:7, 824-850. [CrossRef]
14. Wenling Liu, Peter Oosterveer, Gert Spaargaren. 2016. Promoting sustainable consumption in China: a
conceptual framework and research review. Journal of Cleaner Production 134, 13-21. [CrossRef]
15. Elena Mamouni Limnios, Steven G.M. Schilizzi, Michael Burton, Angeline Ong, Niki Hynes. 2016.
Willingness to pay for product ecological footprint: Organic vs non-organic consumers. Technological
Forecasting and Social Change 111, 338-348. [CrossRef]
16. CicatielloClara Clara Cicatiello De RosaBeatrice Beatrice De Rosa FrancoSilvio Silvio Franco
LaceteraNicola Nicola Lacetera Department of Economics and Management, Università degli Studi della
Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, Università
degli Studi della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy Department of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Università degli
Studi della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy . 2016. Consumer approach to insects as food: barriers and potential for
consumption in Italy. British Food Journal 118:9, 2271-2286. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
17. Daniela Weible Thünen Institute of Market Analysis, Braunschweig, Germany Inken Christoph-Schulz
Thünen Institute of Market Analysis, Braunschweig, Germany Petra Salamon Thünen Institute of Market
Analysis, Braunschweig, Germany Katrin Zander Thünen Institute of Market Analysis, Braunschweig,
Germany . 2016. Citizens’ perception of modern pig production in Germany: a mixed-method research
approach. British Food Journal 118:8, 2014-2032. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
18. Andrea K. Moser. 2016. Consumers' purchasing decisions regarding environmentally friendly products:
An empirical analysis of German consumers. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services 31, 389-397.
[CrossRef]
19. Xujin Pu, Lei Gong, Guanghua Han. 2016. A feasible incentive contract between a manufacturer and
his fairness-sensitive retailer engaged in strategic marketing efforts. Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing
. [CrossRef]
20. Yatish Joshi Department of Management Studies, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India Zillur
Rahman Department of Management Studies, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India . 2016.
Predictors of young consumer’s green purchase behaviour. Management of Environmental Quality: An
International Journal 27:4, 452-472. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
21. Jorge Miguel Garcia, Paula Teixeira. 2016. Organic versus conventional food: A comparison regarding
food safety. Food Reviews International 1-23. [CrossRef]
22. Francesca Gerini, Frode Alfnes, Alexander Schjøll. 2016. Organic- and Animal Welfare-labelled Eggs:
Competing for the Same Consumers?. Journal of Agricultural Economics 67:2, 471-490. [CrossRef]
23. Fred Amofa Yamoah, Rachel Duffy, Dan Petrovici, Andrew Fearne. 2016. Towards a Framework for
Understanding Fairtrade Purchase Intention in the Mainstream Environment of Supermarkets. Journal
of Business Ethics 136:1, 181-197. [CrossRef]
24. Stephen I. Ukenna, Anayo D. Nkamnebe. 2016. Sustainable Consumption Behavior in Sub-Saharan
Africa: A Conceptual Framework. Thunderbird International Business Review . [CrossRef]
25. Alessia Cavaliere, Massimo Peri, Alessandro Banterle. 2016. Vertical Coordination in Organic Food
Chains: A Survey Based Analysis in France, Italy and Spain. Sustainability 8:6, 569. [CrossRef]
26. HaynesPaul Paul Haynes PodobskyStepan Stepan Podobsky Royal Holloway, University of London,
Egham, UK . 2016. Guilt-free food consumption: one of your five ideologies a day. Journal of Consumer
Marketing 33:3, 202-212. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
27. Sara Spendrup, Erik Hunter, Ellinor Isgren. 2016. Exploring the relationship between nature sounds,
connectedness to nature, mood and willingness to buy sustainable food: A retail field experiment. Appetite
100, 133-141. [CrossRef]
28. Athina-Evera QendroAlbanian and UK Consumers’ Perceptions of Farmers’ Markets and Supermarkets
as Outlets for Organic Food: An Exploratory Study 19-49. [CrossRef]
29. Hassan Rahnama. 2016. Effect of Consumers’ Attitude on Buying Organic Products in Iran. Journal of
Food Products Marketing 22:3, 381-397. [CrossRef]
30. Hyun-Joo Lee. 2016. Individual and Situational Determinants of U.S. Consumers’ Buying Behavior of
Organic Foods. Journal of International Food & Agribusiness Marketing 28:2, 117-131. [CrossRef]
31. Jenny G. Olson, Brent McFerran, Andrea C. Morales, Darren W. Dahl. 2016. Wealth and Welfare:
Divergent Moral Reactions to Ethical Consumer Choices. Journal of Consumer Research 42:6, 879-896.
[CrossRef]
32. Ravi Nandi, Wolfgang Bokelmann, Nithya Vishwanath Gowdru, Gustavo Dias. 2016. Factors Influencing
Consumers’ Willingness to Pay for Organic Fruits and Vegetables: Empirical Evidence from a Consumer
Survey in India. Journal of Food Products Marketing 1-22. [CrossRef]
33. Manuel Mohr, Michaela Schlich. 2016. Socio-demographic basic factors of German customers as
predictors for sustainable consumerism regarding foodstuffs and meat products. International Journal of
Consumer Studies 40:2, 158-167. [CrossRef]
34. Aleksandar Grubor Department of Trade, Marketing and Logistics, Faculty of Economics in Subotica,
University of Novi Sad, Subotica, Serbia Nenad Djokic Department of Trade, Marketing and Logistics,
Faculty of Economics in Subotica, University of Novi Sad, Subotica, Serbia . 2016. Organic food consumer
profile in the Republic of Serbia. British Food Journal 118:1, 164-182. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
35. Shu-Yen Hsu Department of International Business, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan
Chiao-Chen Chang Department of International Business, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien,
Taiwan Tyrone T. Lin Department of International Business, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien,
Taiwan . 2016. An analysis of purchase intentions toward organic food on health consciousness and food
safety with/under structural equation modeling. British Food Journal 118:1, 200-216. [Abstract] [Full
Text] [PDF]
36. Rong-Da Liang Department of Leisure and Recreation Management, National Kaohsiung University of
Hospitality and Tourism, Kaohsiung city, Taiwan . 2016. Predicting intentions to purchase organic food:
the moderating effects of organic food prices. British Food Journal 118:1, 183-199. [Abstract] [Full Text]
[PDF]
37. Eugenio Pomarici, Mario Amato, Riccardo Vecchio. 2016. Environmental Friendly Wines: A Consumer
Segmentation Study. Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 8, 534-541. [CrossRef]
38. Felix Giedziella, Grit Walther. 2016. An Integrated Decision Support System Considering
Interdependencies Between Time-to-Market and Market Diffusion under Competition. Procedia CIRP
51, 63-71. [CrossRef]
39. Corinna Hempel, Ulrich Hamm. 2016. How important is local food to organic-minded consumers?.
Appetite 96, 309-318. [CrossRef]
40. Natalia Maehle Centre for Innovation, Bergen University College, Bergen, Norway Nina Iversen BI
Norwegian Business School and Centre for Applied Research at NHH (SNF), Oslo, Norway Leif
Hem Norwegian School of Economics, Bergen, Norway Cele Otnes University of Illinois at Urbana-
Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, IL, United States . 2015. Exploring consumer preferences for hedonic
and utilitarian food attributes. British Food Journal 117:12, 3039-3063. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
41. Sarah Hemmerling, Ulrich Hamm, Achim Spiller. 2015. Consumption behaviour regarding organic food
from a marketing perspective—a literature review. Organic Agriculture 5:4, 277-313. [CrossRef]
42. Matthias Freise, Stefan Seuring. 2015. Social and environmental risk management in supply chains: a
survey in the clothing industry. Logistics Research 8:1. . [CrossRef]
43. Julia Baudry, Caroline Méjean, Sandrine Péneau, Pilar Galan, Serge Hercberg, Denis Lairon, Emmanuelle
Kesse-Guyot. 2015. Health and dietary traits of organic food consumers: results from the NutriNet-Santé
study. British Journal of Nutrition 114:12, 2064-2073. [CrossRef]
44. Sigrid Denver, Tove Christensen. 2015. Organic food and health concerns: a dietary approach using
observed data. NJAS - Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences 74-75, 9-15. [CrossRef]
45. Christoph Emanuel Müller, Hansjörg Gaus. 2015. Consumer Response to Negative Media Information
About Certified Organic Food Products. Journal of Consumer Policy 38:4, 387-409. [CrossRef]
46. Marie von Meyer-Höfer, Evelyn Olea-Jaik, Carlos Antonio Padilla-Bravo, Achim Spiller. 2015. Mature
and Emerging Organic Markets: Modelling Consumer Attitude and Behaviour With Partial Least Square
Approach. Journal of Food Products Marketing 21:6, 626-653. [CrossRef]
47. Johanna Lena Hasselbach, Jutta Roosen. 2015. Consumer Heterogeneity in the Willingness to Pay for
Local and Organic Food. Journal of Food Products Marketing 21:6, 608-625. [CrossRef]
48. Abrar Hussain, Hans Larsson, Ramune Kuktaite, Marie Olsson, Eva Johansson. 2015. Carotenoid Content
in Organically Produced Wheat: Relevance for Human Nutritional Health on Consumption. International
Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 12:11, 14068-14083. [CrossRef]
49. Sandra Rousseau. 2015. The role of organic and fair trade labels when choosing chocolate. Food Quality
and Preference 44, 92-100. [CrossRef]
50. Jessica Aschemann-Witzel, Stephan Zielke. 2015. Can't Buy Me Green? A Review of Consumer
Perceptions of and Behavior Toward the Price of Organic Food. Journal of Consumer Affairs n/a-n/a.
[CrossRef]
51. Kyung Hee Lee Department of Foodservice Management, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea Mark A.
Bonn Dedman School of Hospitality, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA Meehee Cho
Dedman School of Hospitality, Florida State University, Talllahassee, Florida, USA . 2015. Consumer
motives for purchasing organic coffee. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 27:6,
1157-1180. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
52. Johanna Lena Hasselbach, Jutta Roosen. 2015. Motivations behind Preferences for Local or Organic
Food. Journal of International Consumer Marketing 27:4, 295-306. [CrossRef]
53. Boyka Bratanova, Christin-Melanie Vauclair, Nicolas Kervyn, Sandy Schumann, Robert Wood, Olivier
Klein. 2015. Savouring morality. Moral satisfaction renders food of ethical origin subjectively tastier.
Appetite 91, 137-149. [CrossRef]
54. Her-Her Tsai, Min-Jhih Cheng, Shiu-Wan Hung, Dong-Sing He, Wen-Sheng WangA study of organic
food consumption behavior using the decomposed theory of planned behavior 2509-2515. [CrossRef]
55. Prof. Demetris Vrontis ,Dr. Michael Christofi Bahri-Ammari Nedra Department of Marketing, IHEC,
Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia. Sandhir Sharma Department of Marketing, Chitkara Business School, Chitkara
University, Chandigarh, India. Aymen Dakhli Department of Marketing, FSEG, Tunis, Tunisia. . 2015.
Perception and motivation to purchase organic products in Mediterranean countries. Journal of Research
in Marketing and Entrepreneurship 17:1, 67-90. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
56. Hossein Mahmoudi, Ortwin Renn, Volker Hoffmann, Steven Van Passel, Hossein Azadi. 2015. Social
risk screening using a socio-political ambiguity approach: the case of organic agriculture in Iran. Journal
of Risk Research 18:6, 747-770. [CrossRef]
57. Ronnie Cheung, Mei Mei Lau, Aris Y.C. Lam. 2015. Factors affecting consumer attitude towards organic
food: an empirical study in Hong Kong. Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science 25:3, 216-231.
[CrossRef]
58. Herman I. Stål. 2015. Inertia and change related to sustainability – An institutional approach. Journal
of Cleaner Production 99, 354-365. [CrossRef]
59. Artur Kraus Department of Economics, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland. . 2015. Factors
influencing the decisions to buy and consume functional food. British Food Journal 117:6, 1622-1636.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
60. Yatish Joshi, Zillur Rahman. 2015. Factors Affecting Green Purchase Behaviour and Future Research
Directions. International Strategic Management Review 3:1-2, 128-143. [CrossRef]
61. Athina-Evera Qendro. 2015. Albanian and UK Consumers’ Perceptions of Farmers’ Markets and
Supermarkets as Outlets for Organic Food: An Exploratory Study. Sustainability 7:6, 6626-6651.
[CrossRef]
62. Kate Organ, Nicole Koenig-Lewis, Adrian Palmer, Jane Probert. 2015. Festivals as agents for behaviour
change: A study of food festival engagement and subsequent food choices. Tourism Management 48,
84-99. [CrossRef]
63. Viola Bruschi, Ksenia Shershneva, Irina Dolgopolova, Maurizio Canavari, Ramona Teuber. 2015.
Consumer Perception of Organic Food in Emerging Markets: Evidence from Saint Petersburg, Russia.
Agribusiness 31:3, 414-432. [CrossRef]
64. Krittinee Nuttavuthisit, John Thøgersen. 2015. The Importance of Consumer Trust for the Emergence
of a Market for Green Products: The Case of Organic Food. Journal of Business Ethics . [CrossRef]
65. Courtney Cucchiara Department of Consumer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
Soyeon Kwon Department of Consumer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA. Sejin Ha
Department of Retail, Hospitality, and Tourism Management, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN,
USA. . 2015. Message framing and consumer responses to organic seafood labeling. British Food Journal
117:5, 1547-1563. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
66. Marie von Meyer-Höfer Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Marketing for
Food and Agricultural Products, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany. Sina Nitzko Department
of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Marketing for Food and Agricultural Products,
Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany Achim Spiller Department of Agricultural Economics and
Rural Development, Marketing for Food and Agricultural Products, Georg-August University, Göttingen,
Germany. . 2015. Is there an expectation gap? Consumers’ expectations towards organic. British Food
67. Katrin Zander Thuenen Institute of Market Analysis, Braunschweig, Germany. Susanne Padel Organic
Research Centre, Elm Farm, Newbury, Berkshire, UK, Raffaele Zanoli Università Politecnica delle
Marche, Ancona, Italy. . 2015. EU organic logo and its perception by consumers. British Food Journal
68. Colin L. Campbell, Daniel Heinrich, Verena Schoenmüller. 2015. Consumers' reaction to fair trade
motivated price increases. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services 24, 79-84. [CrossRef]
69. Paul Lampert, Eveli Soode, Klaus Menrad. 2015. The carbon-conscious-consumer? A causal model for
the product carbon footprint of asparagus at the consumer stage. International Journal of Consumer Studies
39:3, 269-280. [CrossRef]
70. Chih-Ching Teng Department of Restaurant, Hotel, and Institutional Management, Fu-Jen Catholic
University, New Taipei City, Taiwan Yu-Mei Wang Department of Business Administration, Asia
University, Taichung, Taiwan . 2015. Decisional factors driving organic food consumption. British Food
71. Biao Xie School of Geography Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China Liyuan Wang
School of Journalism and Communication, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China Hao Yang School of
Geography Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China Yanhua Wang School of Geography
Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China Mingli Zhang School of Geography Sciences,
Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China . 2015. Consumer perceptions and attitudes of organic food
products in Eastern China. British Food Journal 117:3, 1105-1121. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
72. Marie von Meyer-Höfer Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Marketing for
Food and Agricultural Products, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany Vera von der Wense
Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Marketing for Food and Agricultural
Products, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany Achim Spiller Department of Agricultural
Economics and Rural Development, Marketing for Food and Agricultural Products, Georg-August
University, Göttingen, Germany . 2015. Characterising convinced sustainable food consumers. British
Food Journal 117:3, 1082-1104. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
73. Seethaletchumy Thambiah, Aye Aye Khin, Saravanan Muthaiyah, Yuen Yee Yen. 2015. Organic Food
Consumption among Generation Y in Malaysia: A Conceptual Framework. Journal of Applied Sciences
15:3, 570-575. [CrossRef]
74. Ynte K. Van Dam, Janneke De Jonge. 2015. The Positive Side of Negative Labelling. Journal of Consumer
Policy 38:1, 19-38. [CrossRef]
75. Diana Gregory-Smith, Victoria K. Wells, Danae Manika, Sonja Graham. 2015. An environmental social
marketing intervention among employees: assessing attitude and behaviour change. Journal of Marketing
Management 31:3-4, 336-377. [CrossRef]
76. Aleksandar Grubor Department of Trade, Marketing and Logistics, University of Novi Sad, Subotica,
Serbia Nenad Djokic Department of Trade, Marketing and Logistics, University of Novi Sad, Subotica,
Serbia Ines Djokic Department of Trade, Marketing and Logistics, University of Novi Sad, Subotica,
Serbia Ruzica Kovac-Znidersic Department of Trade, Marketing and Logistics, University of Novi Sad,
Subotica, Serbia . 2015. Application of health and taste attitude scales in Serbia. British Food Journal
77. Emma Tonkin Department of Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia Annabelle M
Wilson Department of Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia John Coveney Department
of Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia Trevor Webb Behaviour and Regulatory Analysis
Section, Food Standards Australia/New Zealand, Canberra, Australia Samantha B Meyer School of Public
Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada . 2015. Trust in and through
labelling – a systematic review and critique. British Food Journal 117:1, 318-338. [Abstract] [Full Text]
[PDF]
78. Ahlam Nuwairah Ahmad, Azmawani Abd Rahman, Suhaimi Ab Rahman. 2015. Assessing Knowledge
and Religiosity on Consumer Behavior towards Halal Food and Cosmetic Products. International Journal
of Social Science and Humanity 5:1, 10-14. [CrossRef]
79. Semir Vehapi. 2015. A Study of the Consumer Motives which Influence the Purchase of Organic Food in
Serbia / Istraživanje Motiva Potrošača koji Utiču na Kupovinu Organske Hrane u Srbiji. Economic Themes
53:1. . [CrossRef]
80. Mohamed Bilal Basha, Cordelia Mason, Mohd Farid Shamsudin, Hafezali Iqbal Hussain, Milad Abdelnabi
Salem. 2015. Consumers Attitude Towards Organic Food. Procedia Economics and Finance 31, 444-452.
[CrossRef]
81. Hyun-Joo Lee, Zee-Sun Yun. 2015. Consumers’ perceptions of organic food attributes and cognitive and
affective attitudes as determinants of their purchase intentions toward organic food. Food Quality and
Preference 39, 259-267. [CrossRef]
82. Sarah O. Rodman, Anne M. Palmer, Drew A. Zachary, Laura C. Hopkins, Pamela J. Surkan. 2014.
“They Just Say Organic Food Is Healthier”: Perceptions of Healthy Food among Supermarket Shoppers
in Southwest Baltimore. Culture, Agriculture, Food and Environment 36:2, 83-92. [CrossRef]
83. Neena Sondhi Department of Marketing, International Management Institute, New Delhi, India . 2014.
Assessing the organic potential of urban Indian consumers. British Food Journal 116:12, 1864-1878.
84. Dionéia Dalcin Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Cerro Largo, Brazil and Center for Research in
Agribusiness, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil A^ngela R. Leal de Souza
Faculty of Economics, and Center for Research in Agribusiness, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul,
Porto Alegre, Brazil João B. de Freitas Faculty of Economics, Business and Tourism, University of Las
Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain and Center for Research in Agribusiness,
Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil Ântonio D. Padula School of Management,
and Center for Research in Agribusiness, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
Homero Dewes Department of Biophysics, Biosciences Institute, and Centre for Agribusiness Studies,
Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil . 2014. Organic products in Brazil: from
an ideological orientation to a market choice. British Food Journal 116:12, 1998-2015. [Abstract] [Full
Text] [PDF]
85. Lyndsey Scott, Debbie Vigar-Ellis. 2014. Consumer understanding, perceptions and behaviours with
regard to environmentally friendly packaging in a developing nation. International Journal of Consumer
Studies 38:6, 642-649. [CrossRef]
86. Tatiana Anisimova, Parves Sultan. 2014. The Role of Brand Communications in Consumer Purchases of
Organic Foods: A Research Framework. Journal of Food Products Marketing 20:5, 511-532. [CrossRef]
87. Joanna Henryks, Ray Cooksey, Vic Wright. 2014. Organic Food at the Point of Purchase: Understanding
Inconsistency in Consumer Choice Patterns. Journal of Food Products Marketing 20:5, 452-475. [CrossRef]
88. Golnaz Rezai, Mad Nasir Shamsudin, Zainalabidin Mohamed, Chong Sook Ann. 2014. Quality-Labeled
Vegetable Consumption in Malaysia: Factors Affecting Attitude and Purchase Intent. Journal of Food
Products Marketing 20:sup1, 1-12. [CrossRef]
89. Jennifer Maloney, Min-Young Lee, Vanessa Jackson, Kimberly A. Miller-Spillman. 2014. Consumer
willingness to purchase organic products: Application of the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Global
Fashion Marketing 5:4, 308-321. [CrossRef]
90. Livia Marian, Polymeros Chrysochou, Athanasios Krystallis, John Thøgersen. 2014. The role of price
as a product attribute in the organic food context: An exploration based on actual purchase data. Food
Quality and Preference 37, 52-60. [CrossRef]
91. Abdullah Al-Swidi Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business, Universiti Utara Malaysia,
Sintok, Malaysia Sheikh Mohammed Rafiul Huque School of Accountancy, Universiti Utara Malaysia,
Sintok, Malaysia Muhammad Haroon Hafeez School of Business Management, Universiti Utara Malaysia,
Sintok, Malaysia Mohd Noor Mohd Shariff School of Business Management, Universiti Utara Malaysia,
Sintok, Malaysia . 2014. The role of subjective norms in theory of planned behavior in the context of
organic food consumption. British Food Journal 116:10, 1561-1580. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
92. Sigrid Denver, Tove Christensen. 2014. Consumers’ Grouping of Organic and Conventional Food Products
—Implications for the Marketing of Organics. Journal of Food Products Marketing 20:4, 408-428.
[CrossRef]
93. Florent Saucède ESCA School of Management, Casablanca, Morocco and LSMRC – Univ Lille Nord de
France – SKEMA Business School, Lille, France Hervé Fenneteau MRM, ISEM, University of Montpellier
1, Montpellier, France Jean-Marie Codron UMR 1110 MOISA, National Institute of Agronomic Research
(INRA), Montpellier, France . 2014. Department upkeep and shrinkage control. International Journal of
Retail & Distribution Management 42:8, 733-758. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
94. Jue Chen, Antonio Lobo, Natalia Rajendran. 2014. Drivers of organic food purchase intentions in
mainland China - evaluating potential customers' attitudes, demographics and segmentation. International
Journal of Consumer Studies 38:4, 346-356. [CrossRef]
95. Jan Niklas Meise, Thomas Rudolph, Peter Kenning, Diane M. Phillips. 2014. Feed them facts: Value
perceptions and consumer use of sustainability-related product information. Journal of Retailing and
Consumer Services 21:4, 510-519. [CrossRef]
96. V. Aslihan Nasir Department of Management Information Systems, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey
Fahri Karakaya Department of Management and Marketing, University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth,
Massachusetts, USA . 2014. Consumer segments in organic foods market. Journal of Consumer Marketing
97. Yong Liu, Yin Bai. 2014. An exploration of firms’ awareness and behavior of developing circular economy:
An empirical research in China. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 87, 145-152. [CrossRef]
98. V. Aslihan Nasir, Fahri Karakaya. 2014. Underlying Motivations of Organic Food Purchase Intentions.
Agribusiness 30:3, 290-308. [CrossRef]
99. Beate Goetzke, Sina Nitzko, Achim Spiller. 2014. Consumption of organic and functional food. A matter
of well-being and health?. Appetite 77, 96-105. [CrossRef]
100. Hyun-Joo Lee Design, Housing and Merchandising, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma,
USA Cynthia Goudeau Design, Housing and Merchandising, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater,
Oklahoma, USA . 2014. Consumers’ beliefs, attitudes, and loyalty in purchasing organic foods. British
101. Lukas Zagata. 2014. Towards conscientious food consumption: exploring the values of Czech organic
food consumers. International Journal of Consumer Studies 38:3, 243-250. [CrossRef]
102. Manuela Vega-Zamora, Francisco José Torres-Ruiz, Eva Mª Murgado-Armenteros, Manuel Parras-Rosa.
2014. Organic as a Heuristic Cue: What Spanish Consumers Mean by Organic Foods. Psychology &
Marketing 31:5, 349-359. [CrossRef]
103. P. Pomsanam, K. Napompech, S. Suwanmanee. 2014. An Exploratory Study on the Organic Food
Purchase Intention among Thai-Cambodian Cross-border Consumers. Asian Journal of Applied Sciences
7:5, 294-305. [CrossRef]
104. Siti Sarah Mohamad, Syezreen Dalina Rusdi, Nor Hashima Hashim. 2014. Organic Food Consumption
among Urban Consumers: Preliminary Results. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 130, 509-514.
[CrossRef]
105. P. Pomsanam, K. Napompech ., S. Suwanmaneepong .. 2014. Factors Driving Thai Consumers' Intention
to Purchase Organic Foods. Asian Journal of Scientific Research 7:4, 434-446. [CrossRef]
106. Aya Hirata Kimura, Yohei Katano. 2014. Farming after the Fukushima accident: A feminist political
ecology analysis of organic agriculture. Journal of Rural Studies 34, 108-116. [CrossRef]
107. Michael Greenberg, Marc Weiner, Henry Mayer, David Kosson, Charles Powers. 2014. Sustainability
as a Priority at Major U.S. Department of Energy’s Defense Sites: Surrounding Population Views.
Sustainability 6:4, 2013-2030. [CrossRef]
108. Kristin L. Getter, Bridget K. Behe, David S. Conner, Philip H. Howard. 2014. Pasture-Raised Milk: The
Market for a Differentiated Product. Journal of Food Products Marketing 20:2, 146-161. [CrossRef]
109. Nevzat Konar, Iraz Haspolat Kaya, Sevim Dalabasmaz, Ender Sinan Poyrazoğlu, Nevzat Artik. 2014.
Street milk and urban consumers in Turkey: a descriptive study. Journal für Verbraucherschutz und
Lebensmittelsicherheit 9:1, 23-35. [CrossRef]
110. Fabian Buder Consumer Experiences | Consumer Panels | Division Food, German Association for
Consumer Research (GfK), Nuremberg, Germany Corinna Feldmann Agricultural and Food Marketing,
University of Kassel, Witzenhausen, Germany Ulrich Hamm Agricultural and Food Marketing, University
of Kassel, Witzenhausen, Germany . 2014. Why regular buyers of organic food still buy many conventional
products. British Food Journal 116:3, 390-404. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
111. Beate Irene Goetzke Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development – Marketing of Food
and Agricultural Products, Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany Achim Spiller
Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Georg-August University of Goettingen, Goettingen,
Germany . 2014. Health-improving lifestyles of organic and functional food consumers. British Food
112. Klaus-Peter Wiedmann Institute of Marketing & Management, Leibniz University of Hannover,
Hannover, Germany Nadine Hennigs Institute of Marketing & Management, Leibniz University
of Hannover, Hannover, Germany Stefan Henrik Behrens Institute of Marketing & Management,
Leibniz University of Hannover, Hannover, Germany Christiane Klarmann Institute of Marketing
& Management, Leibniz University of Hannover, Hannover, Germany . 2014. Tasting green: an
experimental design for investigating consumer perception of organic wine. British Food Journal 116:2,
197-211. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
113. Alessio Emanuele Biondo. 2014. Organic Food and the Double Adverse Selection: Ignorance and Social
Welfare. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems 38:2, 230-242. [CrossRef]
114. P.K. Nicholas, S. Mandolesi, S. Naspetti, R. Zanoli. 2014. Innovations in low input and organic dairy
supply chains—What is acceptable in Europe?. Journal of Dairy Science 97:2, 1157-1167. [CrossRef]
115. Erin Redman, Aaron Redman. 2014. Transforming sustainable food and waste behaviors by realigning
domains of knowledge in our education system. Journal of Cleaner Production 64, 147-157. [CrossRef]
116. K.G. Grunert, H.C.M. van TrijpConsumer-Oriented New Product Development 375-386. [CrossRef]
117. Ioannis Kareklas, Jeffrey R. Carlson, Darrel D. Muehling. 2014. “I Eat Organic for My Benefit and
Yours”: Egoistic and Altruistic Considerations for Purchasing Organic Food and Their Implications for
Advertising Strategists. Journal of Advertising 43:1, 18-32. [CrossRef]
118. Tiziano Razzolini. 2013. How much trustworthy and salubrious an organic jam should be? The impact
of organic logo on the Italian jam market. Food Policy 43, 1-13. [CrossRef]
119. Johannes Kahl, Aneta Załęcka, Angelika Ploeger, Susanne Bügel, Machteld HuberFunctional Food and
Organic Food are Competing Rather than Supporting Concepts in Europe 201-211. [CrossRef]
120. Genaro C. Miranda-de la Lama, Wilmer S. Sepúlveda, Morris Villarroel, Gustavo A. María. 2013.
Attitudes of meat retailers to animal welfare in Spain. Meat Science 95:3, 569-575. [CrossRef]
121. Shiu-Wan Hung Department of Business Administration, National Central University, Jung-Li City,
Taiwan Jia-Zhi Lin Department of Business Administration, National Central University, Jung-Li City,
Taiwan Ping-Chuan Chen Department of Business Administration, National Central University, Jung-
Li City, Taiwan . 2013. How social capital influences health community members' adoption of organic
foods. British Food Journal 115:11, 1564-1582. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
122. Mohan Kathuria Lalit Department of Business Management, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana,
India Gill Paramjeet The Federal Bank Ltd, New Delhi, India . 2013. Purchase of branded commodity
food products: empirical evidence from India. British Food Journal 115:9, 1255-1280. [Abstract] [Full
Text] [PDF]
123. Thomas Bøker Lund, Laura Mørch Andersen, Katherine O'Doherty Jensen. 2013. The Emergence of
Diverse Organic Consumers: Does a Mature Market Undermine the Search for Alternative Products?.
Sociologia Ruralis n/a-n/a. [CrossRef]
124. YeoYm Yoon, Kyungja Kim. 2013. A Qualitative Study on Consumers' Perceptions of Food Safety Risk
Factors. Journal of Korean Home Management Association 31:4, 15-31. [CrossRef]
125. Hans H. Bauer, Daniel Heinrich, Daniela B. Schäfer. 2013. The effects of organic labels on global, local,
and private brands. Journal of Business Research 66:8, 1035-1043. [CrossRef]
126. Jean C. DarianDepartment of Marketing, Advertising and Legal Studies, Rider University, Lawrenceville,
New Jersey, USA Louis TucciDepartment of Management and Marketing, The College of New Jersey,
Ewing, New Jersey, USA. 2013. Developing marketing strategies to increase vegetable consumption.
Journal of Consumer Marketing 30:5, 427-435. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
127. Annika H. Holmbom, Peter Sarlin, Zhiyuan Yao, Tomas Eklund, Barbro BackVisual Data-Driven
Profiling of Green Consumers 291-298. [CrossRef]
128. Clare Hall, Felipe Osses. 2013. A review to inform understanding of the use of food safety messages on
food labels. International Journal of Consumer Studies 37:4, 422-432. [CrossRef]
129. Efstratios LoizouDepartment of Agricultural Products Marketing and Quality Control, Technological
Educational Institution of Western Macedonia, Florina, Greece Anastasios MichailidisDepartment
of Agricultural Economics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece Fotios
ChatzitheodoridisDepartment of Agricultural Products Marketing and Quality Control, Technological
Educational Institution of Western Macedonia, Florina, Greece. 2013. Investigating the drivers that
influence the adoption of differentiated food products. British Food Journal 115:7, 917-935. [Abstract]
[Full Text] [PDF]
130. Erifili Papista, Athanasios Krystallis. 2013. Investigating the Types of Value and Cost of Green Brands:
Proposition of a Conceptual Framework. Journal of Business Ethics 115:1, 75-92. [CrossRef]
131. Sandra Rousseau, Liesbet Vranken. 2013. Green market expansion by reducing information asymmetries:
Evidence for labeled organic food products. Food Policy 40, 31-43. [CrossRef]
132. Vega-Zamora Manuela, Parras-Rosa Manuel, M. Murgado-Armenteros Eva, Torres-Ruiz Francisco José.
2013. The Influence of the Term ‘Organic’ on Organic Food Purchasing Behavior. Procedia - Social and
Behavioral Sciences 81, 660-671. [CrossRef]
133. Carlos Padilla Bravo, Anette Cordts, Birgit Schulze, Achim Spiller. 2013. Assessing determinants of
organic food consumption using data from the German National Nutrition Survey II. Food Quality and
Preference 28:1, 60-70. [CrossRef]
134. Ellen J. Van Loo, My Nguyen Hoang Diem, Zuzanna Pieniak, Wim Verbeke. 2013. Consumer attitudes,
knowledge, and consumption of organic yogurt. Journal of Dairy Science 96:4, 2118-2129. [CrossRef]
135. Jay M. Lillywhite, Mohammad Al-Oun, Jennifer E. Simonsen. 2013. Examining Organic Food Purchases
and Preferences Within Jordan. Journal of International Food & Agribusiness Marketing 25:2, 103-121.
[CrossRef]
136. Michael A. Long, Douglas L. Murray. 2013. Ethical Consumption, Values Convergence/Divergence and
Community Development. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 26:2, 351-375. [CrossRef]
137. R. Zanoli, R. Scarpa, F. Napolitano, E. Piasentier, S. Naspetti, V. Bruschi. 2013. Organic label as an
identifier of environmentally related quality: A consumer choice experiment on beef in Italy. Renewable
Agriculture and Food Systems 28:01, 70-79. [CrossRef]
138. Katrin Zander, Hanna Stolz, Ulrich Hamm. 2013. Promising ethical arguments for product differentiation
in the organic food sector. A mixed methods research approach. Appetite 62, 133-142. [CrossRef]
139. Mariana Schievano Danelon, Elisabete Salay. 2012. Perceived physical risk and risk-reducing strategies in
the consumption of raw vegetable salads in restaurants. Food Control 28:2, 412-419. [CrossRef]
140. Johannes Kahl, Aneta Załęcka, Angelika Ploeger, Susanne Bügel, Machteld Huber. 2012. Functional Food
and Organic Food are Competing Rather than Supporting Concepts in Europe. Agriculture 2:4, 316-324.
[CrossRef]
141. Lukas Zagata, Michal Lostak. 2012. In Goodness We Trust. The Role of Trust and Institutions
Underpinning Trust in the Organic Food Market. Sociologia Ruralis 52:4, 470-487. [CrossRef]
142. N. H. M. Azam, N. Othman, R. Musa, F. AbdulFatah, A. AwalDeterminants of organic food purchase
intention 748-753. [CrossRef]
143. Lukas Zagata. 2012. Consumers’ beliefs and behavioural intentions towards organic food. Evidence from
the Czech Republic. Appetite 59:1, 81-89. [CrossRef]
144. Lee-Ann Sutherland, Ika Darnhofer. 2012. Of organic farmers and ‘good farmers’: Changing habitus in
rural England. Journal of Rural Studies 28:3, 232-240. [CrossRef]
145. Meike Janssen, Ulrich Hamm. 2012. Product labelling in the market for organic food: Consumer
preferences and willingness-to-pay for different organic certification logos. Food Quality and Preference
25:1, 9-22. [CrossRef]
146. Jue Chen, Antonio Lobo. 2012. Organic food products in China: determinants of consumers’ purchase
intentions. The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research 22:3, 293-314.
[CrossRef]
147. Karthik Sridhar, Ram Bezawada, Minakshi Trivedi. 2012. Investigating the Drivers of Consumer Cross-
Category Learning for New Products Using Multiple Data Sets. Marketing Science 31:4, 668-688.
[CrossRef]
148. Shih‐Jui TungGraduate Institute of Bio‐Industry Management, National Chung‐Hsing University,
Taichung, Taiwan Ching‐Chun ShihDepartment of Beauty Science, Chienkuo Technology University,
Changhua, Taiwan Sherrie WeiDepartment of International Business Administration, Chienkuo
Technology University, Changhua, Taiwan Yu‐Hua ChenDepartment of Bio‐Industry Communication
and Development, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. 2012. Attitudinal inconsistency toward
organic food in relation to purchasing intention and behavior. British Food Journal 114:7, 997-1015.
149. R. Olivas, R. Bernabéu. 2012. Men’s and women’s attitudes toward organic food consumption. A Spanish
case study. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 10:2, 281. [CrossRef]
150. Thien T. TruongCésar Ritz Colleges Switzerland, Brig, Switzerland Matthew H.T. YapCésar Ritz
Colleges Switzerland, Brig, Switzerland Elizabeth M. InesonManchester Metropolitan University,
Manchester, UK. 2012. Potential Vietnamese consumers' perceptions of organic foods. British Food Journal
151. John Thøgersen, Anne-Katrine Jørgensen, Sara Sandager. 2012. Consumer Decision Making Regarding
a “Green” Everyday Product. Psychology and Marketing 29:4, 187-197. [CrossRef]
152. Meike JanssenDepartment of Agricultural and Food Marketing, Faculty of Organic Agricultural Sciences,
University of Kassel, Witzenhausen, Germany Ulrich HammDepartment of Agricultural and Food
Marketing, Faculty of Organic Agricultural Sciences, University of Kassel, Witzenhausen, Germany. 2012.
The mandatory EU logo for organic food: consumer perceptions. British Food Journal 114:3, 335-352.
153. Thomas Jägel, Kathy Keeling, Alexander Reppel, Thorsten Gruber. 2012. Individual values and
motivational complexities in ethical clothing consumption: A means-end approach. Journal of Marketing
Management 28:3-4, 373-396. [CrossRef]
154. Maura Franchi. 2012. Food choice: beyond the chemical content. International Journal of Food Sciences
and Nutrition 63:sup1, 17-28. [CrossRef]
155. Ellen J. Van Loo, Vincenzina Caputo, Rodolfo M. Nayga, Maurizio Canavari, Steven C. RickeOrganic
Meat Marketing 67-85. [CrossRef]
156. Yoon Jin MaDepartment of Family and Consumer Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois,
USA Mary A. LittrellDepartment of Design and Merchandising, Colorado State University, Fort
Collins, New Mexico, USA Linda NiehmDepartment of Apparel, Educational Studies and Hospitality
Management, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA. 2012. Young female consumers' intentions toward
fair trade consumption. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management 40:1, 41-63. [Abstract]
[Full Text] [PDF]
157. Farah Ayuni Shafie, Denise Rennie. 2012. Consumer Perceptions Towards Organic Food. Procedia - Social
and Behavioral Sciences 49, 360-367. [CrossRef]
158. Leila Hamzaoui-Essoussi, Mehdi Zahaf. 2012. Canadian Organic Food Consumers' Profile and Their
Willingness to Pay Premium Prices. Journal of International Food & Agribusiness Marketing 24:1, 1-21.
[CrossRef]
159. P. Midmore, M. Francois, M. Ness. 2011. Trans-European comparison of motivations and attitudes of
occasional consumers of organic products. NJAS - Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences 58:3-4, 73-78.
[CrossRef]
160. Hanna Stolz, Matthias Stolze, Meike Janssen, Ulrich Hamm. 2011. Preferences and determinants for
organic, conventional and conventional-plus products – The case of occasional organic consumers. Food
Quality and Preference 22:8, 772-779. [CrossRef]
161. Christina Tobler, Vivianne H.M. Visschers, Michael Siegrist. 2011. Eating green. Consumers’ willingness
to adopt ecological food consumption behaviors. Appetite 57:3, 674-682. [CrossRef]
162. H. Stolz, M. Stolze, U. Hamm, M. Janssen, E. Ruto. 2011. Consumer attitudes towards organic versus
conventional food with specific quality attributes. NJAS - Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences 58:3-4,
67-72. [CrossRef]
163. Joris AertsensBased at the Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering,
Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium and VITO, Flemish Institute of Technology Research, Boeretang,
Belgium Koen MondelaersBased at the Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO),
Merelbeke, Belgium Wim Verbeke(Information about the authors can be found at the end of the article.)
Jeroen BuysseBased at the Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering,
Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium Guido Van HuylenbroeckBased at the Department of Agricultural
Economics, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. 2011. The influence
of subjective and objective knowledge on attitude, motivations and consumption of organic food. British
164. Anne Holst Andersen. 2011. Organic food and the plural moralities of food provisioning. Journal of Rural
165. Jean C. DarianRider University, Lawrenceville, New Jersey, USA Louis TucciDepartment of Management
and Marketing, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, New Jersey, USA. 2011. Perceived health benefits and
food purchasing decisions. Journal of Consumer Marketing 28:6, 421-428. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
166. 최최최, Young Gook Kim. 2011. The Relationships of Consumers’ Objective Knowledge, Subjective
Knowledge, Risk Perception and Purchase Intention of Organic Food : A Mediating Effect of Risk
Perception towards Food Safety. Culinary Science & Hospitality Research 17:4, 153-168. [CrossRef]
167. Elin RöösDepartment of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala,
Sweden Heléne TjärnemoDepartment of Work Science, Business Economics and Environmental
Psychology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden. 2011. Challenges of carbon
labelling of food products: a consumer research perspective. British Food Journal 113:8, 982-996.
168. Salvador Ruiz de Maya, Inés López-López, José Luis Munuera. 2011. Organic food consumption
in Europe: International segmentation based on value system differences. Ecological Economics 70:10,
1767-1775. [CrossRef]
169. Jos Bartels, Karen Hoogendam. 2011. The role of social identity and attitudes toward sustainability brands
in buying behaviors for organic products. Journal of Brand Management 18:S9, 697-708. [CrossRef]
170. Angelika RieferDepartment of Agricultural and Food Marketing, University of Kassel, Witzenhausen,
Germany Ulrich HammDepartment of Agricultural and Food Marketing, University of Kassel,
Witzenhausen, Germany. 2011. Organic food consumption in families with juvenile children. British Food
171. David Pearson, Joanna Henryks, Hannah Jones. 2011. Organic food: What we know (and do not know)
about consumers. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 26:02, 171-177. [CrossRef]
172. B. C. Briggeman, J. L. Lusk. 2011. Preferences for fairness and equity in the food system. European
Review of Agricultural Economics 38:1, 1-29. [CrossRef]
173. Sanda Renko and Claudio VignaliSylwia Żakowska‐BiemansDepartment of Organization and Economics,
Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
2011. Polish consumer food choices and beliefs about organic food. British Food Journal 113:1, 122-137.
174. Hee Yeon KimDepartment of Consumer Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
Jae‐Eun ChungDepartment of Consumer Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
2011. Consumer purchase intention for organic personal care products. Journal of Consumer Marketing
175. Anne C. Bellows, Gabriela Alcaraz V., William K. Hallman. 2010. Gender and food, a study of attitudes
in the USA towards organic, local, U.S. grown, and GM-free foods. Appetite 55:3, 540-550. [CrossRef]
176. Zuzanna Pieniak, Joris Aertsens, Wim Verbeke. 2010. Subjective and objective knowledge as determinants
of organic vegetables consumption. Food Quality and Preference 21:6, 581-588. [CrossRef]
177. Somnath ChakrabartiInstitute of Management Technology, Ghaziabad, India. 2010. Factors influencing
organic food purchase in India – expert survey insights. British Food Journal 112:8, 902-915. [Abstract]
[Full Text] [PDF]
178. Shijiu Yin, Linhai Wu, Lili Du, Mo Chen. 2010. Consumers' purchase intention of organic food in China.
Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 90:8, 1361-1367. [CrossRef]
179. Lorenz Probst, Lisa Aigelsperger, Michael Hauser. 2010. Consumer Attitudes towards Vegetable
Attributes: Potential Buyers of Pesticide-Free Vegetables in Accra and Kumasi, Ghana. Ecology of Food and
Nutrition 49:3, 228-245. [CrossRef]
180. Samantha Smith, Angela Paladino. 2010. Eating clean and green? Investigating consumer motivations
towards the purchase of organic food. Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ) 18:2, 93-104. [CrossRef]
181. Ika Darnhofer, Thomas Lindenthal, Ruth Bartel-Kratochvil, Werner Zollitsch. 2010. Conventionalisation
of organic farming practices: from structural criteria towards an assessment based on organic principles.
A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development 30:1, 67-81. [CrossRef]
182. Gianluigi Guido, M. Irene Prete, Alessandro M. Peluso, R. Christian Maloumby-Baka, Carolina Buffa.
2010. The role of ethics and product personality in the intention to purchase organic food products: a
structural equation modeling approach. International Review of Economics 57:1, 79-102. [CrossRef]
183. Su-Huey Quah, Andrew K. G. Tan. 2009. Consumer Purchase Decisions of Organic Food Products: An
Ethnic Analysis. Journal of International Consumer Marketing 22:1, 47-58. [CrossRef]
184. Jae Bong Chang, Jayson L. Lusk. 2009. Fairness and food choice. Food Policy 34:6, 483-491. [CrossRef]
185. Molly J. Dahm, Aurelia V. Samonte, Amy R. Shows. 2009. Organic Foods: Do Eco-Friendly Attitudes
Predict Eco-Friendly Behaviors?. Journal of American College Health 58:3, 195-202. [CrossRef]
186. Soyoung Kim, Yoo-Kyoung Seock. 2009. Impacts of health and environmental consciousness on young
female consumers' attitude towards and purchase of natural beauty products. International Journal of
Consumer Studies 33:6, 627-638. [CrossRef]
187. Shu‐Hwa LinUniversity of Hawaii at Ma¯noa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA. 2009. Exploratory evaluation of
potential and current consumers of organic cotton in Hawaii. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics
188. G. van Huylenbroek, K. Mondelaers and J. AertsensJoris AertsensFaculty of Bioscience Engineering,
Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium Wim VerbekeFaculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University,
Ghent, Belgium Koen MondelaersFaculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
Guido Van HuylenbroeckFaculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. 2009.
Personal determinants of organic food consumption: a review. British Food Journal 111:10, 1140-1167.
189. Su Huey Quah, Andrew K. G. Tan. 2009. A Heckman Sample Selection Approach to the Demand for
Organic Food Products: An Exploratory Study Using Penang Data. Journal of Food Products Marketing
15:4, 406-419. [CrossRef]
190. Leila Hamzaoui EssoussiTelfer School of Management, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada Mehdi
ZahafFaculty of Business Administration, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Canada. 2009. Exploring
the decision‐making process of Canadian organic food consumers. Qualitative Market Research: An
International Journal 12:4, 443-459. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
191. Anssi Tarkiainen, Sanna Sundqvist. 2009. Product involvement in organic food consumption: Does
ideology meet practice?. Psychology and Marketing 26:9, 844-863. [CrossRef]
192. Matt Reed. 2009. For whom? – The governance of organic food and farming in the UK. Food Policy
34:3, 280-286. [CrossRef]
193. Svein Ottar OlsenDepartment of Social Science and Marketing, Norwegian College of Fishery
Science, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway Nina PrebensenDepartment of Social Science and
Marketing, Norwegian College of Fishery Science, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway Thomas A.
LarsenDepartment of Social Science and Marketing, Norwegian College of Fishery Science, University
of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway. 2009. Including ambivalence as a basis for benefit segmentation. European
Journal of Marketing 43:5/6, 762-783. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
194. Andrew P. BarnesLand Economy Research Group, Scottish Agricultural College, Edinburgh, UK
Petra VergunstLand Economy Research Group, Scottish Agricultural College, Edinburgh, UK Kairsty
ToppLand Economy Research Group, Scottish Agricultural College, Edinburgh, UK. 2009. Assessing the
consumer perception of the term “organic”: a citizens' jury approach. British Food Journal 111:2, 155-164.
195. Jayson L. Lusk, Brian C. Briggeman. 2009. Food Values. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 91:1,
184-196. [CrossRef]
196. Guy Cook, Matt Reed, Alison Twiner. 2009. “But it's all true!”: commercialism and commitment in the
discourse of organic food promotion. Text & Talk - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Language, Discourse
Communication Studies 29:2, 151-173. [CrossRef]
197. Azucena Gracia, Tiziana de Magistris. 2008. The demand for organic foods in the South of Italy: A
discrete choice model. Food Policy 33:5, 386-396. [CrossRef]
198. Tiziana de MagistrisCentro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón, Unidad de
Economía Agraria, Zaragoza, Spain Azucena GraciaCentro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria
de Aragón, Unidad de Economía Agraria, Zaragoza, Spain. 2008. The decision to buy organic food
products in Southern Italy. British Food Journal 110:9, 929-947. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
199. Athanasios Krystallis, George Maglaras, Spyridon Mamalis. 2008. Motivations and cognitive structures of
consumers in their purchasing of functional foods. Food Quality and Preference 19:6, 525-538. [CrossRef]
200. Oliver M. Freestone, Peter J. McGoldrick. 2008. Motivations of the Ethical Consumer. Journal of Business
Ethics 79:4, 445-467. [CrossRef]
201. Peter J. McGoldrick, Oliver M. Freestone. 2008. Ethical product premiums: antecedents and extent of
consumers' willingness to pay. The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research
18:2, 185-201. [CrossRef]
202. Adam Lindgreen, Martin Hingley and Jacques TrienekensMarja‐Riitta KottilaUniversity of Helsinki,
Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Department of Applied Biology, Helsinki, Finland Päivi
RönniUniversity of Helsinki, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Department of Economics and
Management, Helsinki, Finland. 2008. Collaboration and trust in two organic food chains. British Food
Journal 110:4/5, 376-394. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
203. Birgit Roitner-Schobesberger, Ika Darnhofer, Suthichai Somsook, Christian R. Vogl. 2008. Consumer
perceptions of organic foods in Bangkok, Thailand. Food Policy 33:2, 112-121. [CrossRef]
204. John M. Jemison Jr, Peter Sexton, Mary Ellen Camire. 2008. Factors Influencing Consumer Preference
of Fresh Potato Varieties in Maine. American Journal of Potato Research 85:2, 140-149. [CrossRef]
205. Sarah Ann Wheeler. 2008. What influences agricultural professionals' views towards organic agriculture?.
Ecological Economics 65:1, 145-154. [CrossRef]

206. Sally Eden, Christopher Bear, Gordon Walker. 2008. Mucky carrots and other proxies: Problematising
the knowledge-fix for sustainable and ethical consumption. Geoforum 39:2, 1044-1057. [CrossRef]
207. Nina Michaelidou, Louise M. Hassan. 2008. The role of health consciousness, food safety concern and
ethical identity on attitudes and intentions towards organic food. International Journal of Consumer Studies
32:2, 163-170. [CrossRef]
208. Efthimia TsakiridouDepartment of Agricultural Economics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki,
Thessaloniki, Greece Christina BoutsoukiDepartment of Economics, Aristotle University of
Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece Yorgos ZotosDepartment of Economics, Aristotle University of
Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece Kostantinos MattasDepartment of Agricultural Economics, Aristotle
University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece. 2008. Attitudes and behaviour towards organic
products: an exploratory study. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management 36:2, 158-175.
209. Dr Adam Lindgreen and Dr Martin HingleyHull University, UK and Harper Adams University College,
UKEgil Petter StræteCentre for Rural Research, Trondheim, Norway. 2008. Modes of qualities in
development of speciality food. British Food Journal 110:1, 62-75. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
210. Oliver Moore. 2008. How embedded are organic fresh fruit and vegetables at Irish farmers' markets and
what does the answer say about the organic movement? An exploration, using three models. International
Journal of Agricultural Resources, Governance and Ecology 7:1/2, 144. [CrossRef]
211. C. Michael Hall, Richard Mitchell, David Scott, Liz SharplesThe authentic market experience of farmers’
markets 195-231. [CrossRef]
212. Derk Jan Stobbelaar, Gerda Casimir, Josine Borghuis, Inge Marks, Laurens Meijer, Simone Zebeda. 2007.
Adolescents? attitudes towards organic food: a survey of 15- to 16-year old school children. International
Journal of Consumer Studies 31:4, 349-356. [CrossRef]
213. Oliver Moore. 2006. Understanding postorganic fresh fruit and vegetable consumers at participatory
farmers' markets in Ireland: reflexivity, trust and social movements. International Journal of Consumer
214. Enrique Bernal Jurado, Adoración Mozas Moral, Miguel J. Medina ViruelInternet as a Sales Channel for
the Agri-Food Sector 15-29. [CrossRef]
215. Miguel Llorens, Sonia CarcelénThe Role of Private Labels in the Organic Food Market 359-387.
[CrossRef]
216. Evelyn Chronis, Qiang Lu, Rohan MillerSocial Media, Customer Relationship Management, and
Consumers' Organic Food Purchase Behavior 198-215. [CrossRef]

Padel2005 PDF

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Padel2005 PDF

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

British Food Journal

Downloaded on: 05 November 2016, At: 04:54 (PT)

*Related content and download information correct at time of download.

Countryside and Community Research Unit, University of Gloucestershire,

Organic food and the consumer

Who is the organic shopper?

London (TNS, 2004).

Attitudes and motives to buy organic

1999 MORI 2002 TNS 2004 NOP1: 1

Knowledge and information

continuing importance to them are ethically-based motives relating to the environment

Empirical research approach

re-accepted as a valuable method in academic research, including the area of policy

Regular Children , 14 Full-time Academic Age (years)

of products with particular attributes as a means to reach an objective or end. In other

Initial associations with the term organic

Why consumers buy organic food

products (fruit and vegetables and, to a lesser extent, dairy products).

Important barriers 619

Trust builders: certification and labelling

inspections of farms), and rigorous enforcement of the rules to counteract fraud.

Discussion and conclusions

Journal 118:12. . [Abstract] [PDF]

Ecological Economics 65:1, 145-154. [CrossRef]

Вам также может понравиться