Академический Документы
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I. PRE-COLONIAL LITERATURE
A. Characteristics
1. The literature of a formative past by the various groups of people who inhabited the archipelago
2. Based on oral traditions. The verses were addressed to the ears rather than the eyes
3. Crude on ideology and phraseology
4. Verses composed and sung were regarded as group property
B. Literary Forms
1. Riddle or Bugtong
Made up of one or more measured lines with rhymes and may consist of 4 to 12 syllables
Showcase the Filipino wit, literary talent, and keen observation of the surroundings
Involves reference to one or two images that symbolize the characteristics of an unknown object that is to be
guessed
Purpose of Bugtong
To entertain. Living in remote areas, before the advent of electricity, families would sit around the fire and the
elders would quiz the younger generation with riddles.
Malaking supot ni Mang Jacob, kung sisidlan ay pataob.
To educate. Riddles serve the function of passing down knowledge from one generation to the next. They
require thinking in order to solve them.
Lupa, tubig at kalawakan. Tirahan ng sangkatauhan
To titillate. Many old Filipino riddles contain double entendres that were intended to amuse the men and shock
the women.
Isa ang pasukan, tatlo ang labasan.
To curse, without expressly cursing. A riddle could be made up against an enemy, rival town, or suitor.
To preserve the culture. Riddles communicate the old ways from one generation to the next.
Salawikain
Kapag hindi ukol, hindi bubukol.
Ang mabigat ay gumagaan kapag pinagtutulungan
a form of folk lyric which expresses the people’s hopes, aspirations, and lifestyles
repetitive and sonorous, didactic and naive
traditional songs and melodies
inspired by the reaction of the people to their environment
Examples:
uyayi – lullaby
komintang – war song
kundiman – melancholic love song
harana – serenade
tagay – drinking song
mambayu – Kalinga rice-pounding song
subli – dance-ritual song of courtship /marriage
Tagulaylay- songs of the dead
11. Ambahan –still chanted by the Mangyans. These are songs about nature, childhood, human relationships, hospitality-
songs were inscribed on bamboo tubes
12. Duplo–verbal jousts/games-played at a funeral wake
13. Balagtasan –debate in verse and in prose
B. LITERARY FORMS
1. Religious Literature - Religious lyrics written by ladino poets or those versed in both Spanish and Tagalog were included in
early catechism and were used to teach Filipinos the Spanish language.
a. Pasyon – long narrative poem about the passion and death of Christ. The most popular was “Ang Mahal na Passion
ni Jesu Cristong Panignoon Natin” by Aguino de Belen
b. Senakulo – dramatization of the pasyon, it shows the passion and death of Christ
B. Literary Forms
1. Propaganda Literature - Reformatory in objective
a. Political Essays – satires, editorials and news articles were written to attack and expose the evils of Spanish rule
Diariong Tagalog – founded by Marcelo del Pilar
La Solidaridad – whose editor-in-chief is Graciano Lopez-Jaena
b. Political Novels
Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo – Jose Rizal’s masterpieces that paved the way to the revolution
2. Revolutionary Literature – more propagandistic than literary as it is more violent in nature and demanded complete
independence for the country
a. Political Essays – helped inflame the spirit of revolutionists.
Kalayaan – newspaper of the society, edited by Emilio Jacinto
b. Poetry
True Decalogue – Apolinario Mabini
Katapusang Hibik ng Pilipinas –Andres Bonifacio
Liwanag at Dilim – Emilio Jacinto
Short Stories
Dead Stars – Paz Marquez Benitez
The Key – Paz Latorena
Footnote to Youth – Jose Garcia Villa
Novels
Child of Sorrow – first novel in English, by Zoilo Galang
I. Supply the missing information. Write your answers on the blanks provided.1 point each.
II. Enumerate what is being asked. Use the back page of your paper. 1 point each.
B. 5 purposes of riddles
C. 3 purposes of salawikain
D. 5 other literary forms during the Pre-colonial period aside from riddles and salawikain
E. 2 examples of metrical tales
F. 5 examples of folk songs
G. 2 characteristics of Philippine Literature during the Spanish Period
H. 3 secular literary forms
I. 2 examples of works written to prescribe proper decorum
J. 3 characteristics of the Nationalistic Period
K. 3 poems and their authors written during the abovementioned period
L. 3 short stories and their authors written during the American Colonial Period
M. 6 awardees of the Palanca Awards for Literature