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1 21st Century Literature of the Philippines

HISTORY OF PHILIPPINE LITERATURE


History of Philippine Literature
Philippine Literature is a diverse and rich group of works that has evolved side-by-side with the country’s history. Literature had
started with fables and legends made by the ancient Filipinos long before the arrival of Spanish influence.

Timeline of Philippine Literature


1. Pre-Colonial Period
2. Spanish Colonial Period (Mid-16th – late 19th century)
3. American Colonial Period (Late 19th – Mid-20th century)
4. Japanese Colonial Period (1942 - 1960)
5. The Contemporary Period

I. PRE-COLONIAL LITERATURE

A. Characteristics
1. The literature of a formative past by the various groups of people who inhabited the archipelago
2. Based on oral traditions. The verses were addressed to the ears rather than the eyes
3. Crude on ideology and phraseology
4. Verses composed and sung were regarded as group property

B. Literary Forms
1. Riddle or Bugtong
 Made up of one or more measured lines with rhymes and may consist of 4 to 12 syllables
 Showcase the Filipino wit, literary talent, and keen observation of the surroundings
 Involves reference to one or two images that symbolize the characteristics of an unknown object that is to be
guessed

Purpose of Bugtong
 To entertain. Living in remote areas, before the advent of electricity, families would sit around the fire and the
elders would quiz the younger generation with riddles.
Malaking supot ni Mang Jacob, kung sisidlan ay pataob.
 To educate. Riddles serve the function of passing down knowledge from one generation to the next. They
require thinking in order to solve them.
Lupa, tubig at kalawakan. Tirahan ng sangkatauhan
 To titillate. Many old Filipino riddles contain double entendres that were intended to amuse the men and shock
the women.
Isa ang pasukan, tatlo ang labasan.
 To curse, without expressly cursing. A riddle could be made up against an enemy, rival town, or suitor.
 To preserve the culture. Riddles communicate the old ways from one generation to the next.

2. Salawikain and Sawikain


 Short poems that have been customarily been used and served as laws or rules on good behavior by our
ancestors
 Allegories or parables that impart lessons for the young
 Often expressing a single idea, that is usually satirical and had a witty ending
 Written riddle and proverb were written for several purposes:
o written around an idea or insight
o to teach a lesson
o to express a value or a view of the world
Examples:
Sawikain
kumukulo ang dugo - "blood is boiling" = is very angry
isulat sa tubig - "write on water" = forget about it

Salawikain
Kapag hindi ukol, hindi bubukol.
Ang mabigat ay gumagaan kapag pinagtutulungan

3. Bulong or chants - Used in witchcraft and enchantments


4. Tanaga
 often in monoryhming heptasyllabic lines
 speaks of values, of strength in pain
5. Epiko - narratives of sustained length based on oral tradition revolving around supernatural events or heroic deeds
6. Folk Tales and Myths – explain how the world was created, how certain animals possess certain characteristics, why
some places have waterfalls, volcanoes, mountains, flora or fauna. They also deal with underworld characters such as
“tiyanak”,“aswang”, “kapre” and others.
7. Legends – explain the origin of things Why the Pineapple Has Eyes The Legend of Maria Makiling
8. Fables – used animal characters and allegory
9. Ancient Metrical Tales
 Aliguyon - the exploits of Aliguyon as he battles his arch-enemy, Pambukhayon
 Biag ni Lam-Ang - tells of the adventures of Lam-Ang who exhibits extraordinary powers at a very early age.
 Ibalon - the story of three Bicol heroes: Baltog, Handiong, Bantiong
 Hinilawod - oldest and longest epic poem in Panay that tells the exploits of three Sulodnon demigod brothers,
Labaw Donggon, Humadapnon and Dumalapdap of ancient Panay
10. Folk songs
2 21st Century Literature of the Philippines

 a form of folk lyric which expresses the people’s hopes, aspirations, and lifestyles
 repetitive and sonorous, didactic and naive
 traditional songs and melodies
 inspired by the reaction of the people to their environment

Examples:
 uyayi – lullaby
 komintang – war song
 kundiman – melancholic love song
 harana – serenade
 tagay – drinking song
 mambayu – Kalinga rice-pounding song
 subli – dance-ritual song of courtship /marriage
 Tagulaylay- songs of the dead

11. Ambahan –still chanted by the Mangyans. These are songs about nature, childhood, human relationships, hospitality-
songs were inscribed on bamboo tubes
12. Duplo–verbal jousts/games-played at a funeral wake
13. Balagtasan –debate in verse and in prose

II. SPANISH COLONIZATION PERIOD


A. Characteristics
 Religious and secular
 It introduced Spanish as the medium of communication

B. LITERARY FORMS
1. Religious Literature - Religious lyrics written by ladino poets or those versed in both Spanish and Tagalog were included in
early catechism and were used to teach Filipinos the Spanish language.
a. Pasyon – long narrative poem about the passion and death of Christ. The most popular was “Ang Mahal na Passion
ni Jesu Cristong Panignoon Natin” by Aguino de Belen
b. Senakulo – dramatization of the pasyon, it shows the passion and death of Christ

2. Secular (non-religious) Literature


a. Awit - colorful tales of chivalry made for singing and chanting Example: Ibong Adarna
b. Korido – legendary metrical tale written in octosyllabic quatrains that usually details the life of a saint or the history of
a tradition Example: Florante at Laura by Francisco Baltazar
c. Prose Narratives – written to prescribe proper decorum
 Dialogo  Manual de Urbanidad
 Ejemplo  Tratado
Examples: Modesto de Castro's "Pagsusulatan ng Dalawang Binibini na si Urbana at si Feliza"
Joaquin Tuason's "Ang Bagong Robinson" (The New Robinson) in 1879
d. Moro-moro or Comedia de Capa y Espada – a blood-and-thunder melodrama depicting the conflict of Christians
and Muslims. It is usually about battles to the death and the proofs of faith wherein usually, the Christians emerge as
victors.
e. Carillo – a play that uses shadows as its main spectacle. This is created by animating figures made from cardboard,
which are projected on a white screen.
f. Tibag – a dramatic re-enactment of St. Helena’s search for the Cross
g. Duplo or Karagatan – native dramas that are connected to Catholic mourning rituals and harvest celebrations
h. Zarzuela – musical comedies or melodramas that deal with the elemental passions of human beings

C. NATIONALISTIC / PROPAGANDA AND REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD(1864 – 1896)


A. Characteristics
 Planted seeds of nationalism in Filipinos
 Language shifted from Spanish to Tagalog
 Addressed the masses instead of the “intelligentsia”

B. Literary Forms
1. Propaganda Literature - Reformatory in objective
a. Political Essays – satires, editorials and news articles were written to attack and expose the evils of Spanish rule
 Diariong Tagalog – founded by Marcelo del Pilar
 La Solidaridad – whose editor-in-chief is Graciano Lopez-Jaena
b. Political Novels
 Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo – Jose Rizal’s masterpieces that paved the way to the revolution
2. Revolutionary Literature – more propagandistic than literary as it is more violent in nature and demanded complete
independence for the country
a. Political Essays – helped inflame the spirit of revolutionists.
 Kalayaan – newspaper of the society, edited by Emilio Jacinto
b. Poetry
 True Decalogue – Apolinario Mabini
 Katapusang Hibik ng Pilipinas –Andres Bonifacio
 Liwanag at Dilim – Emilio Jacinto

III. AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD (1910 – 1945)


A. Period of Apprenticeship (1910-1930)
 Filipino Writers imitated English and American models
 Poems written were amateurish and mushy, which phrasing and diction is awkward and artificial.
 Literary works include:
3 21st Century Literature of the Philippines

 Short Stories
 Dead Stars – Paz Marquez Benitez
 The Key – Paz Latorena
 Footnote to Youth – Jose Garcia Villa
 Novels
 Child of Sorrow – first novel in English, by Zoilo Galang

B. Period of Emergence (1920-1930)


 Highly influenced by Western literary trends like Romanticism and Realism.
 Literary works include:
o Short Stories – most prevalent literary form
o Jose Garcia Villa – earned the international title “Poet of the Century”

IV. JAPANESE OCCUPATION (1942 - 1960)


A. War Years (1942-1944)
 Tagalog poets broke away from the Balagtas tradition and instead wrote in simple language and free verse
 Fiction prevailed over poetry
 Literary works include:
o Pinakamabuting Maikling Kathang Pilipino (1943) – compilation of the short story contest by the military
government.
o Suyuan sa Tubigan – Macario Pineda
o Lupang Tinubuan – Narciso Reyes
o Uhaw ang Tigang na Lupa – Liwayway Arceo

B. Period of Maturity and Originality (1945-1960)


 Bountiful harvest in poetry, fiction, drama and essay
 Filipino writers mastered English and familiarized themselves with diverse techniques
 Literary “giants” appeared
a. Palanca Awards for Literature - Jose Garcia Villa, Nick Joaquin, NVM Gonzales, Bienvenido Santos,
Gregorio Brillantes, Gilda Cordero Fernando
b. National Artist Awards - Jose Garcia Villa, Nick Joaquian

V. CONTEMPORARY/MODERN PERIOD (1960 – PRESENT)


A. Characteristics
 Martial Law repressed and curtailed human rights, including freedom of the press
 Writers used symbolisms and allegories to drive home their message, at the face of heavy censorship
 Theater was used as a vehicle for protest, such as the PETA (Phil. Educational Theater Association) and UP
Theater
 From the eighties onwards, writers continue to show dynamism and innovation

Name: ______________________________________________________ Grade 11 - _______________ Score: ___________

I. Supply the missing information. Write your answers on the blanks provided.1 point each.

1. Our country’s literature evolved side by side with its __________________________________.


2. It was during the ___________________________ period that verses were addressed to the ears rather than the eyes.
3. ____________________ showcase the Filipino wit, literary talent, and keen observation of the surroundings.
4. ______________________ expresses the people’s hopes, aspirations, and lifestyles.
5. ______________________ are songs about nature, childhood, human relationships, hospitality songs were inscribed on bamboo
tubes.
6. The most popular narrative poem about the passion and death of Christ was ____________________________________________ by
_______________________________.
7. This is created by animating figures made from cardboard, which are projected on a white screen.
__________________________________
8. Jose Rizal’s masterpieces that paved the way to the revolution were __________________________________ and
_________________________________________.
9. ___________________________ was known as the newspaper of the society.
10. ______________________________________ was the first novel in English, by Zoilo Galang.
11. “Poet of the Century” ________________________________________.
12. Fiction prevailed over poetry during the ________________________________________________.
13. _______________________________________ is a compilation of the short story contest by the military government.
14. Theater was used as a vehicle for protest during the ________________________________________.
15. Writers used ___________________________ and ______________________________ to drive home their message, at the face of
heavy censorship during the Martial Law.
16. Writers of the 80’s showed _____________________________ and ____________________________.
17. Itapon mo kahit saan, babalik sa pinanggalingan. _________________________________
18. Ang ulo’y nalalaga ang katawa’y pagala-gala. ______________________________
19. Alin sa mga santa ang apat ang paa? _______________________________
20. Kaya matibay ang ______________________, palibhasa'y nabibigkis.
21. Kunwaring matapang, bagkus _____________________ naman.
22. Walang naninira sa bakal kundi sariling ______________________________.

II. Enumerate what is being asked. Use the back page of your paper. 1 point each.

A. 5 periods of Philippine Literature


4 21st Century Literature of the Philippines

B. 5 purposes of riddles
C. 3 purposes of salawikain
D. 5 other literary forms during the Pre-colonial period aside from riddles and salawikain
E. 2 examples of metrical tales
F. 5 examples of folk songs
G. 2 characteristics of Philippine Literature during the Spanish Period
H. 3 secular literary forms
I. 2 examples of works written to prescribe proper decorum
J. 3 characteristics of the Nationalistic Period
K. 3 poems and their authors written during the abovementioned period
L. 3 short stories and their authors written during the American Colonial Period
M. 6 awardees of the Palanca Awards for Literature

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