LECTURE 9 - Serviceability Requirements On Beams

Serviceability Requirements for
Beams
Lecture #9
References:
1. W. MacGregor, “Reinforced Concrete Mechanics and Design”, 6th Ed
2. ACI 318M-08
3. McCormar and Brown, “Design of Reinforced Concrete”, 9th Ed
UP – Institute of Civil Engineering
Objectives
Lecture #9
Objectives and Review
SLS Introduction
Deflection
▪ Importance
▪ Control
▪ Calculations
▪ Stiffness, EI
▪ Remarks
Other Deflections
A. Sustained Loads
B. Damage to
Attachments
Cracking
▪ Control
▪ Flexural
▪ Shrinkage and
Temperature
Summary
2 IHST
Design Philosophies - Review

Lecture #9
 System of principles used for guidance in
SLS Introduction determining and providing acceptable
Deflection levels of safety against the possible
▪ Importance
▪ Control occurrence of limit states
▪ Calculations
▪ Stiffness, EI
▪ Remarks
▪ Limit states - conditions in which the
Other Deflections
structure becomes unfit for its intended
A. Sustained Loads
B. Damage to use. For RC structure
Attachments
1. Ultimate (Strength) limit states
Cracking
▪ Control 2. Serviceability limit states
▪ Flexural
▪ Shrinkage and 3. Special limit states
• Deflections
Temperature
• Cracking
Summary
• Vibration
3 IHST
Serviceability Limit States

Lecture #9
4 Parts of a Serviceability Limit State:
SLS Introduction  Statement of the limit state causing the
Deflection problem (deflections, cracking, vibrations, etc.)
▪ Importance
▪ Control  Load combinations – a load factor of 1.0 is
▪ Calculations
▪ Stiffness, EI
▪ Remarks
used on all service loads (same as assuming that
Other Deflections
all specified loads have the values that they
A. Sustained Loads
B. Damage to
would have at any time
Attachments
 Calculation procedure to check the limit
Cracking
▪ Control states – carried out using elastic analysis based
▪ Flexural
▪ Shrinkage and on average material properties
Temperature
 Criterion to judge when the limit state is
Summary
exceeded (limit state ≥ limiting value)
4 IHST
Serviceability Limit States - Deflection

Lecture #9
SLS Introduction
Deflection
▪ Importance
▪ Control
▪ Calculations Statement of the Limit State and Load Calculation Procedure
▪ Stiffness, EI Combination and Criteria
▪ Remarks
Other Deflections
A. Sustained Loads
B. Damage to
Attachments
Cracking
▪ Control
▪ Flexural
▪ Shrinkage and
Temperature
Summary
5 IHST
Droopy
Lecture #9
SLS Introduction
Deflection
▪ Importance
▪ Control
▪ Calculations
▪ Stiffness, EI
▪ Remarks
Other Deflections
A. Sustained Loads
B. Damage to
Attachments
Cracking
▪ Control
▪ Flexural
▪ Shrinkage and
Temperature
Summary
6 IHST
Serviceability Limit States - Cracking

Lecture #9
SLS Introduction
Deflection
▪ Importance
▪ Control
▪ Calculations
▪ Stiffness, EI
▪ Remarks
Other Deflections
A. Sustained Loads
B. Damage to
Attachments
Cracking
▪ Control
▪ Flexural
▪ Shrinkage and
Temperature
Summary
7 IHST
Serviceability Limit States - Vibration

Lecture #9
SLS Introduction
Deflection
▪ Importance
▪ Control
▪ Calculations
▪ Stiffness, EI
▪ Remarks
Other Deflections
A. Sustained Loads
B. Damage to
Attachments
Cracking
▪ Control
▪ Flexural
▪ Shrinkage and
Temperature
Summary
8 IHST
Deflection /Importance
Lecture #9
 Advanced structural systems with the use of
SLS Introduction high-strength materials
Deflection
▪ Importance
 e.g. Sagging of floors which may lead to
▪ Control
▪ Calculations
ponding
▪ Stiffness, EI
▪ Remarks
Other Deflections
A. Sustained Loads
B. Damage to
Attachments
Cracking
▪ Control
▪ Flexural
▪ Shrinkage and
Temperature
Summary
9 IHST
Deflection /Control
Lecture #9
 Increase beam depth but designers are
SLS Introduction always under pressure to keep members as
Deflection shallow as possible
▪ Importance
▪ Control
▪ Calculations
 The code usually control deflections by
▪ Stiffness, EI
▪ Remarks specifying certain minimum depths or
Other Deflections maximum permissible computed deflections
A. Sustained Loads
B. Damage to
Attachments
Recall: Minimum thickness
Cracking
NSCP Table 409-1. Minimum thickness of non-
▪ Control
▪ Flexural
prestressed beams or one-way slabs
▪ Shrinkage and
Temperature
NSCP Table 409-2. Maximum permissible
Summary
computed deflections
10 IHST
Deflection /Control (NSCP Table 409)

Lecture #9
SLS Introduction
Deflection
▪ Importance
▪ Control
▪ Calculations
▪ Stiffness, EI
▪ Remarks
Other Deflections
A. Sustained Loads
B. Damage to
Attachments
Cracking
▪ Control
▪ Flexural
▪ Shrinkage and
Temperature
Summary
11 IHST
Deflection /Control (ACI Table 9.5)

Lecture #9
SLS Introduction
Deflection
▪ Importance
▪ Control
▪ Calculations
▪ Stiffness, EI
▪ Remarks
Other Deflections
A. Sustained Loads
B. Damage to
Attachments
Cracking
▪ Control
▪ Flexural
▪ Shrinkage and
Temperature
Summary
12 IHST
Deflection /Calculations - Review

Lecture #9
 Instantaneous deflections
SLS Introduction
Deflection
▪ Importance
▪ Control
▪ Calculations
▪ Stiffness, EI
▪ Remarks
Other Deflections
A. Sustained Loads
B. Damage to
Attachments
Cracking
▪ Control
▪ Flexural
▪ Shrinkage and
Temperature
Summary
13 IHST

Lecture #9
 Instantaneous deflections
5𝑀𝑝𝑜𝑠 𝑙2
SLS Introduction
Deflection
Δ𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 =
48𝐸𝐼 *
▪ Importance
▪ Control 𝑃𝑙 3 𝑀𝑛𝑒𝑔 𝑙 2
▪ Calculations Δ𝑡𝑖𝑝 = =
▪ Stiffness, EI
3𝐸𝐼 3𝐸𝐼
▪ Remarks
𝜔𝑙 4 𝑀𝑛𝑒𝑔 𝑙 2
Other Deflections Δ𝑚𝑎𝑥 = =
8𝐸𝐼 4𝐸𝐼
A. Sustained Loads
B. Damage to
Attachments 𝜔𝑙 4
Δ𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 =
384𝐸𝐼
Cracking
▪ Control
▪ Flexural 𝑃𝑙 3 𝑀𝑝𝑜𝑠 𝑙2
▪ Shrinkage and Δ𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 = =
Temperature 192𝐸𝐼 24𝐸𝐼
Summary
𝑀𝑙 2
M Δ𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 =
16𝐸𝐼
*
14 IHST

Instantaneous
Lecture #9
deflections Deflection at midspan
For a continuous beam with unequal end moments
SLS Introduction
we compute the midspan deflection using
superposition
Deflection
▪ Importance
▪ Control
▪ Calculations
▪ Stiffness, EI
▪ Remarks Midspan moment Mm is
Other Deflections M1 M 2
A. Sustained Loads Mm = M0 + +
B. Damage to 2 2
Attachments
Expressing the deflection in terms of Mm, M1 and M2
Cracking
▪ Control
▪ Flexural
▪ Shrinkage and
Temperature
Note that for M0, M1 and M2:
Summary
❑ Should be given the correct algebraic sign
❑ Should all result from the same loading
❑ See next slide for moment values
15 IHST

Moment
Lecture #9
calculations
SLS Introduction
Deflection
▪ Importance
▪ Control
▪ Calculations
▪ Stiffness, EI
▪ Remarks
Other Deflections
A. Sustained Loads
B. Damage to
Attachments
Cracking
▪ Control
▪ Flexural
▪ Shrinkage and
Temperature
Summary
16 IHST
Deflection /Calculations
Lecture #9
Remarks
SLS Introduction 1. Deflection is therefore controlled by the
Deflection
▪ Importance
elastic stiffness, 𝐸𝐼, in general:
▪ Control 𝜔𝑙 4
▪ Calculations 𝛥=𝑐
▪ Stiffness, EI 𝐸𝐼
▪ Remarks
c is a variable constant depending on support condition
Other Deflections
A. Sustained Loads
B. Damage to
Attachments
2. Reinforced concrete is made up of
Cracking
▪ Control two materials (concrete and steel with
▪ Flexural
▪ Shrinkage and
Temperature
different values for E) with different stress
Summary
distribution, therefore, methods presented
are estimates only
17 IHST
𝜔𝑙 4
𝛥=𝑐
Deflection /Calculation of 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
Lecture #9
 Modulus of Elasticity, 𝐸
SLS Introduction
Deflection
▪ Importance
▪ Control
▪ Calculations
▪ Stiffness, EI
▪ Remarks
Other Deflections
A. Sustained Loads
B. Damage to
For normal weight concrete
Attachments
Cracking
▪ Control
▪ Flexural
𝐸𝑐 = 4700 𝑓𝑐′
▪ Shrinkage and
Temperature
𝐸𝑠 = 200,000 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Summary
𝑓𝑐′ in MPa
18 IHST
𝜔𝑙 4
𝛥=𝑐
Lecture #9
 Moment of Inertia, 𝐼
SLS Introduction
Deflection
▪ Importance Recall: Elastic bending
▪ Control
▪ Calculations ❑ Strains are linearly distributed along the
▪ Stiffness, EI
▪ Remarks depth of the member
Other Deflections ❑ Stresses are calculated from the strains using
A. Sustained Loads
B. Damage to
Attachments
𝜎 =𝐸×𝜀
Cracking ❑ Elastic Bending Equation, 𝜎 = 𝑀𝑦/𝐼
▪ Control
▪ Flexural
▪ Shrinkage and
Temperature
Summary
19 IHST
𝜔𝑙 4
𝛥=𝑐
Lecture #9
 Moment of Inertia, 𝐼
SLS Introduction
Deflection
▪ Importance ❑ Uncracked area, 𝐴𝑐 = 𝑛 − 1 𝐴𝑠
▪ Control
▪ Calculations ❑ Cracked area, 𝐴𝑐 = 𝑛𝐴𝑠
▪ Stiffness, EI
❑ Modular ratio, 𝑛 = 𝐸𝑠 /𝐸𝑐

▪ Remarks
Other Deflections
A. Sustained Loads
B. Damage to
Attachments
Once the beam is transformed, it would be easy
Cracking
▪ Control
▪ Flexural
to get the moment of inertia, 𝐼
▪ Shrinkage and
Temperature
Summary
20 IHST
𝜔𝑙 4
𝛥=𝑐
Problem 9.1 Moment of Inertia 𝐸𝐼
Lecture #9
❑ Cracked
Uncracked
section,
section,
𝐴𝑐𝐴=
𝑐 =
𝑛𝐴𝑠𝑛 − 1 𝐴𝑠
SLS Introduction
Deflection
▪ Importance
▪ Control
▪ Calculations
▪ Stiffness, EI
▪ Remarks
Other Deflections
A. Sustained Loads
B. Damage to
Attachments
Cracking
▪ Control
▪ Flexural
▪ Shrinkage and
Temperature
Summary
21 IHST
𝜔𝑙 4
𝛥=𝑐
Lecture #9
❑ Uncracked section, 𝐴𝑐 = 𝑛 − 1 𝐴𝑠
SLS Introduction A (mm2) ytop (mm) A*ytop (mm3)
Deflection Concrete 180,000.00 300.00 5.40E+07
▪ Importance
▪ Control Top Steel 4,398.23 60.00 2.64E+05
▪ Calculations
▪ Stiffness, EI
▪ Remarks
Bot Steel 8,796.46 535.00 4.71E+06
Other Deflections c = sum[A*ytop]/sum[A] c= 3.05E+02

A. Sustained Loads
B. Damage to parallel-axis theorem
Attachments 2
A (mm ) ybar (m) Iown-axis (mm4) A*ybar2 (mm4)
Cracking Concrete 180,000.00 5.24 5.40E+09 4.94E+06
▪ Control
▪ Flexural Top Steel 4,398.23 245.24 0.00E+00 2.65E+08
▪ Shrinkage and Bot Steel 8,796.46 -229.76 0.00E+00 4.64E+08
Temperature
Igt = 6.13E+09
Summary 13.5% inc.
fy = 420 MPa,
f ’c = 28 MPa
22 IHST
𝜔𝑙 4
𝛥=𝑐
Lecture #9
❑ Cracked, 𝐴𝑐 = 𝑛𝐴𝑠 Uncracked, A𝑐 = 𝑛 − 1 As
SLS Introduction A (mm2) y (mm) A*y (mm3)
Deflection Comp Conc 300*c c/2 150*c2
▪ Importance 4,398.23*c -
▪ Control Top Steel 4,398.23 c - 60
▪ Calculations
263,893.80
▪ Stiffness, EI 10,053.09*c -
▪ Remarks
Bot Steel 10,053.09 c - 535
5,378,355.00
Other Deflections
0 = sum[A*y] c= 151.67
A. Sustained Loads
B. Damage to parallel-axis theorem
Attachments 2
A (mm ) ybar (m) Iown-axis (mm4) A*ybar2 (mm4)
Cracking Comp Conc 45,501.00 75.84 8.72E+07 2.62E+08
▪ Control
▪ Flexural Top Steel 4,398.23 91.67 0.00E+00 3.70E+07
▪ Shrinkage and Bot Steel 10,053.09 -383.33 0.00E+00 1.48E+09
Temperature
Icr = 1.86E+09
Summary 30.3% of Igt
fy = 420 MPa,
f ’c = 28 MPa
23 IHST
𝜔𝑙 4
𝛥=𝑐
Lecture #9
SLS Introduction
Deflection
▪ Importance
▪ Control
▪ Calculations
▪ Stiffness, EI
▪ Remarks
Other Deflections
A. Sustained Loads
B. Damage to
Attachments
Cracking
▪ Control
▪ Flexural
▪ Shrinkage and
Temperature
Summary
http://www.ce.memphis.edu/4135/PDF/Notes/Chap_13_Deflection.pdf 24 IHST
𝜔𝑙 4
𝛥=𝑐
Lecture #9
Remarks
SLS Introduction 1. 𝐼𝑐𝑟 = cracked transformed moment of
Deflection
▪ Importance
Inertia
▪ Control
▪ Calculations
𝐼𝑔 = gross moment of inertia
▪ Stiffness, EI
▪ Remarks 2. 𝐼𝑒 = effective moment of inertia
Other Deflections
A. Sustained Loads
At points between cracking and yielding of
B. Damage to
Attachments
the steel, intermediate values of 𝐸𝐼 exist.
Cracking
▪ Control
▪ Flexural
▪ Shrinkage and
Temperature
Summary
25 IHST
𝜔𝑙 4
𝛥=𝑐
Lecture #9
 Variation of 𝐸𝐼 along the length
SLS Introduction
Deflection
▪ Importance
▪ Control
▪ Calculations
▪ Stiffness, EI
▪ Remarks
Other Deflections
A. Sustained Loads
B. Damage to
Attachments
Cracking
▪ Control
▪ Flexural
▪ Shrinkage and
Temperature
Summary
26 IHST
𝜔𝑙 4
𝛥=𝑐
Lecture #9 From ACI Committee 435 (Deflection of Concrete Building

Objectives and Review Structures), and Branson:
SLS Introduction 𝑎 𝑎
𝑀𝑐𝑟 𝑀𝑐𝑟
Deflection 𝐼𝑒 = 𝐼𝑔 + 1 − 𝐼𝑐𝑟
▪ Importance 𝑀𝑎 𝑀𝑎
▪ Control
▪ Calculations where:
▪ Stiffness, EI
▪ Remarks 𝑀𝑐𝑟 = cracking moment = 𝑓𝑟 𝐼𝑔 /𝑦𝑡
Other Deflections 𝐼𝑔 = gross moment of inertia of the reinforced concrete
A. Sustained Loads section
B. Damage to
Attachments 𝑓𝑟 = modulus of rupture = 0.7𝜆 𝑓𝑐′
Cracking 𝑦𝑡 = distance from the centroid of uncracked section to
▪ Control extreme tension fiber
▪ Flexural
▪ Shrinkage and 𝜆 = factor for lightweight concrete, defined in ACI 8.6.1
Temperature
𝑀𝑎 = max. moment in the member at the loading stage for
Summary which the moment of inertia is being computed or at any
previous loading stage
27 IHST
𝜔𝑙 4
𝛥=𝑐
Lecture #9
 Effective moment of inertia, 𝐼𝑒
SLS Introduction
Branson suggested the use of 𝑎 = 3
Deflection
▪ Importance
▪ Control
▪ Calculations
▪ Stiffness, EI
▪ Remarks
Other Deflections
A. Sustained Loads
B. Damage to
Attachments
 For continuous beams, it shall be permitted…
Cracking
▪ Control
▪ Flexural
▪ Shrinkage and
Temperature
Summary
28 IHST
𝜔𝑙 4
𝛥=𝑐
Lecture #9
 For continuous beams, it shall be permitted…
SLS Introduction
Deflection As an alternate for ACI 9.5.2.4 based on ACI

▪ Importance
▪ Control Committee 435:
▪ Calculations
▪ Stiffness, EI
▪ Remarks
Beams with two ends continuous:
Other Deflections
A. Sustained Loads
B. Damage to 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐼𝑒 = 0.70𝐼𝑒𝑚 + 0.15 𝐼𝑒1 + 𝐼𝑒2
Attachments
Cracking Beams with one end continuous (one free end):

▪ Control
▪ Flexural
▪ Shrinkage and 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐼𝑒 = 0.85𝐼𝑒𝑚 + 0.15 𝐼𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑒𝑛𝑑
Temperature
Summary 𝐼𝑒𝑚 , 𝐼𝑒1 , and 𝐼𝑒2 are the values of 𝐼𝑒 at midspan and the two ends of the
beam, respectively.
29 IHST
𝜔𝑙 4
𝛥=𝑐
Lecture #9
Remarks
SLS Introduction 1. 𝐼𝑐𝑟 = cracked transformed moment of
Deflection
▪ Importance
Inertia
▪ Control
▪ Calculations
𝐼𝑔 = gross moment of inertia
▪ Stiffness, EI
▪ Remarks 2. 𝐼𝑒 = effective moment of inertia
Other Deflections
A. Sustained Loads
At points between cracking and yielding of
B. Damage to
Attachments
the steel, intermediate values of 𝐸𝐼 exist.
Cracking 3. Stresses at service loads
▪ Control
▪ Flexural 𝑀𝑦
▪ Shrinkage and 𝑓𝑐 =
Temperature 𝐼𝑔
Summary 𝑀𝑦
𝑓𝑠 = 𝑛
𝐼𝑐𝑟
30 IHST
Deflection /Calculation of 𝐸𝐼
Lecture #9
 Alternate solution to service load stresses
SLS Introduction
Deflection
▪ Importance
▪ Control
▪ Calculations
▪ Stiffness, EI
▪ Remarks
Other Deflections
A. Sustained Loads
B. Damage to
Attachments
Cracking
▪ Control
▪ Flexural
▪ Shrinkage and
Temperature 𝑀𝑠
Summary 𝑓𝑆 =
𝐴𝑠 (𝑗𝑑)
31 IHST
Deflection /Calculation of 𝐸𝐼 – Example

Lecture #9
Given
SLS Introduction ▪ b = 250 mm, d = 500 mm
▪ As = 3-25 mm, fc’ = 20 MPa, fy = 414 MPa
Deflection
▪ Importance
▪ Control
▪ Calculations ▪ Ms (live-load) = 70 kN-m
▪ Stiffness, EI
▪ Ms (dead-load) = 90 kN-m
▪ Remarks
Other Deflections
A. Sustained Loads
B. Damage to
Attachments
Considering that at this service load moment,
Cracking
▪ Control
▪ Flexural
the beam has cracked, compute for fs at
▪ Shrinkage and
Temperature
service loads
Summary
32 IHST

Lecture #9
SLS Introduction
Deflection
▪ Importance
▪ Control
▪ Calculations
▪ Stiffness, EI
▪ Remarks
Other Deflections
A. Sustained Loads
B. Damage to
Attachments
Cracking
▪ Control
▪ Flexural
▪ Shrinkage and
Temperature
Summary
33 IHST

Lecture #9
SLS Introduction
Deflection
▪ Importance
▪ Control
▪ Calculations
▪ Stiffness, EI
▪ Remarks
Other Deflections
A. Sustained Loads
B. Damage to
Attachments
Cracking
▪ Control
▪ Flexural
▪ Shrinkage and
Temperature
Summary
34 IHST

Lecture #9
SLS Introduction
Deflection
▪ Importance
▪ Control
▪ Calculations
▪ Stiffness, EI
▪ Remarks
Other Deflections
A. Sustained Loads
B. Damage to
Attachments
Cracking
▪ Control
▪ Flexural
▪ Shrinkage and
Temperature
Summary
35 IHST
𝜔𝑙 4
𝛥=𝑐
Lecture #9
Remarks
SLS Introduction 4. Reduction in 𝐼 means reduction in 𝐸𝐼
Deflection
▪ Importance
▪ Control
▪ Calculations
▪ Stiffness, EI
▪ Remarks
Other Deflections
A. Sustained Loads
B. Damage to
Attachments
Cracking
▪ Control
▪ Flexural
▪ Shrinkage and
Temperature
Summary
36 IHST
𝜔𝑙 4
𝛥=𝑐
Lecture #9
SLS Introduction
Deflection
▪ Importance
▪ Control
▪ Calculations
▪ Stiffness, EI
▪ Remarks
Other Deflections
A. Sustained Loads
B. Damage to
Attachments
Cracking
▪ Control
▪ Flexural
▪ Shrinkage and
Temperature
Summary
37 IHST
𝜔𝑙 4
𝛥=𝑐
Problem 9.2 Deflection 𝐸𝐼
Lecture #9 The T-beam shown supports unfactored dead and live loads
of 13.5 kN/m and 17 kN/m, respectively. It is built of 20-MPa
SLS Introduction
concrete and Grade-420 reinforcement. Calculate the
Deflection immediate midspan deflection.
▪ Importance
▪ Control Assume that construction loads did not exceed the dead load.
▪ Calculations
▪ Stiffness, EI
▪ Remarks
Other Deflections
A. Sustained Loads
B. Damage to
Attachments
Cracking
▪ Control
▪ Flexural
▪ Shrinkage and
Temperature
Summary
38 IHST
Deflection /Others
A. Sustained Load
Lecture #9
SLS Introduction
Deflection
▪ Importance
▪ Control
▪ Calculations
▪ Stiffness, EI
▪ Remarks
Other Deflections
A. Sustained Loads
B. Damage to
Attachments
Cracking
▪ Control
▪ Flexural
▪ Shrinkage and
Temperature
Summary
39 IHST
Deflection /Others
A. Sustained Load
Lecture #9  From tests, Branson proposed
SLS Introduction
𝜉
𝜆Δ =
Deflection 1 + 50𝜌′
▪ Importance where:
▪ Control
▪ Calculations 𝜆Δ = ratio of the additional sustained load
▪ Stiffness, EI
▪ Remarks deflection to the instantaneous deflection, Δ𝑖
Other Deflections (total deflection
′
= 1 + 𝜆 Δ Δ𝑖 )
A. Sustained Loads ′ 𝐴𝑠
B. Damage to 𝜌 =
Attachments 𝑏𝑑
Cracking
𝜉 = time dependent factor
▪ Control 5 years of more …….. 2.0
▪ Flexural
▪ Shrinkage and
12 months ………….. 1.4
Temperature 6 months …………… 1.2
Summary 3 months …………… 1.0
from (ACI 9.5.2.5)
40 IHST
Deflection /Others
B. Damage to Attachments
Lecture #9
Total deflection:
SLS Introduction
𝛥 = 𝜆𝑡0,∞ 𝛥𝑖𝐷 + 𝛥𝑖𝐿 + 𝜆∞ 𝛥𝑖𝐿𝑆
Deflection
▪ Importance
▪ Control where:
▪ Calculations
▪ Stiffness, EI Δ𝑖𝐿 = Δ𝑖,𝐷+𝐿 − Δ𝑖𝐷 , instantaneous live load
▪ Remarks
deflection
Other Deflections
A. Sustained Loads Δ𝑖𝐷 , Δ𝑖𝐿 , Δ𝑖𝐿𝑆 = instantaneous deflections due to
B. Damage to
Attachments dead, live load and sustained live load respectively
Cracking
▪ Control
𝜆𝑡0,∞ = value of 𝜆 based on 𝜉 for 5 years or
▪ Flexural more minus value of 𝜉 at the time 𝑡0 when the
▪ Shrinkage and
Temperature partitions are installed
Summary 𝜆∞ = the value of 𝜆 based on 𝜉 = 2.0
41 IHST
Problem 9.3 Damage to Attachments

Lecture #9 The T-beam shown supports unfactored dead and live loads
of 13.5 kN/m and 17 kN/m, respectively. It is built of 20-MPa
SLS Introduction
concrete and Grade-420 reinforcement. The partitions are
Deflection installed at least 3 months after the shoring is removed.
▪ Importance
▪ Control Will the computed deflections exceed the allowable in the end span?
▪ Calculations
▪ Stiffness, EI
▪ Remarks
Other Deflections
A. Sustained Loads
B. Damage to
Attachments
Cracking
▪ Control
▪ Flexural
▪ Shrinkage and
Temperature
Summary
assume that Δ𝑖𝐿𝑆 = 25% (Δi L) 42 IHST

Cracking
Lecture #9
Types of Cracks
SLS Introduction
▪ Direct tension
Deflection
▪ Flexure and shear
▪ Importance
▪ Control
▪ Web-shear
▪ Calculations
▪ Stiffness, EI ▪ Bond (shrinkage)
▪ Remarks
Other Deflections
A. Sustained Loads
B. Damage to
Attachments
Cracking
▪ Control
▪ Flexural
▪ Shrinkage and
Temperature
Summary
43 IHST
Cracking /Control
Lecture #9
Reasons for controlling crack width
SLS Introduction 1. Appearance – wide cracks are unsightly
Deflection
▪ Importance
and sometimes lead to concern by owners
▪ Control
▪ Calculations
and occupants
▪ Stiffness, EI
▪ Remarks 2. Leakage – crack control is important in
Other Deflections
A. Sustained Loads
the design of liquid retaining structures (a
B. Damage to
Attachments
function of crack width)
Cracking 3. Corrosion – traditionally been related to
▪ Control
▪ Flexural crack width (time to initiate corrosion is a
▪ Shrinkage and
Temperature function of crack width)
Summary
44 IHST
Cracking /Control
Lecture #9
 Flexural cracks
SLS Introduction
Deflection
▪ Importance
▪ Control
▪ Calculations
▪ Stiffness, EI
▪ Remarks
Other Deflections
A. Sustained Loads
B. Damage to
Attachments
Cracking
▪ Control
▪ Flexural
▪ Shrinkage and
Temperature
Summary
45 IHST
Cracking /Control
Lecture #9
 Shrinkage and temperature cracks
SLS Introduction
Deflection
▪ Importance
▪ Control
▪ Calculations
▪ Stiffness, EI
▪ Remarks
Other Deflections
A. Sustained Loads
B. Damage to
Attachments
Cracking
▪ Control
▪ Flexural
▪ Shrinkage and
Temperature
Summary
46 IHST
Summary
Lecture #9
Serviceability Limit State
SLS Introduction  Deflection
Deflection  Control (minimum thickness NSCP Table 409)
▪ Importance
▪ Control  Calculate (specially if less than the minimum)
▪ Calculations
▪ Stiffness, EI  Damage to attachments (considering sustained
▪ Remarks
loads)
Other Deflections
A. Sustained Loads
B. Damage to
Attachments  Cracking
Cracking  Flexural crack (spacing of reinforcement)
▪ Control
▪ Flexural
▪ Shrinkage and
 Shrinkage and temperature (minimum 𝜌)
Temperature
Summary
 Vibration
47 IHST

LECTURE 9 - Serviceability Requirements On Beams

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LECTURE 9 - Serviceability Requirements On Beams

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Serviceability Requirements for

Design Philosophies - Review

Serviceability Limit States

Serviceability Limit States - Deflection

Serviceability Limit States - Cracking

Serviceability Limit States - Vibration

Deflection /Control (NSCP Table 409)

Deflection /Control (ACI Table 9.5)

Deflection /Calculations - Review

Deflection /Calculations - Review

Deflection /Calculations - Review

Deflection /Calculations - Review

❑ Modular ratio, 𝑛 = 𝐸𝑠 /𝐸𝑐

Other Deflections c = sum[A*ytop]/sum[A] c= 3.05E+02

Lecture #9 From ACI Committee 435 (Deflection of Concrete Building

Deflection As an alternate for ACI 9.5.2.4 based on ACI

Cracking Beams with one end continuous (one free end):

Deflection /Calculation of 𝐸𝐼 – Example

Deflection /Calculation of 𝐸𝐼 – Example

Deflection /Calculation of 𝐸𝐼 – Example

Deflection /Calculation of 𝐸𝐼 – Example

from (ACI 9.5.2.5)

Problem 9.3 Damage to Attachments

assume that Δ𝑖𝐿𝑆 = 25% (Δi L) 42 IHST

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