ADVANCED SPEAKING A4

MC, Speech, Presentation, and Debate

Lecturer:

Asmi Rusmayanti S.Pd, M.Sc.

By:

GalangWicaksono 1710117210013
Muhammad Rizani 1710117310031
Tara SaniaSuryanaPutri 1710117220037

English Department
Faculty Teacher Training and Education
Lambung Mangkurat University
2018/2019
 1. Master of Ceremony
A. Definition and how to be a good Master of Ceremonies
MC is the art of delivering events with effective verbal language and clear vocals
(intonation, speed, emphasis or emphasis on sentences, and articulation or pronunciation of
words and sentences) supported by the use of oral and written language and gestural language.
Some even say, an MC is a word artist and body language artist.

B. MC Roles
The MC's job is to make sure that the event is smooth, timely, festive, memorable and in
accordance with the arrangement or rundown of the event. MC's important tasks and roles are
often summarized in TIM terms (Time, Introducer, Mood Setter)
1. Time
The MC is responsible for ensuring the event runs on time and in accordance with
the order of events specified.
2. Introducer
MC has the duty to introduce speakers or fillers to the audience
3. Mood Setter
MC must be able to maintain enthusiasm, passion and excitement during the event

C. Requirements for being MC

A Master of Ceremony (MC) or host will be the center of public or audience attention
when guiding or presenting an event. The public will easily assess the MC from what they see
(appearance, body language, tattoo, make up, how to interact) and from what they hear
(grammar, pronunciation of words and sentences, and knowledge).
Imagine if you as an MC are carrying out a program of forgetting and stuttering, or the
clothes you wear are not in accordance with the format of the event, or when you interact with a
character on the stage does not connect, your knowledge of the topic discussed is minimal. Of
course you will be the material of scorn and laughter.
D. Preparing Before the Event

1. Know your event.

Knowing your event is important for all types of ceremonies, whether it’s a wedding,
graduation, etc. The type of event will dictate the type of atmosphere you, the MC, need to
create. Knowing what’s going on, what should be talked about and what is coming next is key to
being a successful MC.

2. Know your responsibilities.

The MC is responsible for creating and sustaining the intended atmosphere throughout
the event. The intended atmosphere may vary depending on the type of event, although most
events that hire an MC are looking to create a fun and energetic atmosphere.

3. Know your role expectations.

Being an MC means that you have a great sense of humor, you can work a crowd, and
you’re a practiced public speaker. This means that you have to be prepared to improvise, so you
can react efficiently to whatever that may arise. For example, you may have to momentarily
entertain the audience while waiting for the next speaker to get out of the bathroom or for the
broken microphone to be replaced.

4. Do your research.
Contact your key speakers to find out some background information on them, and use
that information to prepare your introductions for the speakers.

5. Stay organized.
Create or review a given agenda for the event, and plan out, minute by minute, the event
schedule. Take into consideration the time it takes to get on and off the stage, make introductions
for guests, and speeches or thank yous from guest members.
E. During the Event

1. Remain calm.
Being an MC is a lot of pressure. The event’s success is largely contributed to how well the
MC keeps things on track. While the event’s proceedings can get hectic, it is important to remain
calm and focus on maintaining your MC persona.

2. Prepare the opening of the event.

Introduce yourself and welcome the audience to the event. Identify the specific, principal
groups of your audience, and welcome them individually. These welcomes don’t need to be
long-winded, but they do need to be authentic.

3. Introduce the speakers.

The MC has the key responsibility of introducing different speakers that come up on stage,
as well as other key people at the event. The more pertinent a guest is, the more detailed and
tailored your introduction of them should be. Once you have made your introduction for a
speaker, lead the audience in applauding the speaker until they reach the speaking microphone.
When the speaker is finished giving their speech, lead the audience again in applause until the
speaker is off the stage and on their way back to their seat.

4. Bridge between segments.

Connecting one segment to the next can be easier by using some humor to bridge the two. Before
the event starts, try to prepare some talking bits like remarks, anecdotes, or jokes that can be used in
between segments. Also, comment on what just happened. Try and find something funny or meaningful
about the previous speaker or performance, and transition from there onto the next speaker or
performance.

5. Be prepared for anything.

As mentioned earlier, a great MC must always be on their toes. Live events are notorious for
having slight hiccups: a server might spill a drink, the wrong music might play, or the scheduled speaker
might be on their way back from the bathroom. Keep control of the event by being ready to smooth over
any distractions or mishaps to keep the mood light.

6. Close the event.

Your closing of the event should be as exciting and sincere as your opening. Normally to close the
event, the MC thanks all of the attendants, speakers, and performers. It’s good manners to also thank
everyone who helped to put the event together. Summarize what took place at the event and what was
learned, and then depending on what kind of event it was, encourage the audience members to take action.
F. MC Script
Greetings & Welcomes

Good morning,
Good afternoon,
Good evening

Dear Friends
Dear Customers
Dear Members
Dear Delegates
Ladies and Gentlemen

Welcome to the …
It is my pleasure to welcome you to the …..
You are about to …
Come with us …
Get ready to enjoy …
It is my pleasure to welcome you to the …
Let me begin by giving you a warm welcome to the…
Thank you so much for being here …

Opening Questions

Wouldn’t you like to …?

Are you ready for …?
Don’t you wish …?
Are you interested in …?
Will you be ready for …?
Isn’t it time you…?

Opening Grabbers

It’s not every day that …

You’ve probably noticed that …
Think about this …
Believe it or not …
It’s never too late to …
First of all …

Challenge the Audience

Do something extraordinary!
Delve into …
Sample the …
If you think you’re good enough …
If you’re seriously interested in …
Introduction of Speakers / Entertainers

Mr./Mrs. …, the floor is yours.

Would you please welcome
Would you please join me in welcoming ..
It is my pleasure to welcome …

To show us how to ….
It’s an absolute honour to bring to the stage …
To get some of his insights into the topic

At last
Now for the first time
You’ll love …
Sit back and enjoy

Renown
Acclaimed
Legendary
Sensation
Phenomenally successful

No-nonsense
Dependable
Proven techniques
Carefully tested
Precision
Heavy-duty

Transitions between Speakers and Activities

All this and more!

If questions like these intrigue you …
And that’s not all
And there’s more
Last but not least
Now there’s an even better way
You’ll be glad to know that…

And we don’t stop there …

And that was only the beginning
And if that wasn’t enough …
Now that, was only part of the story

We have a very special guest …

To show you what we mean
now for the surprise

Thanking Speaker
We know you are a busy person
Thank you for taking time out of your busy schedule
Thanks for sharing with us
Thank you for the insights
Plenty of food for thought
Your thought provoking
Revealing
The truth about
Your frank discussion
Eye-opening
Enlightening
Your valuable insights

Closing Words

I thank you for coming …

We hope that the programme …
Have a nice day
Have a great weekend
We look forward to seeing you at next year’s event
Hope you will travel safely home
Hope you will put into practice the lessons from this event
There’s no point in coming to an event like this unless you do something with the lessons
We hope you achieved what you came here to achieve
We hope you met some interesting people
 G. Conclusion
Being an MC is indeed easy and difficult. There are several conditions that you must
fulfill, such as good personality, attractive and sympathetic, have good insight, have good
language skills and good, responsive and agile communication, and so on.

Question
What should we do when one segment transition to the next?
What is the first step preparing before event?

Answer
1. Bridging between segments.
2. Know your event. Knowing your event is important for all types of ceremonies.

References
https://www.wikihow.com/Be-a-Good-Master-of-Ceremonies
https://rumahpublicspeaker.wordpress.com/2015/09/20/79/
https://expertmc.com/emcee-script
 2. SPEECH

DEFINITON OF SPEECH
Speech is an activity of speaking in public or giving speeches to express their opinions, or
to give an idea about something. Speech is usually performed by a person who gives speeches
and statements about things / events that are important and should be discussed.Speech is usually
used by a leader to lead and giving speeches in front of many of his men or the general public.A
good speech can give a positive impression to the people who heard the speech. Ability to speak
a good speech or in public / public can help to achieve a good career.

FUNCTION
1. Facilitate communication between supervisors and subordinates.
2. Facilitate communication among members of the organization.
3. Creating a conducive situation in which only need one person who does oration /
speech
KINDS
1. State speech
2. Graduation speech
3. Leadership speech
4. Religious speech
5. Oration
 WRITING THE SPEECH

1.Choose a topic or theme. Most of your speech should explore one topic, or several
related topics that follow a theme. What this theme is depends on the nature of the
speech. Graduation speeches often have a theme about memories or the future, school
election speeches convince people you'll make good decisions if elected, and class
assignment speeches usually argue a controversial point.
a. If you're not sure which theme to choose, write down or summarize a few stories and
statements you could include in your speech. Pick the ones you like best and see if there's a
unifying theme to tie them together.
b. See What to Do and What Not to Do for more advice on themes.

2.Pick a tone that makes you comfortable. If you enjoy making people laugh, write a
funny speech. If you are a serious person, create moments that will cause reflection. Remember
to end on an inspirational and uplifting note, especially for commencement speeches.

3.Use short sentences, and avoid words your audience won't understand. Avoid long,
meandering sentences and overcomplicated arguments. Unlike when writing an essay, you'll
have difficulty explaining technical terms or referring back to your earlier points. Keep each
sentence easy to follow. If younger kids will be present, make sure to use words and concepts
they can understand.
a. Don't interrupt one point with a clause, or section set aside by commas or parentheses. Instead
of saying "Our tennis and basketball teams, which we all know won the regional championships
two years ago, need increased funding to compete," say "Our tennis and basketball teams both
won the regional championships two years ago. Now we need to increase their funding to
compete with other schools."
b. You can reference your school's slang once or twice to get a laugh, but don't overdo it,
especially if there are parents in the audience.

4.Write down original stories and messages. You can write a whole rough draft, or
come up with several separate stories and inspirational statements that fit your theme.
Stick to your own ideas and specific detail. People will enjoy and remember original and
detailed sentiments more than generic phrases such as "I will make our school proud" or
"Our class will go on to do great things."
a. Find a broad message that your whole audience can connect to their own life, but still deals
with a specific idea. For instance: "Become an even better version of the hero who inspired you."
(But don't steal your "original" idea from this website!)
b. Your stories can be specific incidents in your life or from history, but you should connect
them to a more general idea. For instance, you could tell a story about your sibling's hospital
visit, then go on to talk about overcoming fear and hardship in general.
c. If you like what you're writing but it doesn't fit the theme you had planned, it's fine to adjust
your topic or switch it entirely. Switch back and forth between writing stories and brainstorming
a theme if you keep getting stuck.

5.Find a gripping way to begin your speech. Pick an engaging and on-theme story to
lead with, one that will grab your audience's attention and prepare it for the overall tone and
message. Pay extra attention to the first sentence:[1]
a. Surprise your audience by diving right into a tough story. "When I was ten years old, I lost my
father."
b. Make your audience laugh by telling a joke, especially one that everyone in the room will get.
"Hello everyone. Let's have a round of applause for the guy who installed air conditioning."
c. Start with a grand, thought-provoking statement. "Our galaxy contains billions of earth-like
planets, and we're only just beginning to discover them."
d. Most likely, someone else will introduce you, and many of your classmates know you already.
Unless you're asked specifically to introduce yourself, you can get right to the good stuff.

6.Make the theme clear. Your audience should know what your overarching theme is
before you've finished your first few sentences. State exactly what you're talking about or at least
suggest it strongly right at the beginning.
a. To use an example from earlier, if your theme is "Become an even better version of the hero
who inspired you," you could begin your speech with two or three sentence about your hero, then
say "You all have heroes who inspire you, but you don't have to just follow them. You can
become even greater than the people you look up to."

7.Move from one idea to the next in a natural order. Don't jump straight from a joke
to a story about surviving a car crash. Think about what the audience is feeling and expecting
after each section. It's good to surprise them, but do it with your ideas, not by confusing them
with a completely different topic.

a. Include phrases such as "Now I'd like to talk about..." and "But we should also remember..."
when moving on to your next idea.[2]

8.End with a memorable statement that captures your speech. A good joke or an idea
that makes people think are two good ways to end a speech, depending on the overall mood. If
you're arguing a point, summarize it briefly and end by restating your position firmly.
a. Build up to a big ending, then crack a joke to wrap up a funny speech. "And I know when you
walk to the ballot box tomorrow, you'll be ready to do the right thing. Protect the interests of
yourself and your school by washing your hands afterward. Do you know how many people
touch that thing?"
a. If you're giving a commencement speech, leave people feeling excited or awed about the
future. This is a big moment and you have the power to help them realize it. "Years from now,
you will be the father or mother your kid looks up to. The writer who changes the way we think.
The inventor who creates new ways to live. Come up to the stage and start becoming heroes!"

9. Edit and polish it as much as possible. Congratulations, you've finished your first
draft. Wait, the work isn't over yet! To write a good speech, you will need to work on it, think
about it, and maybe even rewrite the whole thing.
Have a teacher, family member, or trusted friend check it over for grammar mistakes and offer
feedback. Spelling isn't as important, since you'll be speaking out loud.

10.Consider visual aids. Bringing in maps, pictures, or other materials is most practical
and useful for speeches given as class assignments, since you'll have something to write on and
don't need to transport your materials outside the classroom. You won't need anything like this
for a graduation speech.

a. If your topic involves a lot of numbers, plan to write them on the board so your audience can
remember them.[3]

11.Turn the speech into note cards, then practice! No one wants to listen to you read
an essay out loud. You'll need to become familiar enough with what you wrote to deliver it
confidently while looking at your audience. It is a good idea to write down notes on small index
cards to jog your memory.
a. Your notes are there to remind you what to say next and of important facts. "Move on to bear
wrestling story (guy's name is Paul Bunyan)" is the level of detail you need.

TYPES OF SPEECHES

1. Persuasive Speech
Persuasive speeches are given to reinforce people’s beliefs about a topic, to change their
beliefs about a topic, or to move them to act. When speaking persuasively, directly state what is
good or bad and why you think so near the beginning of the speech. This is your thesis statement
that you want to make early on. Since your purpose is to persuade using logic and reasoning, this
communicates to listeners that you want to convince them of your point of view. One way to
structure a persuasive speech is to use the five-part argument:

 The introduction attracts the attention of the audience, sets the tone, and describes what
the persuasive speech is about. The introduction usually includes the thesis statement—
the specific sentence that explains the main point of the argument.
  The background provides the context and details needed for a listener to understand the
situation being described, as well as the problem or opportunity being addressed.

 Lines of argument make up the body of the speech. Here is where you include all the
claims, reasons, and support- ing evidence you have that help you make your points
effectively.

 Refuting objections means disproving, ruling out, and countering any potential objections
before the listeners can think of reasons not to be persuaded.

 The conclusion is where you present your closing argu- ments. To be effective, the
conclusion should restate your thesis statement and summarize the main points of your
argument. If you are advocating a particular solution to a problem or a decision to be
made, you should close by asking your listeners to adopt your point of view.

2. Conversational Speech
You should write the speech like you talk. Follow these writing tips to make your speech
as conversational as possible:

 Use short sentences of 20 words or less. You usually do not use long sentences in a
conversation. Short sentences— even sentence fragments—are fine for a speech.

 Avoid complicated sentence structures. Simple sentences that have a subject, verb, and
object are perfect for public speaking.

 Use contractions. “Do not” and “cannot” are usually too formal for most speeches.
“Don’t” and “can’t” are fine. Be careful of contractions ending in “-ve” (e.g.,
“would’ve,” “could’ve”) because they sound like “would of ” and “could of.”

 Avoid jargon or technical language. Use words that your audience knows.

 Round large numbers. Detailed numbers should be left out.

 Use repetition. The same word or phrase used repeatedly emphasizes a major point.

 Write with visual imagery. Make your listeners “see” what you are saying. Help them
visualize the situation you are describing.

3. Speeches for Special Occasions

Speeches for special occasions are prepared for a specific occasion and for a specific
purpose dictated by that occa- sion (O’Hair et al., 2007). Speeches for special occasions can be
informative, persuasive, or both, depending on the occasion. Two of the more common types of
speeches for special occasions are the speech of introduction and the speech of welcome.
DELIVERY

Scheme of arrangement a good speech:

a. Opening of the greeting
b. Introduction slightly describe the contents
c. Fill or systematically speech material: the purpose, goals, objectives, plans, step,
etc.
d. Conclusion (conclusion, hope, messages, greetings cover, etc.)
2. SCRIPT EXAMPLE
 CONCLUSION

Speech is an activity of speaking in public or giving speeches to express their opinions, or

to give an idea about something which has some purposes, functions, kinds, preparations, and
framework structures.

QUESTIONS

1. What is the speech

2. Mention several types of speeches!

ANSWERS

1. Speech is an activity of speaking in public or giving speeches to express their opinions, or to

give an idea about something which has some purposes, functions, kinds, preparations, and
framework structures.

2. Persuasive Speech, Conversational Speech, and Speeches for Special Occasions.

REFERENCES

DiSanza, J. R., &Legge, N. J. (2005). Business and professional communication: Plans,

processes, and performance (3rd ed.).Needham Heights, MA: Allyn& Bacon.

Hamilton, C. (2012). Essentials of public speaking (5th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth
Cengage Learning.

Koch, A. (2007). Speaking with a purpose. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn& Bacon.

O’Hair, D., Rubenstein, H., & Stewart, R. (2007). A pocket guide to public speaking (2nd
ed) Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martin’s.

https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/WC/WC11600.pdf

https://www.wikihow.com/Make-a-Good-Speech-for-School
 3. GENERAL AND ACADEMIC PRESENTATION

WHAT IS A PRESENTATION

A presentation is any situation which involves speaking to a group of people in order to

make a point, educate or share information. Many presentations also have some form of
supporting visual aid such as slides, a whiteboard, projections or flip charts. And presentation
was divided into two kinds which were general presentation and academic presentation.

TYPES OF PRESENTATIONS
1. Informative Speeches

These are the most common types of presentations and are used to present research. A student
who is defending a thesis or a non-profit group that did a research study will use informative
speeches to present their findings.

2. Demonstrative Speeches

These will show you how to do something. In introduction to communication classes, these
speeches are usually How to Make Cakes kinds of speeches and include different pictures and
steps to the process.

3. Persuasive Speeches

This kind of speech is trying to change the way you think about a subject or issue. If you’ve
come to a health conference you may find yourself listening to why you should change your
eating habits or stop drinking.

4. Inspirational Speeches

These speeches are designed to make your audience move. Also considered a “motivational”
speech, this is designed to encourage participants to go after their goals, whatever they may be.
Inspirational speeches will tell stories and the hope is that the audience will feel an emotional
connection to the topic.
 WHAT ARE GENERAL & ACADEMIC PRESENTATION

General Presentation

A presentation is the process of presenting a topic to the audience. It is typically a

demonstration, introduction, lecture, or speech meant to inform, persuade, inspire, motivate, or to
build good will or to present a new idea or product. The term can also be used for a formal or
ritualized introduction or offering, as with the presentation of a debutante. Presentations in
certain formats are also known as keynoteaddress.

There are 10 tips may offer some guidance to help you on the way to delivering a
memorable presentation, such as :

1. Preparation

There is no easy way out. Giving an excellent presentation is all about the preparation
that goes into it, and this theme applies to every single aspect you include in your presentation.

2. Think audience

When you are preparing your presentation, there is one thing you should always keep in
the back of your mind: the audience. The sole purpose of a presentation is to communicate
whatever you have to say to an audience. Position yourself being in their shoes and answer the
following questions: who, what, why, how?

Who are they and who are you? It’s essential to know who your audience will be: are
they your classmates, professors, professionals, etc. and what do they know about you. Do you
need to inform them? Do you need to introduce yourself? Different audiences have different
needs, and different audiences may need different communicative approaches.

What do they want? What do they know? What can I tell them? Knowing this
information will help you decide what content to include in your presentation. If you are not sure
about the answer to one of these questions, perhaps you may want to include it in your
presentation.

Where can I take them? Your presentation is very much like a journey. Guide your
audience through the content. Use signposts to indicate what you are presenting and where you
are going. Examples of signposts are, “Next, I will discuss..”, “Now I’d like to move on to….”,
and “Finally, …” or “To conclude..”. Signposts are also great tools to keep you audience awake,
focused and engaged. Have you ever listened to a less engaging presentation and the presenter
said, “Finally”, surely that was the moment you found yourself waking up. Use signposts
throughout your presentation.

3. Communicate

A presentation is never a one way communication, despite the fact that you are the only
one speaking. Communication is always two ways. Although you do not want your audience
interrupting your speech, make it engaging: look at the audience, speak to the whole audience.
Your audience wants to be spoken to. Ask rhetorical questions, use short pauses when you are,
for example, changing the subject or moving on to another topic. Rhetorical questions will often
raise the audience awareness as do pauses. Don’t hide behind a computer, a paper, or a desk.

4. Prepare the little things

There is truth in the old saying “It’s the little things that count”. Often when we are
preparing a presentation we prepare the content, the slides, the general story line, but it is often
the little things that catch us off guard.

For example, how do you start your presentation? What do you say? In Estonian, as I
understood, “Tere!” will almost always do. But what about in English or any other language for
that matter? Do you say (or is it appropriate to say) “hello”, “hi”, “good
morning/afternoon/evening everybody”, “dear audience”, etc.? How do you end? What do you
say? E.g. “thank you”, “thank you for your attention”, etc. Prepare your signposts, “next”,
“finally”, etc. Also, think of the specific terms you use to describe what is on your slide. Are you
showing a picture, or more specifically a graph, table, chart, etc.?

5. Structure your presentation

The purpose and content needs to be carefully considered. How much detail can you
cover in the allotted time? Going back to a point made earlier, what does your audience already
know about your topic? What do they need to know, and more important, what is your take-
home message? What do you want your audience to remember?

Most presentation will have an introduction, a body, and a conclusion. You introduce
yourself in the introduction, your topic, and what you will cover during your presentation.
Remember, this part can be as short as 30 seconds. The body will include key points, new
knowledge, trends in your data, or progress to date. The level of detail may depend on the task
and time available. Remember to signpost! Highlight the implications of your discussion or
possible applications of your findings in your conclusion and finish with your take-home
messages.
 6. Finding your voice

Although there are general rules and structures, it is important to find your own voice.
Know your strengths and weaknesses. For most of us, giving a presentation is a learning process
and definitely not something we do on a daily, weekly or even monthly basis.

Therefore, stay in your comfort zone to give you confidence but push the boundaries:
explore new techniques, try something different, use a different power point template, try using
cue cards rather than reading from a paper, watch what others do and learn from them; try using
a different tool such as Prezi. Set yourself a target. What kind of presenter do you want to be?
Take your time, prepare, prepare, prepare.

7. Do not read or read like you mean it.

When giving a presentation, from a communication perspective, speaking is always better

than reading. However, when you find yourself in the situation where you are going to read,
there are a few techniques you can use to make it more enjoyable for the audience (remember
your audience).

Always address the audience, even when reading. Make sure you take your eyes off the
paper and look at the audience. Highlight parts in the text that you wish to stress, e.g. keywords,
signposts, words that evoke, etc. Cut your A4 paper into four parts. The size of cuecards. They
are less distracting to hold and most often preparing cue cards helps you to remember your
presentation.

PowerPoint comes with a handy print function which allows you to print handouts. Use
these so you have an overview which slides comes next. Do you know about the presenter’s view
in PowerPoint? If you don’t, you should definitely check it out! If you go through these steps,
you’ll often find that you actually don’t need to read.

8. Non-verbal communication

There is a lot to say about non-verbal communication, but what to do with youhands is
the focus of this point. There are of course cultural differences as well as individual differences,
but in general we use the motions of our hands and arms to support the content of our speech.
Our hands also seem to get in the way when we are giving presentations. Where do we place
them? What do we do with them? It’s easy when your holding a piece of paper, but can we put
our hands in our pocket, or behind our back?

One of my favorite examples of good hand movement is the weather news on TV. You’ll
see weather presenters usually holding a remote in front of their body, clasped in their hands, just
above the waist. The best place to keep your hands. If you don’t have a remote, keep a pen, or
pencil in your hands (be careful, though, not to break them).
 9. Slide design

Another ten tips could be devoted on good slide design, but not this time. One essential
criteria to remember is, however, the following: don’t put anything on a slide (text, images,
pictures, tables, and graphs) if you are not going to talk about them, or mention them. It will only
confuse your audience (unless they are either part of the template, or faded in the background).

In addition, respect your audience, do not overload your slides with text and read this text
to them. Most likely your audience will have finished reading your text before you. Less is more
and remember that you do not need to write in complete sentences on your slides.

10. Practice

Practice and time your presentation. Practice delivering you speech out loud. Record your
presentation using the record tool available in PowerPoint. Practice delivering you presentation
to an audience, for example, your peers. If you don’t have an audience, practice in front of a
mirror.

Academic Presentation

Academic presentations take the same form with general presentation, but the purpose can be
very different. Specifically, academic presentations represent an oral examination.

Therefore, when assessing your performance your lecturer will be looking for:

1. Understanding of the topic and the audience

2. Appropriate breadth and depth

3. An argument in the content

4. A clear structure: a distinct beginning, middle and end

5. Suitable visual aids

6. Evidence of having practised the talk

 7. Proper timing/length

As with all academic skills, academic presentation skills can be learnt and continually
improved through practise. One way of tackling a presentation is to divide it into three easy
stages: planning, preparing, and presenting.

Each stage should inform the other to ensure an ordered, appropriate presentation, offered in
a confident manner.

1. Planning
Thorough planning will enable you to present your views in a considerate and
logicalway. Three key factors should be addressed when planning your presentation:
a. Purpose

Focus: When you plan your presentation, concentrate on what's really

important.What is the exact problem? What is it you need to achieve by the end of
it? Setthese down as objectives.

Objective(s): Establish your objectives and how you are going to achieve them.
Allyour emphasis should be placed on these objectives throughout the
presentation,and influence every aspect of the presentation.

To determine your objectives, decide what you feel your audience must
know,thinkor do at the end of your presentation. Perhaps finishing the statement
below willhelp you focus:As a result of my presentation, my audience will...

Simplify: Support your main idea with a few examples, and their relevance to the
overall aim.

Organise: Structure your overall presentation from the following outline:

a) State the main issue

b) Develop your viewpoint with specifics
c) End with a clear summary and/or a last statement or request
d) Handle any questions
 Dramatise: Don't just tell it, show it. Find a vivid, memorable way to get your
point across. Use visual aids such as graphs, handouts, charts, and/or media.

Humanise: Remember you are speaking to people, try to project outward, not
inward, by thinking of ways that will engage your audience.

b. Audience
The type of audience might well influence the format of your presentation
and its content, for example, a technical presentation to a specialist audience
might be more formal than one to a discussion group. Ask yourself the following
questions about your intended audience:
Who are they?
1. What are their reasons for attending?
2. How many are likely to be present?
3. What sort of people – age, education, status?
4. What do they already know about the subject?
5. What are their likely attitudes/biases?

The answers to these questions will affect both the style and the content of
your talk.

c. Location
Another important aspect of planning concerns the location. This can have
significant implications for how you plan your content and organise yourself. If
you have access to the venue, it might help to pay an early visit. The aspects you
might want to check include:
6. Type and size of room
7. Seating arrangements – fixed or movable
8. Position of speaker (you)
9. Equipment available, e.g. whiteboard, projector, OHP, flip chart, tape
recorder
10. Acoustics (sound)
11. Facilities for special needs
 Don’t forget, your plan should help you tailor your information to your
audience, to decide what degree of specialist knowledge is required, the order in
which you present it and what might affect how you can deliver your presentation.
The next stage, preparing, is the time you organise and make your content come
to life.
2. Preparing
RULE 1: Content is the most important part of your presentation.
RULE 2: The visuals should enhance not detract from your presentation.
A clear structure will allow the audience to understand your main themes. To aid
this, break your presentation down into three sections: Introduction, Main Body, and
Conclusion.

The order whilst presenting:

1. Introduction 2. Main Body 3. Conclusion
Set the scene, outline your Explain your main findings Summarise each point made
objectives
Tell them what you are Tell them Tell them what you just told
going to tell them them

Consider working in a 3 – 1 – 2 order when preparing your presentation:

3. Conclusion 1. Introduction 2. Main Body

Work backwards from Prime your audience for Expand each of your key
your overall what's to come and mention points in order that the
conclusions to ensure the key areas that you will be concluding statements are
all concluding developing throughout the justified.
statements are presentation.
supported throughout
the presentation.
a. Conclusion

The conclusion is as equally important as the introduction and should not be

rushed. Common pitfalls are running out of time, speeding up, mumbling and fading
off, or ending abruptly. If the ending is weak it will affect what the audience think of
the overall presentation. Prepare an ending (or end slide) that:

1) Sums up the whole presentation

2) Does not wander around the subject
3) Does not introduce any new ideas
4) Does not keep repeating points over and over again
b. Introduction
Your introduction will need to create an immediate impression and gain the
attention of the audience. Therefore, it is very important to be clear about what
message you are trying to relay from the outset. You will need to outline enough
information for the audience to understand the context of the subject; break down any
key terms or concepts that you will be discussing; and outline the sequence of your
material. Generally, you need to identify up to three objectives and these need to be
stated early in the presentation so that your audience can follow the development of
your argument/discussion.

Right from the start! - Why not ask your audience what they already know about
your topic and use this as link to your starting point? This way you will be tapping
into the prior knowledge of the audience and you will be giving them a sense of
involvement from the outset.

c. Main body
The middle part of your presentation is where the bulk of your research is relayed.
The quality of the research is critical - The topic should be thoroughly researched,
with a number of different sources. Make sure visual images are appropriate to the
point(s) you wish to make, and be sure that you know the specifics on each image.
Organisation and transitions make or break a presentation - There should be a
logical flow from beginning to end, like in written work. Avoid jumping from one
point to another, and be careful about adding information that is not directly related to
the main theme. Creating an outline before you begin creating actual slides can be
helpful.

Visual aids - Visual aids will help to illustrate your presentation, but effective use
of visual aids requires planning and preparation; you need to be selective so as not to
overwhelm your audience. Visual aids should enhance your spoken message and if
used appropriately can be very effective. Pictures, drawings, and photographs have
the potential to make an audience feel the way you do. Verbal material, including
models, diagrams, and copies of statistics help your audience think the way you do.
1) Do not use overcomplicated visual aids – they can confuse the audience, and
might add to your nervousness if you have to do and say a number of things at
the same time.
2) Visual aids should help the audience recall a concept.
3) Visual aids must complement what you say.
4) Do not have a visual aid that you don’t need.
5) Avoid too much material in too little time.
6) If you are using visual aids such as OHPs, models, video, DVD, props and so
on, familiarise yourself with how they work, and where they will be
positioned in connection to you as the speaker.
7) Edit and proofread all visual or written material – Make sure there are no
spelling mistakes and spell authors’ names correctly.

For PowerPoint slides:

a. Check your timing. On average, use three slides per minute as a maximum.
b. Use text sparingly. If your audience is concentrating on written text, they are
less likely to give you their complete attention. THINK BULLETS!
c. The “joy of six” is a helpful rule of thumb. Use a maximum of six points per
slide and six words per point.
d. Depending on the colour and font size you select, text may be difficult to read.
Font size is important - use the "floor test" for readability. Print out a slide
 containing text, and place the page on the floor. Can you read the slide from a
standing position? If yes, then your audience can likely read it from their
seats. If no, then the font size needs to be increased. If possible, preview your
presentation in the room you will be using or one that is similar. Be sure to
check the view from the rear of the room.
e. Select colours with care. Lighting and distance will affect colour choice.
Experiment with colour combinations, but make sure they work well on a
screen. Often there is a difference between how something looks on your
computer screen and how it appears when projected onto a screen or wall.
Make every effort to preview your presentation ahead of time.
f. Visual images (from the internet or CLIPART) can be great, but they need to
be carefully selected and be appropriate to the point(s) being made. DO NOT
use images just for the sake of using an image. Check the size of images to
make sure they are not distracting, and certainly that they are not distorted.
g. Use one design style for the entire presentation. Using one, or several, of the
master slides provided in PowerPoint can help ensure this is not a problem.
h. Minimize or avoid animated texts, sounds, and fancy transitions. These can be
effective in certain situations, but most are not appropriate to academic
presentations as often distract your audience from the main points you are
trying to make.
i. Avoid switching between programs (such as calling up a Web page). This
takes extra time and can make it difficult for your audience to remain focused
on your presentation.
j. Consider whether you want people to take notes during your presentation? If
yes, then allow some time to do so. It is also helpful to print a notes page so
that notes may be recorded alongside the related slide.

If you are unsure about developing a presentation using Microsoft

PowerPoint, please askmember of staff. We do have a guide that you can work
through, either with tutor support or on your own, and from this you will have a
presentation that you can adapt for future use.
 Question and answer session - This part of the presentation is as important as
the rest of the session.

1. Prepare for questions - Anticipate questions and be prepared to respond to

them – not just with more information but with real and relevant examples.
2. Do not rush your answer(s)
3. Repeat questions, or ask for the question to be repeated, if you need time
to think of the appropriate response.
4. If you have no idea how to answer a particular question, it would be better
to state this clearly and ask to move on to another question. You might
also try “This wasn’t something that I looked at … but I could find the
information and get back to you if you want to speak to me after the
presentation or leave your contact details”.
5. If a question has been asked that is outside the scope of your objectives,
you might say “I did not cover that area“ or “For this presentation, I had to
relate X to Y, but if you feel Z is an area I need to look at, I will do so in
the future”.
3. Presenting
Academic presentations are not always in formal settings; sometimes they take place
in classrooms in front of small groups of fellow students. Whatever the situation, they
should be viewed as an important opportunity to sell your knowledge in a professional
way.
a. The delivery
As a presenter, consider the following practical issues:
1) Do not simply read the text from the slides without any of your own
words. Remember the audience can read!
2) Consider whether sitting or standing is most appropriate – standing is
preferable, but for group presentations, sometimes non-speakers may
prefer to sit, whilst only the lead speaker stands.
3) Don’t fold your arms or put your hands in your pocket
 4) Use cue cards as memory aids. Try to keep them small so that they can be
held in one hand, and not read like a script. The audience does not want to
see the top of your head for the whole of the presentation.
5) Do not fumble with the equipment or furniture
6) Always have a duplicate of your presentation or a spare copy with you in
the event of unplanned problems – for example, equipment that does not
work, saving devices show errors, a sudden change of venue.

With regard to preferred personal qualities:

a) Open body language – hands at your side or bent at the elbow in front of
your body.
b) Look at the audience – don’t fix your stare, but glance around in a casual
manner.
c) Smile
d) Clear, even tone of voice – neither hushed nor too loud for the size of the
room, or how many people are present. A low tone is preferable for small
numbers; greater projection is required for greater numbers, in larger
rooms.
e) Try to avoid using too many gestures or repetition of certain words or
phrases e.g. ‘you know’, ‘and so on and so forth’ ‘and I really mean this’
‘umm’ ‘err’
f) Be enthusiastic but do not get too excited about what you are saying and
start going off the subject. Bullet points can help you, and the audience,
stay focussed and avoid a verbal assault.
b. Nerves
Remember you are not alone, even the most practised presenter will suffer from
nervousness. The following suggestions can help to relieve feelings of anxiety:
1. Try some relaxation exercises. Sit up, breathe in for a count of one and
out for a count of four; keep this going for five minutes whilst just
concentrating on the counting and rhythm of your breathing
 2. Practise your presentation a few times before the actual event.
Repetition will help you remember actions, timings and crucial sections
more easily than passively reading the content on paper or a screen.
3. Mentally rehearse if you are unable to physically rehearse.Visualise
yourself speaking, your body language, what you have to do when; Try to
picture the sequence of the presentation to get an idea of the flow of the
material, and how you can help the audience understand the most
important points. Know your subject!
4. Before you get to the presentation do not cram at the last moment. Try
to do something enjoyable and unrelated to the upcoming event.

APPS TO DELIVER A PRESENTATION

1. Visme
2. Haiku Deck
3. Emaze
4. Prezi
5. Keynote
6. LibreOffice
7. Ms Power Point

EXAMPLES
 CONCLUSION
The presentation was an activity to speak in front of a multitude to make a point, educate, or
share information; which confronted oral examination. presentation was divided into two kinds
which were general presentation and academic presentation. Presentation has three parts and
three stages :

Parts: Introduction, Main Body, and Conclusion.

Stages: Planning, Preparing,Presenting.
QUESTIONS

1. What is informative speech ?

2. What are the stages when having a presentation ?
 ANSWERS

1. A student who is defending a thesis or a non-profit group that did a research study will
use informative speeches to present their findings.
2. Stages: Planning, Preparing,Presenting.

REFERENCES

Harris Rollins, D. Powerpoint made perfect. Available at:

http://www.ncpublicschools.org/docs/profdev/presentation/powerpoint.pdf (no date) (Accessed
: 15 November 2010).

Harries, H. (2010) Training for staff, 27 May. University of Glamorgan.

Saunders, D. (2004) Making presentations: a guide for students. Centre for Lifelong Learning:
University of Glamorgan.

https://www.accuconference.com/blog/types-of-presentations/

https://extension.oregonstate.edu/sites/default/files/documents/10551/partsofapresentation.pdf

https://extension.oregonstate.edu/sites/default/files/documents/10551/partsofapresentation.pdf

https://carisinyal.com/aplikasi-untuk-presentasi/
 4. DEBATE

What is Debate?

Debate is a process that involves formal discussion on a particular topic. In a debate, opposing
arguments are put forward to argue for opposing view points.Debate occurs in public meetings,
academic institutions, and legislative assemblies. It is a formal type of discussion, often with a
moderator and an audience, in addition to the debate participants.

Types of Debates

1. Parliamentary Debate for decision-making

In parliaments and other legislatures, members debate proposals regarding legislation, before
voting on resolutions which become laws. Debates are usually conducted by proposing a law, or
changes to a law known as amendments. Members of the parliament, assembly or congress then
discuss the proposal and cast their vote for or against such a law.
 2. Debate between candidates for high office for decision-making

In jurisdictions which elect holders of high political office such as president or prime minister,
candidates sometimes debate in public, usually during a general election campaign.

3. British Parliamentary Debating for society or school

The British Parliamentary debate format differs from many other formats because it involves
four teams rather than two. Two teams, called the “First Proposition” and the “Second
Proposition” teams, are charged with the responsibility of supporting the proposition while two
other teams, “First Opposition” and “Second Opposition,” are charged with opposing it. British
Parliamentary debate sometimes is referred to as Worlds-style debate or simply four-team
debate.

4. American Parliamentary Debating for society or school

American Parliamentary Debating is an academic debate event. Many university-level

institutions in English-speaking nations sponsor parliamentary debate teams. In addition the
format is currently spreading to the high school level. Despite the name, the parli is not related
to debate in governmental parliaments beyond formal speaker titles such as "Opposition Leader"
and "Prime Minister".

As the types of debate mentioned above, we chose British Parliamentry Debate for our topic of
this paper.
 British Parliamentary Debating

The British Parliamentary debate format differs from many other formats because it involves
four teams rather than two. Two teams, called the “First Proposition” and the “Second
Proposition” teams, are charged with the responsibility of supporting the proposition while two
other teams, “First Opposition” and “Second Opposition,” are charged with opposing it.
All speeches describes all of the formal speeches but it does not describe one of the most
important and dynamic parts of the debate: points of information. Points of information provide
opportunities for members of each team to interact with members of the teams defending the
opposite side of the motion .
Points of information can be requested after the first minute of a speech and prior to the last
minute of the speech. The first and last minute of each speech is “protected” against
interruption. The point of information can last no more than fifteen seconds and may take the
form of a question, a statement, or an argument.
Only a debater defending the opposite side of the proposition as the speaker can request a point
of information. In other words, the debaters for the proposition can request points of information
of members of the opposition teams and vice versa. To request a point of information, a debater
rises and politely says something like “point of information please,” or “on that point.”
The debater giving the speech has the authority to accept or to refuse the request for a point of
information. In general, debaters should accept a minimum of two points during their speech so
that the judges and the audience will know they are able to answer points quickly and directly.
Accepting more than one or two points is not advisable because to do so may have the effect of
disrupting the speech. To refuse a point of information, the debater may say something like “No
thank you” or “not at this time,” or may simply use a hand gesture to indicate the person should
take return to their seat.
If the request for a point of information is accepted, the person who has requested the point has a
maximum of fifteen seconds to make the point. As stated earlier, the point can be a question, a
statement, or an argument. Sometimes points of information are made to force an opponent to
clarify a position but more commonly, they are made to attempt to undermine an argument being
made by the speaker.

After accepting a point of information, the speaker should answer the question directly. The
person offering the point of information is not allowed to follow-up with additional questions.
Points of information are among the most important and most interesting parts of British
Parliamentary debate because they introduce an element of spontaneity to the debate and give
each debater the chance to demonstrate critical thinking skills.

Although points of information are a common occurrence in every speech in the debate, each
speech contains elements that are unique to that speech. The following table explains the basic
responsibilities of each speaker in British Parliamentary debate. Following the table is a fuller
explanation of the responsibilities of each speech.

Speaker Responsibilities for British Parliamentary Debate

1. Prime Minister: the debate begins with a seven-minute speech by the Prime Minister.
The Prime Minister has two basic responsibilities: to define and interpret the motion and
to develop the case for the proposition. The first of these responsibilities is to define and
interpret the motion for debate. The definition and interpretation is particularly important
because it sets the stage for the entire debate.
2. Leader of Opposition:The Leader of the Opposition has three primary responsibilities:
to accept the definition and interpretation of the proposition, to refute part or all of the
Prime Minister’s case, and to present one or more arguments in opposition to the Prime
Minister’s interpretation of the motion.
3. Deputy Prime Minister: The Deputy Prime Minister has three primary obligations: to
defend the case presented by the Prime Minister, to refute any independent arguments
presented by the Leader of the Opposition, and to add one or more arguments to the case
presented by the Prime Minister.
4. Deputy Leader of the Opposition: The duties of the Deputy Leader of the Opposition
are similar to those of the Deputy Prime Minister. The Deputy Leader should defend the
refutation offered by the Leader of Opposition, defend the arguments offered by the
Leader of the Opposition, add one or more new arguments to those being offered by the
First Proposition team.
5. Member of Government: The Member of Government needs to defend the thesis of the
First Proposition team while doing so for different reasons. The obligations of the
Member of Government can be summarized as follows; defend the general perspective of
the First Proposition team, continue refuting arguments made by the First Opposition
team, develop one or more new arguments that are different from but consistent with the
case offered by the First Proposition team.
6. Member of Opposition: To accomplish this goal, the Member of Opposition needs to
fulfill three obligations; defend the general direction taken by the First Opposition team,
continue the refutation of the case as presented by the First Proposition, provide more
specific refutation of the arguments introduced by the Member of Government, present
one or more new arguments that are consistent with, yet different from, those presented
by the First Opposition team.

7. Government Whip: The whip speakers for both teams have the responsibility to close
the debate for their respective sides. The Government Whip should accomplish three
goals: 1) Refute the extension offered by the Member of Opposition, 2) Defend the
extension offered by the Member of Government, and 3) Summarize the debate from the
perspective of the Proposition side.
8. Opposition Whip: The responsibilities of the Opposition Whip are almost identical to
those of the Government Whip except they are accomplished from the perspective of the
Opposition side rather than from the Proposition side. Again, the Opposition Whip should
1) Refute the extension offered by the Member of Government, 2) Defend the extension
offered by the Member of Opposition, and 3) Summarize the debate from the perspective
of the Opposition side.
Motions for debate

1. This House believes that ‘the power to tax is the power to destroy’. (Justice John
Marshall).

2. This House believes that god can prevent evil, but doesn’t.

3. This House believes that only the elite can truly successfully manage national affairs.

4. This House believes ‘the state is not abolished, it withers away.’ (Friedrich Engels).

5. This House believes in the separation of church and state.

6. This House believes in pacifism.

7. This House would/would not support a constitutional amendment to protect the flag
from desecration.

8. The system of justice, in this House, should be retributive, not distributive.

9. This House supports political advertising.

10. This House is resolved that the British monarchy is the best system of government the
world has ever known.
11. This House opposes affirmative action.
12. This House regards royalty as irrelevant.

Do’s and Don’t’s during debating

Do's
1. Learn about the topic well in advance.
2. Analyse the given topic and discuss with the co-participants if you are not clear about
the topic.
3. Prepare for both for and against the given topic,if you do not know which side you are
going to take.
4. Be loud and clear .
5.Make valid points giving examples instead of repeating.

Dont's
1.Don't get deviated from the topic.
2. Do not interrupt others.
3.Dont get too personal or emotional.
4.Do not shout and argue because it is a debate. You are there in a debate to disuss your
views and prove you are correct and not to argue.
5. Dontloose your patience when you encounter a few idiots,who talk illogically,rather
smile and try explaining them.
6.Do not worry if any one is monitoring you .
7.When its covered by media,don't be excited to get featured,it will only distract you
from the debate.
8.Don't get disappointed if you don't win the arguement ,and don't show that in your
face.Keep smiling and cheer up thinking that at least you participated and that you could
learn something.
Example script for British Parliamentary Debate
 Conclusion

This then is the basic format of British Parliamentary debating: four teams of two persons
each engage one another through a series of seven-minute speeches interspersed by points of
information. The teams from each side attempt to maintain loyalty with one another while
simultaneously demonstrating the unique qualities of their own arguments.

Questions

1. Who’s jobs to take responsibilities for summarizing opposition side?

2. What the uniqueness of British Parliamentary Debate?

Answers

3. Opposition Whip
4. It involves four teams rather than two.

References

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debate

http://willamette.edu/cla/additional-academic-opportunities/debate/doc/chapter-british-p

https://www.debate-motions.info/other-tournament-motions/topics-for-parliamentary-debates/

https://www.quora.com/What-are-some-of-the-most-important-dos-and-donts-in-a-debate

https://www.google.com/search?q=2.+Debate+between+candidates+for+high+office&safe=strict
&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi3qaykjaDhAhXm6XMBHZCVAfAQ_AUIE
SgE&biw=1366&bih=608#imgdii=Im3oKg7M8sQ3TM:&imgrc=cvd_LxWANQ0sVM:
 Taboo games as ideas for speaking class

Genre(s) : party game

Players : 2 or more

Setup time : 1 minutes

Playing time : 5 to 15 minutes

Skill(s) required; solo play

Taboo is a word, guessing, and party game published by Parker Brothers in 1989
(subsequently purchased by Hasbro). The objective of the game is for a player to have their
partners guess the word on the player's card without using the word itself or five additional
words listed on the card.

1. Rules

An even number of players from four to ten sit alternating around in a circle. Players take turns
as the "giver," who attempts to prompt his or her teammates to guess as many keywords as
possible in the allotted time. However, each card also has "taboo" (forbidden) words listed which
may not be spoken. Should the giver say one, a "censor" on the opposing team hits the buzzer
and the giver must move on to the next word. For example, the giver might have to get his or her
team to deduce the word "baseball" without offering the words "sport," "game," "pastime,"
"hitter," "pitcher," or "baseball" itself as clues. The giver may not say a part of a "taboo" word;
for example, using "base" in "baseball" is taboo. Nor may they use a form of a word; for
example, if the word was "wedding" and the taboo words are "marriage," "bride," "groom,"
"nuptials," or "honeymoon," the words "marry" and "bridal" would not be allowed. The giver
may only use speech to prompt his or her teammates; gestures, sounds (e.g. barking), or
drawings are not allowed. Singing is permitted, provided the singer is singing words rather than
humming or whistling a tune. The giver's hints may rhyme with a taboo word, or be an
abbreviation of a taboo word.

While the giver is prompting the teammates they may make as many guesses as they want with
no penalties for wrong guesses. Once the team correctly guesses the word exactly as written on
the card, the giver moves on to the next word, trying to get as many words as possible in the
allotted time. When time runs out, play passes to the next adjacent player of the other team. The
playing team receives one point for correct guesses and one penalty point if "taboo" words are
spoken.

2. Variations on the game Taboo

For variation 1, create a PowerPoint presentation or Blackboard with a noun on each slide.
Have one student come to the front of the room and sit with their back to the
PowerPoint/Blackboard. The rest of the students take turns describing the words on the slides,
and the student at the front has to guess them.

For variation 2, separate the students into groups of four or five. Place a pile of cards with
random nouns in the center of each group. Have students take turns describing a noun for their
group members to guess. The group member who guesses correctly keeps the card, so there’s
competition to see who has the most cards at the end of the game.
Variation 3 is for advanced speakers. Separate the class into two teams. Students are given a
word to describe to their teammates, in addition to a list of words that they cannot use in their
description. Each student should have two to three minutes to see how many words their
teammates can guess.

References

https://www.edutopia.org/discussion/12-fun-speaking-games-language-learners

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taboo_(game)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lmmzm7XjqBI

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dzX4O9dB17M&t=753s

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mPPOHVLcrIg