Bridge: Strikes From Road Vehicles or Waterborne Vessels

Uncontrolled copy from the catalogue dated August 2004
Railway Group Standard

GC/RT5122
Issue Four
Date October 2002
Bridge Strikes
from Road
Vehicles or
Waterborne
Vessels
Synopsis
This document mandates
requirements for the management of
the risks to the operational railway
from road vehicles or waterborne
vessels striking bridges.
Submitted by
Elizabeth Fleming This document is the property of

Standards Project Manager Railway Safety. It shall not be
reproduced in whole or in part without
the written permission of the Controller,
Authorised by Railway Group Standards,
Railway Safety.
Published by:
Railway Safety
Evergreen House
160 Euston Road
London NW1 2DX
Brian Alston
Controller, Railway Group Standards © Copyright 2002 Railway Safety
This page has been left blank intentionally


GC/RT5122
Issue Four
Bridge Strikes from Road Vehicles or Date October 2002
Waterborne Vessels Page 1 of 30
Contents
Section Description Page
Part A
A1 Issue record 3
A2 Implementation of this document 3
A3 Scope of Railway Group Standards 3
A4 Responsibilities 4
A5 Health and safety responsibilities 4
A6 Technical content 4
A7 Supply 4
Part B
B1 Purpose 5
B2 Application of this document 5
B3 Definitions 6
B4 Principles 7
Part C Reducing the risk from bridge strikes

C1 Identification, listing and prioritisation of bridges subject to bridge strikes 8
C2 Measures to reduce the risk from bridge strikes 9
C3 Provision of identification plates 10
C4 Design of new structures and structures subject to alteration 11
C5 Bridges owned by outside parties 11
Part D Managing bridge strike incidents

D1 Procedures in the event of a reported bridge strike 13
D2 Action to be taken when a bridge strike is reported 13
D3 Late reported bridge strikes 13
D4 Conditions under which bridge strike examiners are permitted to act 13
D5 Conditions under which bridge strike nominees (Grade 1) are permitted to act 14
D6 Conditions under which bridge strike nominees (Grade 2) are permitted to act 14
D7 Actions of bridge strike nominees after allowing trains to pass 14
D8 Local operations instructions for use by signallers 15
D9 Additional structural examination following a reported bridge strike 16
D10 Classification, recording and reporting of bridge strikes 16
D11 Advice to British Transport Police 17
Part E Training, competence and certification

E1 Application of Railways (Safety Critical Work) Regulations 18
E2 General competence requirements 18
E3 Certification of bridge strike nominees 18
E4 Expiry date of certificates for bridge strike nominees 19
E5 Register of bridge strike nominees 20
E6 Training and assessment of competence for bridge strike nominees 20
E7 Competence of trainers for bridge strike nominees 20
E8 Certification of bridge strike examiners 20
E9 Expiry date of certificates for bridge strike examiners 21
E10 Qualifications and experience of bridge strike examiners 21
E11 Assessment of competence for bridge strike examiners 21
E12 Register of bridge strike examiners 21
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GC/RT5122
Issue Four
Date October 2002 Bridge Strikes from Road Vehicles or
Page 2 of 30 Waterborne Vessels
Section Description Page
Appendices
1 Required factors for the risk based prioritisation of bridges - Mandatory 22
2 Damage limits within which a bridge strike nominee (Grade 1) is permitted to
authorise the movement of trains - Mandatory 24
3 Requirements for classification of bridge strikes – Mandatory 26
4 Requirements for training and assessment of competence for bridge strike
nominees - Mandatory 27
5 Recommended factors for local operations instructions - Advisory 29
References 30
2 RAILWAY SAFETY

GC/RT5122
Issue Four
Part A
A1 Issue record
Issue Date Comments
One June 1995 Original Document
One B December 1995 Emergency Issue
Two January 1996 Supersedes Issue One and Issue One B
Three August 2001 Supersedes Issue Two
Four October 2002 Supersedes Issue Three
The text of this document has been subject to extensive re-writing and re-
ordering and therefore no amendment bars have been inserted.
This document will be updated when necessary by distribution of a complete

replacement.
A2 Implementation of
this document
The publication date of this document is 5 October 2002.
This document comes into force on 7 December 2002.
The dates by which compliance with the requirements of this document is to be

achieved are set out in Part B2. Where those dates are later than the date on
which this document comes into force, this is to give Railway Group members
additional time to plan and commence implementation so as to achieve full
compliance by the dates set out in Part B2.
This document supersedes the following Railway Group Standards, either in

whole or in part as indicated:
Railway Issue Title RGS sections Date(s) as of

Group No. superseded by which sections
Standard this document are superseded
GC/RT5122 Three Bridge Strikes All 7 December
– Managing 2002
the Risk
GO/RT3000, - Rule Book, X.2.1, X.2.2, 7 December
Section V Broken Rails X.2.3, X.2.4.1, 2002
and Bridge X2.4.2, X2.6
Strikes
GC/RT5122 issue three is withdrawn with effect from 7 December 2002.
GO/RT3000 Section V is withdrawn with effect from 7 December 2002. The

parts of GO/RT3000 Section V not transferred to this document have been
transferred to GC/RT5022 (Rails and Rail Joints); GO/RT3062 series
(Regulations for Train Signalling); and GO/RT3000 Section H.
A3 Scope of Railway
Group Standards
The overall scope of Railway Group Standards is set out in Appendix 1 of
GA/RT6001. The specific scope of this document is set out in Part B2.
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GC/RT5122
Issue Four
A4 Responsibilities
Railway Group Standards are mandatory on all members of the Railway Group*
and apply to all relevant activities that fall into the scope of each individual’s
Railway Safety Case. If any of those activities are performed by a contractor, the
contractor’s obligation in respect of Railway Group Standards is determined by
the terms of the contract between the respective parties. Where a contractor is
a duty holder of a Railway Safety Case then Railway Group Standards apply
directly to the activities described in the Safety Case.
* The Railway Group comprises Railtrack PLC, Railway Safety, and the train
and station operators who hold railway safety cases for operation on or related to
infrastructure controlled by Railtrack PLC.
Railtrack PLC is known as Railtrack.
A5 Health and safety

responsibilities
In issuing this document, Railway Safety makes no warranties, express or
implied, that compliance with all or any documents published by Railway Safety
is sufficient on its own to ensure safe systems of work or operation. Each user is
reminded of its own responsibilities to ensure health and safety at work and its
individual duties under health and safety legislation.
A6 Technical content
The technical content of this document has been approved by:
Jon Taylor, Principal Track & Structures Engineer, Railway Safety.
Enquiries should be directed to Railway Safety – Tel: 020 7904 7518
A7 Supply
Controlled and uncontrolled copies of this document may be obtained from the
Industry Safety Liaison Dept, Railway Safety, Evergreen House,
160 Euston Road, London NW1 2DX.
4 RAILWAY SAFETY

GC/RT5122
Issue Four
Part B
B1 Purpose
This document mandates requirements for the management of the risks to the
operational railway from road vehicles or waterborne vessels striking bridges.
B2 Application of this
document
B2.1 To whom the requirements apply
This document contains requirements that are applicable to duty holders of the
infrastructure controller category of Railway Safety Case.
B2.2 Compliance requirements

This document specifically applies to:
a) all underline bridges spanning over roads or under which vehicular traffic
may reasonably be expected to pass
b) all underline bridges spanning navigable waterways (except waterways

navigable only by small pleasure craft)
c) all overline bridges carrying roads or which may reasonably be expected to

carry vehicular traffic.
This document applies to both permanent and temporary bridges (or temporary
supports to bridges) in the categories listed above.
Specific requirements for structures owned by outside parties are set out in
section C5.
All requirements in this document shall be complied with by 7 December 2002,

with the exceptions set out below.
Partial compliance with section C1.1 (Identification and listing of bridges likely to
be subject to bridge strikes), taking into account the history of bridge strikes only,
is required by 7 December 2002. Full compliance with section C1.1, taking into
account the other factors listed in section C1.1 is required by April 2004.
Compliance with section C1.2 (Prioritisation of bridges likely to be subject to

bridge strikes) is required by April 2004.
Compliance with section C1.4 (Identification of bridges where particular control

measures apply) is required by April 2004.
Compliance with section C2.1 (Measures to reduce the risk at individual bridges)
is required by April 2004.
Compliance with section C3 (Provision of identification plates) is required by

April 2007.
Compliance with section C5.2 (Requirements for existing bridges owned by

outside parties) is required by April 2004.
Compliance with section E4.2 (Withdrawal of certification with ‘until withdrawn’

expiry date) is required by April 2004.
Compliance with section E5 (Register of bridge strike nominees) is required by

April 2004
Compliance with section E12 (Register of bridge strike examiners) is required by

April 2004
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GC/RT5122
Issue Four
B2.3 General compliance requirements

Until the compliance dates, or the date by which compliance is achieved (if
earlier), the applicable requirements of the predecessor documents shall
continue to be met (see Part A for details).
After the compliance dates, or after the date by which compliance is achieved (if
earlier), Railway Group members shall not deviate from the requirements set out
in this document.
Where it is considered not practicable, or not reasonably practicable, to comply

with the requirements set out in this document, authorisation not to comply shall
be sought in accordance with GA/RT6001, GA/RT6004 or GA/RT6006.
B2.4 Exclusions from the application of this document

This document does not apply to managing the risk of bridge strikes by rail
vehicles or their loads or by rail mounted plant. Requirements relevant to
managing the risk of bridge strikes by rail vehicles and rail mounted plant are set
out in other Railway Group Standards.
Structures whose prime purpose is to carry services (utilities) over an obstruction

or gap are defined as bridges (see section B3), but are excluded from the
application of this document.
B2.5 Related requirements in other documents

General requirements for managing the structural integrity of structures,
including bridges, so that they do not present an unacceptable risk to safety as a
result of their condition, use or location are set out in GC/RT5100.
General requirements for the design of bridges and other structures are set out
in GC/RT5110 (see section C4).
Requirements for the production of local operations instructions are set out in
GE/RT8004 (see section D8).
Requirements for the reporting of safety related information are set out in
GE/RT8047 (see section D10).
Requirements for managing the competence and fitness of persons required to

undertake safety critical work, as defined in the Railways (Safety Critical Work)
Regulations 1994, are set out in GO/RT3260 (see section E1)
B2.6 Supporting documents

GC/RC5510 sets out recommendations for the protection of bridges carrying rail
traffic from bridge strikes.
B3 Definitions
Bridge
A structure of one or more spans whose prime purpose is to carry traffic or
services over an obstruction or gap, but excludes culverts. A culvert is defined in
GC/RT5100.
Bridge strike
An incident in which a road vehicle or its load, or a waterborne vessel or its load,
impacts with the fabric of a bridge.
Bridge strike examiner

A person who has been certificated as competent in accordance with this
document to authorise the movement of trains up to permissible speed (or
enhanced permissible speed where applicable) over or under bridges following a
bridge strike.
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GC/RT5122
Issue Four
Bridge strike nominee (Grade 1)

document to authorise the movement of trains at 5 mph at underline bridges and
20 mph at overline bridges when the damage to a bridge following a bridge strike
is within the limits set out in Appendix 2.
Bridge strike nominee (Grade 2)

document to authorise the movement of trains without a speed restriction being
imposed (other than existing speeds restrictions imposed for other reasons),
over or under specified bridges following a bridge strike, in accordance with
documented arrangements issued by the infrastructure controller.
Documented arrangements
The conditions applicable and the procedures to be followed by a Bridge Strike
Nominee Grade 2 authorising trains to pass over or under a bridge without a
speed restriction being imposed (other than existing speeds restrictions imposed
for other reasons), following a bridge strike.
Late reported bridge strike

A bridge strike where the first report is received by the infrastructure controller
after rail traffic has passed safely on each line over or under the bridge since the
bridge strike.
Local operations instruction

An instruction issued by the infrastructure controller in accordance with
GE/RT8004 to specify the safe method of working to be employed at a named
location or between named locations.
Permissible speed (or enhanced permissible speed where applicable)

The maximum speed at which trains are permitted to travel over a section of
track published in the Sectional Appendix.
Outside party
Any person or organisation other than a Railway Group Member. An outside
party also includes a Railway Group member acting outside the scope of its
Railway Safety Case.
Overline bridge (road over rail)

A bridge carrying non-rail vehicular traffic over one or more operational railway
tracks.
Underline bridge (rail over road/water)

A bridge carrying one or more operational railway tracks.
B4 Principles
The requirements set out in this document are based on the following principles:
a) The risks to the operational railway from bridge strikes are to be reduced as
far as is reasonably practicable by assessing the safety risks at each bridge
and implementing appropriate mitigating measures (see Part C).
b) The risks to persons (railway passengers, staff and the public) following a
bridge strike are to be minimised by taking appropriate action including
prohibiting the passage of rail traffic or restricting the speed of rail traffic
over or under the bridge (see Part D).
c) People responsible for taking appropriate action following a bridge strike are
to be competent (see Part E).
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GC/RT5122
Issue Four
Part C
Reducing the risk from bridge strikes
C1 Identification, listing
and prioritisation of
bridges subject to bridge
strikes
C1.1 Identification and listing of bridges likely to be subject to bridge
strikes
The infrastructure controller shall identify and list in a register (but not
necessarily in a single register) all bridges likely to be subject to bridge strikes,
taking into account:
a) the nature of the non-rail traffic
b) the headroom (where applicable)
c) the alignment and width of the road or navigable waterway
d) the history of bridge strikes at the location.
GC/RT5100 sets out other general requirements for listing bridges.
There are special compliance requirements associated with this section - see
section B2.2.
C1.2 Prioritisation of bridges likely to be subject to bridge strikes

The infrastructure controller shall undertake a risk-based prioritisation of the
bridges listed in the register, taking into account the factors set out in
Appendix 1.
section B2.2.
C1.3 Review of prioritisation

The infrastructure controller shall review the prioritisation of a bridge in the
register:
a) whenever the infrastructure controller becomes aware of a change in

circumstances at a bridge that is likely to have significantly affected the risk
arising from bridge strikes (including alterations to, and/or reconstruction of
the bridge)
b) following a detailed examination of the bridge as required by GC/RT5100
c) as part of the evaluation of structural safety of the bridge required by

GC/RT5100 after significant damage from a bridge strike (generally
following a bridge strike which is classified as ‘serious’ or ‘potentially
serious’ – see section D10.1 and Appendix 3).
Following each review, the register shall be amended, where necessary, to

reflect the changed prioritisation.
C1.4 Identification of bridges where particular control measures apply

The infrastructure controller shall identify in the register:
a) all bridges for which a bridge strike nominee (Grade 2) is authorised to act
(see section D6)
b) all underline bridges over which all normal rail traffic is permitted to pass
without prior inspection following a bridge strike in accordance with a local
operations instruction (see section D8)
8 RAILWAY SAFETY

GC/RT5122
Issue Four
c) all underline bridges over which specified rail traffic is permitted to pass
without a prior inspection following a bridge strike in accordance with a local
operations instruction (see section D8)
d) any other bridge to which a local operations instruction applies (see section
D8).
section B2.2.
C2 Measures to reduce
the risk from bridge
strikes
C2.1 Measures to reduce the risk from bridge strikes at individual bridges
The infrastructure controller shall have a procedure in place requiring measures
to be implemented to reduce the risk from bridge strikes at bridges listed in the
register compiled in accordance with section C1.1.
In determining the measures to reduce the risk from bridge strikes, the
procedure shall require the following to be taken into account:
a) the factors taken into account in the risk based prioritisation of the bridge (in
accordance with section C1.2)
b) site-specific circumstances.
The measures to be considered shall include, but not be limited to, the following:
i) provision of structural protection (for example, collision protection beams -

BD65/97, contained within the Highways Agency’s Design Manual for Roads
and Bridges, sets out design criteria for collision protection beams)
ii) provision of, or improvement to, signing and warning markings
iii) improvement of visibility of existing signing or warning markings
iv) provision of, or improvement to, markings or physical measures to guide to

road traffic
v) removal of features (for example, advertising hoardings) which are likely to

distract drivers’ attention from perceiving the presence of a bridge or of its
signing
vi) measures to reduce speed of road traffic (traffic calming measures)
vii) improvement to headroom
viii) provision of automatic sensing and/or warning devices
ix) painting the outside of underline bridges to make them more conspicuous
x) provision of traffic lights at bridges to limit traffic to a single lane over or

under the bridge
xi) increasing the strength or extent of the parapets or safety barriers at an

overline bridge.
The relative importance of each of these measures shall be considered on a site-

by-site basis.
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GC/RT5122
Issue Four
section B2.2
C2.2 Implementation of measures to reduce the risk from bridge strikes

not within the control of infrastructure controller
When the implementation of risk reduction measures required by section C2.1 is
not within the control of the infrastructure controller, the infrastructure controller
shall:
a) appraise the relevant authority of the risks to the safe operation of the
railway due to bridge strikes and provide advice as to the appropriate
measures that are considered necessary to reduce the risk to the safe
operation of the railway at the particular location
b) endeavour to obtain the agreement of the relevant authority to implement

appropriate measures
c) where agreement to the implementation of appropriate measures is not

obtained, implement those measures that are within the control of the
infrastructure controller and record details of those measures that are not
implemented by the relevant authority.
C2.3 Increasing general awareness of the risk of bridge strikes

The infrastructure controller shall consider measures aimed at reducing the
likelihood of bridge strikes occurring by increasing general awareness of the risk
from bridge strikes, including, for example:
a) promoting the publication of maps/atlases highlighting low headroom

bridges
b) publication of other documents (for example, leaflets) highlighting the risks

from bridge strikes
c) liaison with vehicle operators, highway authorities and outside party bridge
owners to highlight the risks from bridge strikes
d) promoting technical developments and best practice.
C2.4 Records of measures considered and implemented

The infrastructure controller shall keep records of:
a) measures that have been considered to reduce the risk from bridge strikes
b) measures that have been implemented to reduce the risk from bridge
strikes.
C3 Provision of
identification plates
The infrastructure controller shall prepare and implement a programme to
provide identification plates for the use of the public at bridges that are at risk
from bridge strikes, prioritised in accordance with section C1.2.
Specific requirements for bridges owned by outside parties are set out in section
C5.2 c).
The information shown on the plates shall:
a) uniquely identify the bridge
b) show a telephone number for the relevant signalling control centre or railway
operations control office giving 24-hour availability, for use by the public,
drivers or others in reporting a bridge strike.
10 RAILWAY SAFETY

GC/RT5122
Issue Four
Identification plates shall be positioned so as to be clearly visible to users of the

relevant road or waterway.
The infrastructure controller shall ensure that the identification plates are
adequately maintained.
Section D8.4 sets out additional requirements for provision of identification

plates where local operations instructions relating to a bridge are issued.
GC/RT5100 sets out general requirements for identification of bridges, both for
record purposes and for identification on site.
section B2.2
C4 Design of new
structures and
structures subject to
alteration
GC/RT5110 sets out general requirements for the design of bridges and other
structures, including requirements in respect of:
a) the safe movement of vehicles (including, for example, adequate headroom)
b) adequate protection to vehicles using or affected by the structure (including,

for example, adequate parapets)
c) adequate resistance to the likely effects of external influences (including, for

example, adequate restraint at bearings)
d) robustness against damage by accidental effects.
C5 Bridges owned by
outside parties
C5.1 General requirements for bridges owned by outside parties
GC/RT5100 sets out the general requirements for the safe management of
structures owned by outside parties.
C5.2 Requirements for existing bridges owned by outside parties

For existing bridges owned by outside parties that are likely to be subject to
bridge strikes, the infrastructure controller shall have procedures in place that
meet the requirements of sections C1.1 and C1.4 a).
The infrastructure controller shall also have procedures in place to:
a) appraise the relevant outside party bridge owner of the risks to the safe
operation of the railway due to bridge strikes with respect to each outside
party bridge
b) provide advice as to the measures that should be considered by the outside

party bridge owner to reduce the risk to the safe operation of the railway by
reference to section C2.1
c) liaise with the outside party bridge owner and endeavour to obtain their
agreement to implement measures to reduce the risk to the safe operation
of the railway, including provision of identification plates in accordance with
section C3
d) implement alternative measures within the control of the infrastructure

controller, when the outside party bridge owner’s agreement to implement
measures to reduce the risk to the safe operation of the railway is not
obtained
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GC/RT5122
Issue Four
e) record details of those measures that are not implemented by the outside
party bridge owner.
section B2.2.
C5.3 Requirements for proposed new bridges owned by outside parties

For proposed new structures to be owned by outside parties, the infrastructure
controller shall have procedures in place to ensure that the requirements of
GC/RT5110 are applied so far as is reasonable (see section C4).
Where the requirements are not met, this shall be recorded by the infrastructure
controller, together with the reasons why the requirements have not been met.
12 RAILWAY SAFETY

GC/RT5122
Issue Four
Part D
Managing bridge strike incidents
D1 Procedures in the
event of a reported
bridge strike
The infrastructure controller shall have procedures in place to ensure that, in the
event of a reported bridge strike the subsequent risks to persons and property
are minimised.
The procedures shall meet the requirements of sections D2 to D11.
D2 Action to be taken
when a bridge strike is
reported
When a bridge strike is reported, movement of trains over or under the bridge
shall not be permitted until the bridge has been examined by a bridge strike
examiner to make sure it remains safe for trains to pass.
If a bridge strike examiner is not immediately available, it is permissible for a

bridge, other than a bridge over a navigable waterway, to be examined by a
bridge strike nominee.
Conditions under which bridge strike examiners are permitted to act are set out
in section D4. Conditions under which bridge strike nominees (Grade 1) are
permitted to act are set out in section D5. Conditions under which bridge strike
nominees (Grade 2) are permitted to act are set out in section D6.
Section D8 permits actions other than those set out above to be taken when a
bridge strike is reported, provided these are set out in local operations
instructions.
D3 Late reported bridge

strikes
Following a late reported bridge strike, action in accordance with section D2 shall
be taken unless local operations instructions have been issued, setting out the
alternative actions to be taken (see section D8).
D4 Conditions under
which bridge strike
examiners are permitted
to act
It is permissible for a bridge strike examiner to determine the speed, up to the
permissible speed (or enhanced permissible speed where applicable), at which
the movement of trains can be resumed. In determining the speed, the bridge
strike examiner shall take into consideration the damage to the bridge caused by
the bridge strike.
It is permissible for the bridge strike examiner to authorise the movement of

trains on the basis of pictures transmitted from a camera operated by a bridge
strike nominee, provided the infrastructure controller has demonstrated that, in
permitting the movement of trains to be authorised on the basis of the
transmitted pictures, the incremental risk is negligible.
Requirements for qualifications, experience and certification of bridge strike

examiners are set out in Part E.
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GC/RT5122
Issue Four
D5 Conditions under
which bridge strike
nominees (Grade 1) are
permitted to act
It is permissible for a bridge strike nominee (Grade 1) to authorise the movement
of trains at 5 mph at underline bridges and 20 mph at overline bridges provided
the damage to a bridge following a bridge strike is within the limits set out in
Appendix 2.
Requirements for training, competence and certification of bridge strike

nominees (Grade 1) are set out in Part E.
D6 Conditions under
which bridge strike
nominees (Grade 2) are
permitted to act
It is permissible for a bridge strike nominee (Grade 2) to authorise the movement
of trains, without a speed restriction being imposed (other than existing speeds
restrictions imposed for other reasons), over or under specified bridges in
accordance with documented arrangements issued by the infrastructure
controller.
At other bridges where documented arrangements have not been issued, the
requirements applicable to a bridge strike nominee (Grade 1) apply to a bridge
strike nominee (Grade 2).
Documented arrangements permitting a bridge strike nominee (Grade 2) to

authorise the movement of trains over or under specified bridges without a
speed restriction shall only be issued if the following conditions are met:
a) The infrastructure controller has identified and recorded the specific bridges,
either by reference to individual bridges or by reference to a geographical
area (including, where appropriate, any excluded bridges).
b) The infrastructure controller has determined and recorded the damage

criteria that apply to the specific bridges, either by reference to individual
bridges or by reference to generic types (including, where appropriate, any
excluded bridges).
c) The specific arrangements for each bridge (taking into account the damage
criteria permitted by (b) of this section) have been documented for use on
site.
Requirements for training, competence and certification of bridge strike

nominees (Grade 2) are set out in Part E.
D7 Actions of bridge
strike nominees after
allowing trains to pass
Until a bridge strike examiner authorises otherwise, the bridge strike nominee
who is authorising trains to pass following a reported bridge strike shall:
a) remain on site
b) keep the bridge under observation to check that there is no worsening in the
condition of the bridge.
If the condition of the bridge worsens, the bridge strike nominee shall instruct the
signaller to stop the movement of trains until a bridge strike examiner has
examined the bridge.
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GC/RT5122
Issue Four
D8 Local operations
instructions for use by
signallers
D8.1 Issuing local operations instructions
It is permissible for the infrastructure controller to formulate and issue local
operations instructions for use by signallers for managing the risk from bridge
strikes.
Local operations instructions shall relate to specific bridges, either by reference

to individual bridges or by reference to a geographical area (including, where
appropriate, any excluded bridges) and shall lay down criteria for rail traffic to be
permitted to pass over or under the specified bridges following a bridge strike.
In the case of late reported bridge strikes, it is permissible for the criteria for rail
traffic to be permitted to pass over or under the specified bridges to vary
depending on the number and type of trains that have passed over the bridge
since the reported time of the bridge strike. The infrastructure controller shall
demonstrate that, in applying such varying criteria, the incremental risk is
negligible.
D8.2 Examples of local operations instructions

Examples of where it is permissible for a local operations instruction to be issued
are:
a) where an underline bridge has been assessed by the infrastructure

controller as having sufficient robustness and strength for normal rail traffic
to continue to pass over the bridge safely at a specified speed following any
bridge strike and where it is intended to allow rail traffic to pass over the
bridge without a prior examination of the bridge following a bridge strike
b) where an underline bridge has been assessed by the infrastructure

controller as having sufficient robustness and strength for specified classes
of rail traffic, limited by their weight, to continue to pass over the bridge
safely at a specified speed following a late reported underline bridge strike
and where it is intended to allow the specified rail traffic to pass over the
bridge without a prior examination of the bridge following a bridge strike
c) where the parapets of an overline bridge have been assessed by the

infrastructure controller as having sufficient robustness and strength for road
traffic usually using the bridge to not cause significant damage, and where it
is intended to allow rail traffic to pass under the bridge without a prior
examination of the bridge following a bridge strike.
D8.3 Content of local operations instruction

Local operations instructions shall:
a) accurately identify the bridges (and, where applicable, the spans of the
bridges) to which the local operations instruction applies
b) clearly identify the lines that are permitted to remain open
c) identify the action to be taken by the signaller before trains are authorised to
pass over or under the bridge
d) clearly identify the type and speed of rail traffic permitted to pass under or
over the bridge following the bridge strike.
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GC/RT5122
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D8.4 Criteria for issuing local operations instructions

Local operations instructions shall be issued only if all the following conditions
are satisfied:
a) The infrastructure controller has demonstrated that, in applying such local

operations instructions, the incremental risk is negligible. The
recommended factors that should be considered are listed in Appendix 5.
b) The infrastructure controller has recorded the justification for issuing the
local operations instruction.
c) One or more identification plates in accordance with section C3 are in place

on the bridge.
Where the local operations instructions relate only to late reported bridge strikes,
it is permissible to issue the instructions without identification plates being in
place.
The infrastructure controller shall also define the arrangements for the
subsequent examination of the bridge following a bridge strike including the
timescales for such an examination.
D8.5 Review of local operations instructions

Local operations instructions shall be reviewed and confirmed, or revised if
necessary, by the infrastructure controller:
a) after a detailed examination of the bridge that identifies any significant

change in condition, loading or environment that affects the risk from bridge
strikes
b) following a bridge strike which is classified as serious or potentially serious

(see section D10.1 and Appendix 3)
c) when the infrastructure controller becomes aware of any changes to the

criteria upon which the local operations instructions were issued, and where
such changes could reasonably be foreseen to increase the risk to the
safety of train operations.
D9 Additional structural
examination following a
reported bridge strike
Following all reported bridge strike incidents, the infrastructure controller shall
arrange an additional structural examination of the bridge by a competent person
(for example a bridge strike examiner) to:
a) ensure the bridge strike nominee’s decision is correct, when movement of

trains over the bridge has been authorised by a bridge strike nominee
b) report on repairs or other actions required.
The response time for the additional structural examination shall be

commensurate with the risk to the safety of train operations.
D10 Classification,
recording and reporting
of bridge strikes
D10.1 Classification of bridge strikes
The infrastructure controller shall classify every reported bridge strike as
‘serious’, ‘potentially serious’ or ‘not serious’, in accordance with the criteria set
out in Appendix 3.
16 RAILWAY SAFETY

GC/RT5122
Issue Four
D10.2 Reporting of bridge strikes

GE/RT8047 sets out requirements for the reporting of safety related information,
including bridge strikes.
D11 Advice to British

Transport Police
Where possible, full details of the vehicle or vessel concerned in a bridge strike
incident shall be obtained and the information passed to the British Transport
Police.
RAILWAY SAFETY 17

GC/RT5122
Issue Four
Part E
Training, competence and certification
E1 Application of
Railways (Safety Critical
Work) Regulations
GO/RT3260 states that the assessment of a bridge (for example by a bridge
strike nominee or a bridge strike examiner) following a bridge strike is
considered safety critical under the Railways (Safety Critical Work) Regulations
and defines requirements for systems to manage the competence and fitness of
persons required to undertake such work.
E2 General competence
requirements
The infrastructure controller shall have in place procedures that ensure that only
competent persons:
a) undertake the risk-based prioritisation of bridges in accordance with section

C1
b) consider measures to reduce the risk from bridge strikes in accordance with
section C2
c) formulate and issue local operations instructions in accordance with section

D8
d) establish, in accordance with section D6, the bridges where a bridge strike
nominee (Grade 2) is authorised to act
e) carry out training and assessment of competence and issue certificates in

accordance with this part of the standard (Part E).
E3 Certification of
bridge strike nominees
E3.1 Certification of bridge strike nominees (Grade 1)
The infrastructure controller shall have procedures in place to ensure that all
persons acting as a bridge strike nominee (Grade 1) are issued with a certificate
of authority before acting in this capacity.
In the case of initial certification, such a certificate shall only be issued if the
person has attended and successfully completed a suitable training course (see
section E6) and this fact is acknowledged through a statement signed by the
trainer.
In the case of re-certification, such a certificate shall only be issued if the person
is currently in possession of a valid certificate to act as a bridge strike nominee
(Grade 1) and has successfully attended a refresher course or has been
reassessed as competent and this fact is acknowledged through a statement
signed by the trainer or assessor as appropriate.
In all cases, a person nominated by the infrastructure controller shall sign a

statement to signify that they consider that the person is competent to act as
bridge strike nominee (Grade 1).
Records that demonstrate that these conditions have been satisfied shall be
retained for as long as the certificate remains valid.
The certificate shall show the expiry date of the authority to act in the capacity of
a bridge strike nominee (Grade 1).
The certificate shall bear an identification number.
18 RAILWAY SAFETY

GC/RT5122
Issue Four
E3.2 Certification of bridge strike nominee (Grade 2)

persons, acting as bridge strike nominee (Grade 2), are issued with a certificate
of authority before acting in this capacity.
In the case of initial certification, such a certificate shall only be issued if:
a) The person is in possession of a valid certificate to act as bridge strike

nominee (Grade 1), and has been in possession of the certificate for at least
two years.
b) The person has acted as a bridge strike nominee (Grade 1) and
i) usually, has managed at least four incidents, all satisfactorily
ii) exceptionally, has managed at least one incident satisfactorily and

the person’s employer has signed a statement setting out the
reasons why the person is considered sufficiently experienced as a
bridge strike nominee (Grade 1) to be upgraded to a bridge strike
nominee (Grade 2).
c) The person has attended and successfully completed a suitable training

course (see section E6) and this fact is acknowledged through a signed
statement of the trainer.
In the case of re-certification as a bridge strike nominee (Grade 2), such a

certificate shall only be issued if the person is currently in possession of a valid
certificate to act as a bridge strike nominee (Grade 2) and has attended a
refresher course or has been reassessed as competent and this fact is
acknowledged through a statement signed by the trainer or assessor as
appropriate.
In all cases, a person nominated by the infrastructure controller shall sign a

statement to signify that they consider that the person is competent to act as
bridge strike nominee (Grade 2).
Records that demonstrate that these conditions have been satisfied shall be
retained for as long as the certificate remains valid.
a bridge strike nominee (Grade 2).
Requirements for the documented arrangements under which bridge strike

nominees (Grade 2) are permitted to act are set out in section D6.
E4 Expiry date of
certificates for bridge
strike nominees
E4.1 Requirements for expiry dates
For initial certification, the expiry date shall not be more than two years after the
date on which the person completed the training course.
For re-certification the date shall not be more than two years after the expiry date
previously recorded on the certificate.
E4.2 Withdrawal of certification with ‘until withdrawn’ expiry date

existing certificates with an expiry date shown as ‘until withdrawn’ are withdrawn.
section B2.2.
RAILWAY SAFETY 19

GC/RT5122
Issue Four
E5 Register of bridge
strike nominees
The infrastructure controller shall compile and maintain a register (but not
necessarily a single register) that includes names of all persons who hold valid
certificates to act as bridge strike nominee (Grades 1 and 2).
The register shall also include the expiry date of each person’s certificate.
section B2.2.
E6 Training and
assessment of
competence for bridge
strike nominees
The infrastructure controller shall ensure that the method and components of the
training and assessment of competence of bridge strike nominees (Grades 1
and 2) accords with the requirements for such training and assessment of
competence in Appendix 4.
E7 Competence of
trainers for bridge strike
nominees
The infrastructure controller shall have procedures in place to ensure that
persons responsible for training and/or assessing of competence of bridge strike
nominees (Grade 1) and/or bridge strike nominees (Grade 2):
a) are competent trainers and/or assessors
b) hold an appropriate nationally recognised qualification as a trainer and/or as

an assessor
c) have expertise relevant to managing the risks from bridge strikes to the
satisfaction of the infrastructure controller.
E8 Certification of
bridge strike examiners
persons acting as bridge strike examiner are issued with a valid certificate.
Such a certificate shall be valid only if all the following conditions are satisfied:
a) The person is qualified or experienced in accordance with at least one of the

criteria set out in section E10.
b) A person nominated by the infrastructure controller has signed a statement

to signify that they consider that the person is competent to act as bridge
strike examiner.
bridge strike examiner.
20 RAILWAY SAFETY

GC/RT5122
Issue Four
E9 Expiry date of
certificates for bridge
strike examiners
The expiry date shall be as determined by the infrastructure controller for both
initial certification and for any subsequent re-certification but shall not be more
than five years after the person has been authorised or re-authorised to act in
the capacity of a bridge strike examiner.
E10 Qualifications and

experience of bridge
strike examiners
Persons acting as bridge strike examiner shall be qualified or experienced in
accordance with at least one of the following criteria to the satisfaction of the
infrastructure controller:
a) the person is a chartered or incorporated civil or structural engineer with

experience in the management and maintenance of railway bridges
b) the person is qualified and experienced to examine and report upon the
condition of structures in accordance with GC/RT5100
c) the person can demonstrate at least five years practical experience in bridge
maintenance, examination or assessment.
E11 Assessment of
competence for bridge
strike examiners
The assessment of competence of a bridge strike examiner shall be either of the
following:
a) the performance of the candidate in an examination
b) work place assessment.
E12 Register of bridge

strike examiners
The infrastructure controller shall compile and maintain a register (but not
necessarily a single register) that includes the names and other relevant details
of all persons who hold valid certificates to act as bridge strike examiner.
The register shall also include the expiry date of each person’s certificate.
section B2.2.
RAILWAY SAFETY 21

GC/RT5122
Issue Four
Appendix 1 - Mandatory
Required factors for the risk based prioritisation of
bridges
1.1 Underline bridges
spanning over roads
The factors to be taken into account in the risk based prioritisation of underline
bridges spanning over a road (or bridges under which vehicular traffic may
reasonably be expected to pass) in accordance with section C1.2 shall include,
but not be limited to, the following:
a) type, density and speed of rail traffic
b) headroom
c) type, density and speed of road traffic
d) type of construction of bridge (particularly noting the presence of any

vulnerable bridge support columns)
e) history of bridge strikes
f) existing measures to reduce the risk (for example, signing and markings at
the bridge and on its approaches)
g) visibility of signs at the bridge and on all approach routes
h) condition of the underline bridge
i) assessed live load capacity of the underline bridge
j) track construction including the presence of longitudinal timbers or track

directly fastened to the deck.
1.2 Underline bridges

spanning over navigable
waterways
The factors to be taken into account in the risk-based prioritisation of underline
bridges spanning over a navigable waterway in accordance with section C1.2
shall include, but not be limited to, the following:
b) headroom (air draught) (taking into account changes in water level)
c) type, density and speed of waterborne traffic (taking into account water
currents and tides)
d) type of construction of bridge (particularly noting the presence of any

vulnerable bridge support columns)
the bridge and on its approaches, protection to bridge piers)
g) visibility of signs at the bridge and on its approaches
h) condition of the underline bridge
i) assessed live load capacity of the underline bridge
22 RAILWAY SAFETY

GC/RT5122
Issue Four
j) track construction including the presence of longitudinal timbers or track

directly fastened to the deck.
1.3 Overline bridges

carrying roads
The factors to be taken into account in the risk-based prioritisation of overline
bridges carrying a road (or bridges which may reasonably be expected to carry
vehicular traffic) in accordance with section C1.2 shall include, but not be limited
to, the following:
b) road alignment and width
c) type, density and speed of road traffic (including level of abnormal road
traffic)
d) type of construction and structural resistance (containment level) of parapet

or safety fence or barrier (including those on approach routes)
g) visibility of signs at the bridge and on all approach routes
h) condition of parapet or safety barrier.
RAILWAY SAFETY 23

GC/RT5122
Issue Four
Damage limits within which a bridge strike nominee
(Grade 1) is permitted to authorise the movement of
trains
2.1 Underline bridge
(rail over road)
Type of Damage limits
bridge
structure
(including
walls and
columns)
All bridges The vertical and horizontal alignment of the track appears
normal. There is no loss of ballast under any sleeper and there
is no gap between sleeper ends and the ballast. The railhead
is undamaged.
In addition:
Metal bridge The bridge is not deformed or displaced and there is no other
damage (except for paint damage).
Metal Column If there is any reason to suspect that a metal column has been
struck, the bridge strike nominee (Grade 1) is not permitted to
authorise the movement of trains.
Masonry Arch Any displaced material:
a) is not more that 150 mm in depth, and
b) does not cover a total area of more than one square metre.
Brick Arch Any displaced material:
a) is not more that one brick in depth, and
b) does not cover a total area of more than one square metre.
Concrete If exposed by the damage, the internal reinforcing bars are not
bridge cut or damaged.
Table 1: Underline bridge damage limits
2.2 Overline bridge

(road over rail)
Damage limits:
a) the part of the parapet wall which is immediately over the track has not been
cracked or displaced, either horizontally or vertically
b) any debris from a damaged parapet or wall that has already fallen or could
fall, will only fall into the embankment clear of the track and there is no risk
of any debris falling on or near the line.
2.3 Bridges with several

independent structures
Where the bridge consists of several independent structures across the width of
the railway, each independent structure shall be considered as a separate bridge
for the purposes of these instructions.
It is permissible for normal working to be resumed immediately on the line(s)

which pass over or under the unaffected independent structure(s) if it is clear
24 RAILWAY SAFETY

GC/RT5122
Issue Four
during the examination of the bridge that an independent structure(s) has not
been either:
a) struck, or
b) affected by damage to another structure which was struck.
RAILWAY SAFETY 25

GC/RT5122
Issue Four
Requirements for classification of bridge strikes
3.1 ‘Serious’
classification
A bridge strike shall be classified as ‘serious’ if any of the following situations
results:
a) the horizontal or vertical alignment of the track is affected
b) a load-carrying element is damaged, distorted or displaced to such an

extent that its load-carrying capacity is in doubt
c) there is a physical obstruction to the passage of trains (for example, fallen

debris from the parapet of an overline bridge lying within the loading gauge)
d) an arch or spandrel wall is damaged to such an extent that its stability is

affected and an operational railway track has to remain closed, or subject to
temporary speed restriction, until repairs have been carried out
e) a pre-stressed concrete element carrying live loading is damaged to such an

extent that pre-stressing steel is exposed
f) a reinforced concrete element carrying live loading is damaged to such an

extent that reinforcement is broken or displaced.
3.2 ‘Potentially serious’

classification
A bridge strike shall be classified as ‘potentially serious’ if any one of the
following situations results:
a) a load-carrying element suffers structural damage to the extent that it is

necessary to carry out extensive repairs but it is not necessary to impose a
temporary speed restriction on rail traffic pending such repairs
b) an arch or spandrel wall is damaged to the extent that its stability is not
immediately affected but any further significant damage would require part
of the arch or spandrel wall to be replaced
c) fallen debris (for example, from the parapet of an overline bridge) is lying on
a cutting slope or on the track but does not infringe the loading gauge
d) a reinforced concrete element carrying live loading is damaged to the extent

that reinforcement is exposed but is not broken or displaced.
3.3 ‘Not serious’

classification
A bridge strike shall be classified as ‘not serious’ if none of the situations
described above results.
26 RAILWAY SAFETY

GC/RT5122
Issue Four
Requirements for training and assessment of
competence for bridge strike nominees
4.1 Training for bridge
strike nominee (Grade 1)
4.1.1 Training objectives for bridge strike nominee (Grade 1)
The training shall ensure that the bridge strike nominee acquires the skills and
knowledge to be able to:
a) examine the damage from a bridge strike
b) assess whether the damage to the bridge, the track and the track geometry
is within the criteria set out in Appendix 2
c) understand the speed limits that are required before trains are permitted to
pass over or under the bridge, as set out in section D5
d) authorise trains to pass over or under the bridge at the speed set out in
section D5 when the damage is within the criteria set out in Appendix 2.
4.1.2 Training elements for bridge strike nominee (Grade 1)

The training shall include the following elements:
a) general requirements of this document relating to management of bridge

strikes
b) allowable extent of damage to permit trains to pass at 5 mph for bridges

carrying rail traffic constructed of brickwork, masonry, concrete and metal,
or 20 mph for bridges carrying non-rail vehicular traffic over the railway, as
set out in Appendix 2
c) the significance of various types of damage
d) the significance of track displacement
e) identification of ‘independent structures’ as set out in Appendix 2.
4.2 Training for bridge

strike nominee (Grade 2)
4.2.1 Training objectives for bridge strike nominee (Grade 2)
The training shall ensure that the bridge strike nominee (Grade 2) has the skills
and knowledge to act as a bridge strike nominee (Grade 1) and additionally
acquires the skills and knowledge to be able to:
a) understand the significance of damage at particular bridges on the basis of

simple structural principles, taking into account the speed of trains involved
b) authorise trains to pass over or under specific bridges at permissible speed

(or enhanced permissible speed where applicable) when the damage is
within the criteria specified for the specific bridges.
4.2.2 Training elements for bridge strike nominee (Grade 2)

The training shall include (but shall not be limited to) the following elements:
a) all the elements set out in section 4.1.2 for bridge strike nominee (Grade 1)
b) simple structural principles
c) the documented arrangements for each bridge in respect of which the

person is to be authorised to act, taking into account the damage criteria
permitted by section D6 b).
RAILWAY SAFETY 27

GC/RT5122
Issue Four
4.3 Assessment of
competence
The assessment of competence following training shall be by the performance of
the candidate in a written test.
The reassessment of competence of a previously trained bridge strike nominee

(Grade 1) or a trained bridge strike nominee (Grade 2) shall be based on either
of the following:
a) the performance of the candidate in a written test
b) work place assessment.
28 RAILWAY SAFETY

GC/RT5122
Issue Four
Appendix 5 - Advisory
Recommended factors for local operations
instructions
In accordance with section D8.4, the factors that should be taken into account by
the infrastructure controller prior to the issue of local operations instructions in
respect of a bridge should include, but not be limited to, the following:
b) headroom (for underline bridges)
c) type, density and speed of road traffic
d) type of construction of bridge (including in particular its robustness against

likely impacts)
f) structural configuration of bridge (for example, for underline bridges,

robustness of the bridge, lateral distance between edge element and
nearest railway track, presence of independent edge structure not carrying
operational track)
g) existing measures to reduce the risk (for example, signing and markings at
h) visibility of signs at the bridge and on all approach routes
i) condition of the bridge
j) assessed live load capacity of the bridge
k) potential consequences from a bridge strike
l) track geometry in the vicinity of the bridge
m) road layout in the vicinity of the bridge.
RAILWAY SAFETY 29

GC/RT5122
Issue Four
References
Railway Group Standards and other Railway Group Documents
GA/RT6001 Railway Group Standards Change Procedures
GA/RT6004 Temporary Non-Compliance with Railway Group Standards
GA/RT6006 Derogations from Railway Group Standards
GC/RC5510 Recommendations for the Design of Bridges
GC/RT5100 Safe Management of Structures
GC/RT5110 Design Requirements for Structures
GC/RT5022 Rails and Rail Joints
GE/RT8004 Local Operations Instructions
GE/RT8047 Reporting of Safety-Related Information
GO/RT3000 Rule Book
GO/RT3260 Competence Management for Safety-Critical Work
GO/RT3062 Regulations for Train Signalling
Other documents
Railways (Safety Critical Work) Regulations 1994
BD65/97 Design Criteria for Collision Protection Beams (part of Highways
Agency’s Design Manual for Roads and Bridges)
The Catalogue of Railway Group Standards and the Railway Group Standards
CD-ROM give the current issue number and status of documents published by
Railway Safety.
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Uncontrolled copy from the catalogue dated August 2004

Railway Group Standard

Elizabeth Fleming This document is the property of

This page has been left blank intentionally

Railway Group Standard

Part C Reducing the risk from bridge strikes

Part D Managing bridge strike incidents

Part E Training, competence and certification

Railway Group Standard

Section Description Page

Railway Group Standard

This document will be updated when necessary by distribution of a complete

This document comes into force on 7 December 2002.

The dates by which compliance with the requirements of this document is to be

This document supersedes the following Railway Group Standards, either in

Railway Issue Title RGS sections Date(s) as of

GC/RT5122 issue three is withdrawn with effect from 7 December 2002.

GO/RT3000 Section V is withdrawn with effect from 7 December 2002. The

Railway Group Standard

Railtrack PLC is known as Railtrack.

A5 Health and safety

Jon Taylor, Principal Track & Structures Engineer, Railway Safety.

Enquiries should be directed to Railway Safety – Tel: 020 7904 7518

Railway Group Standard

B2.2 Compliance requirements

b) all underline bridges spanning navigable waterways (except waterways

c) all overline bridges carrying roads or which may reasonably be expected to

All requirements in this document shall be complied with by 7 December 2002,

Compliance with section C1.2 (Prioritisation of bridges likely to be subject to

Compliance with section C1.4 (Identification of bridges where particular control

Compliance with section C3 (Provision of identification plates) is required by

Compliance with section C5.2 (Requirements for existing bridges owned by

Compliance with section E4.2 (Withdrawal of certification with ‘until withdrawn’

Compliance with section E5 (Register of bridge strike nominees) is required by

Compliance with section E12 (Register of bridge strike examiners) is required by

Railway Group Standard

B2.3 General compliance requirements

Where it is considered not practicable, or not reasonably practicable, to comply

B2.4 Exclusions from the application of this document

Structures whose prime purpose is to carry services (utilities) over an obstruction

B2.5 Related requirements in other documents

Requirements for managing the competence and fitness of persons required to

B2.6 Supporting documents

Bridge strike examiner

Railway Group Standard

Bridge strike nominee (Grade 1)

Bridge strike nominee (Grade 2)

Late reported bridge strike

Local operations instruction

Permissible speed (or enhanced permissible speed where applicable)

Overline bridge (road over rail)

Underline bridge (rail over road/water)

Railway Group Standard

a) the nature of the non-rail traffic

b) the headroom (where applicable)

c) the alignment and width of the road or navigable waterway

d) the history of bridge strikes at the location.

GC/RT5100 sets out other general requirements for listing bridges.

C1.2 Prioritisation of bridges likely to be subject to bridge strikes

C1.3 Review of prioritisation

a) whenever the infrastructure controller becomes aware of a change in

b) following a detailed examination of the bridge as required by GC/RT5100

c) as part of the evaluation of structural safety of the bridge required by