Thematic Analysis of Love and Revenge in Bronte’s Wuthering

Heights

By
Shah Zaib Ayub
MA English
Roll No. 6367

Department of English Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University Dir

Upper Chitral Campus 2016-2018
Thematic Analysis of Love and Revenge in Bronte’s Wuthering
Heights

Supervisor
Kifayatullah, Asst Prof
In English Department of University of Chitral

By

Shahzeb Ayub
MA English
Roll No: 6367

DEPARTMENT AND ENGLISH AND LITERATURE

SHAHEED BENAZEER BHUTTO UNIVERISTY UPPER DIR SHIRINGAL
SUB CAMPUS CHITRAL KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA
Session 2016 -2018
 Thematic Analysis of Love and Revenge in Bronte’s Wuthering
Heights

A thesis submitted to the Department of English, Shaheed Benazir University Shiringal Sub
Campus Chitral in partial fulfillment of the requirement of the degree of

Master of Art

in

English

By

Shah Zaib Ayub

MA English

Roll No: 6367

Department of English Language & Literature

Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University Upper Dir Chitral Campus

Session 2016 -2018

 CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that this thesis entitled, “Thematic Analysis of Love and Revenge in Bronte’s

Wuthering Heights

Submitted by Mr. Shah Zaib Ayub the degree of Master in English is based on the results

carried out by him and my own supervision. I declare that the research paper has not been

previously submitted or used for any other degree.

Name: SHAH ZAIB AYUB

Roll NO: 6367

Discipline: MA English

Supervised By: Mr. Kifayat Ullah

Signature of Research Supervisor___________________

Signature of External Examiner____________________

 Declaration

I do hereby declare that the thesis entitled “Thematic Analysis of Love and Revenge in Emily
Bronte’s Wuthering Heights” has not been submitted earlier for the award of any degree or
similar title of recognition.

Date________________

Shah Zaib Ayub Signature________________

 Acknowledgement

I should be grateful to my Allah who helped me to use my feeble efforts on the glorious
ground of education and knowledge. I’m also thankful to my parents who gave me the
opportunity and I should proudly say that we found the best ever counselors, guiders and
teachers in university namely, Mr zahoor ul haq, Miss Nazish Aaamir, Mr. Zakir and many
other. Further I should have to place on record my deep sense of gratitude to Sir Kifayat ullah
whose efforts and love for students are appreciating and praiseful.

Shahzeb Ayub
“Be with me always_take any form_drive me mad! Only do not leave me in

this abyss, where I cannot find you! Oh, God! It is unutterable!I cannot live

without my life! I cannot live without my soul!"

Emily Bronte (16.25)

 DEDICATION

Dedicated to...

My excellent teacher Mr. GK Sareer

Table of Contents
CERTIFICATION ........................................................................................................................................ 4
I. The concept of Thematics ........................................................................................................... 2
II. Statement of the problem .......................................................................................................... 3
III. Research Questions ................................................................................................................ 3
IV. Objectives of research ............................................................................................................ 4
V. Significance of research .............................................................................................................. 4
I. Research methodology ............................................................................................................... 5
I. Literature review............................................................................................................................. 7
I. Background of the Knowledge ........................................................................................................ 9
I. Emily Bronte’s Biography and Work ........................................................................................... 9
II. Brief Summary of the Novel ...................................................................................................... 10
Chapter 05............................................................................................................................................. 12
I. Discussion...................................................................................................................................... 12
I. Love ........................................................................................................................................... 13
II. Revenge..................................................................................................................................... 19
Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................. 24
Works Cited ........................................................................................................................................... 25
 Abstract

The basic aim of the study is to analyze the two major themes of the novel which are Love
and Revenge. For that purpose thematic technique of qualitative methodology has been used
to analyze the major and central themes of the novel. Thematics is a qualitative methodical-
framework in research which is widely used to identify, pinpoint, describe, organize and
report themes within a set of data. For thematic examination the two major subjects, love and
revenge have been specifically taken. Although the novel has multiple themes and subjects
such as marriage, relationships and family problems etc. nevertheless this technique
summarized and unified chunk of ideas and diversified elements. Similarly Wuthering
Heights is romantic novel and the whole events, incidents, characters, and author’s way of
expression concern with only two major and central subjects. The first half of the novel
discusses much about love and the relationship between different characters especially
Heathcliff and Catherine. The second half of the novel text revolves around Heathcliff’s
revenge which emerges from the unsuccessful and bootless love of Catherine, and
consequently disturbed the peace of the two houses.
Chapter 01

I. Introduction

Wuthering heights is a famous prose work of Emily Bronte which has achieved many
appreciations for its natural qualities and unique subjects such as its gothic effects, patterning
of natural human behaviors, skillful diction and romantic depiction.

Bronte’s novel has presented the love triangles between many characters, firstly the love
between Heathcliff, Catherine and Edgar Linton while the second one is about Hareton,
Cathy and young Linton respectively. The first one holds a deep undercurrent of hate,
revenge and savagery. Heathcliff loses Catherine yet Edgar is accepted by her instead
because of his status and civilized qualities. As a result, including Catherine’s acts and death,
Heathcliff’s own frets, obsession, and Childhood mistreatments a severe lust for revenge
grows up in Heathcliff’s character.

Heathcliff is the central figure of the novel that is shown as a sympathetic character at the
start of the novel but he becomes hateful because of his revenge, evil deeds, destructions,
destructions and torments on other innocent characters like young Linton, Catherine and
Hareton.

When Heathcliff is brought to the Wuthering Heights for the first time by Mr. Earnshaw he is
introduced as a strange sully orphan child with a malignity. He seems exotic to everyone in
the house and the waves of despise goes through the family.

However a sympathetic and friendly relationship develops between him and Catherine but
Hindley doesn’t compromise to share his familial love with the stranger and later, after his
father’s death he starts to torture Heathcliff.

The novel has a passionate romantic love story between Catherine and Heahcliff, and also
many kinds of love can be seen. The romantic is the primary one that drives the story and
causes major conflicts throughout the novel. There are two phases with respect to the
generation in the novel, firstly between the major characters Heathcliff and Catherine while
the second one is between the families’ offspring: one ends up with misfortune while the love
between young couples ends happily and peacefully. The love between was based on shared
perceptions that denies sexual differences, and even cannot be explained by usual meaning.
They themselves even don’t know the meaning of their love for each other because they were

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not siblings but they were gown up together in their childhood. On the other hand the various
love relations are presented in the novel are conventional one which follow the traditional
principles of societal love.

The story and plot revolves around not onlyromantic love and peaceful relations but also
focus the theme of revenge. The conflict breaks out when Catherine decides to marry another
rich person Edgar Linton. The failure of Heathcliff and the childhood torments leads to his
vengeance that makes the story’s plot more powerful. Undoubtedly love and revenge are the
dominant themes of Wuthering Heights. However the two terms are reciprocal yet
interdependently patterned which makes the plot more interesting.

I. The concept of Thematics

Thematic is a brunch of comparative literature and a vast discipline which emerged recently
with respect to qualitative academic and scholarly research yet functionally its application
goes back to the classical age. It is considered to be an offshoot of ancient Aesthetics.
(VARGHESE, 2006)

The word thematics has formed from the Greco-Roman word ‘Thema’ which means theme or
concerned with meaning. (levin, 1968, p. 168). In fiction theme is a reoccurring elements
related to the subject matters. It is not directly expressed rather the repetition of events with
images, symbols and phrases in literature. A work may have many diversified themes and
ideas but the process of thematic observation they can be unified into one. All the verbal and
textual chunk of ideas which are coded in a novel are summarized and unified. It is an
essence and nucleus of the whole design of any literary work of the author which are shaped
by plot, characterization, narration and artistic technique. H. Poter Abbott says that motifs are
the explicit reoccurrence of various elements in the novel while themes are abstract and
implicit that can only be found by mutual connection and association of elements. (Abbott,
2002)

According to Nicholas Marsh themes are the objects of the author which he concerns with.
Theme may not be single in novel like other elements, neither it is a literal thing rather a
novel contains number of themes and a same theme may be called by different names.
Wuthering Heights has many complicated themes some of which are relationships, revenge,
marriage, social class, nature and civilization and so on. But Bronte has presented them
through one idea which is ‘Love’. Another major theme may be found as ‘Revenge’ because

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the second half of the novel entirely revolves around that idea. Every best novel or literary
story holds a conflict which grabs the audience’s attention, similarly Wuthering Heights starts
with the passionate love-relationship between Heathcliff and Catherine but later it goes
through conflicting and confusing situations that appears in the form of Heathcliff’s revenge.
Identification of theme is not produced by the text itself nor they are presented by the author.
They can be found out by interpretations of elements. Themes can be discovered by various
methods such as lexical and sementic stylistics. Lexical method enables us to find through the
basic lexical units and networks of codes which constitutes themes. Themes can also be
found out by studying the plot, characters and setting of the novel. ‘Conflict’ of narrative is
also powerful source of finding theme. It is a turning point event or incident in a novel where
sudden change and sudden conflict occurs.

The study therefore focuses some major ideas accordingly which reflect from the
novel when the ideas of love and revenge are analyzed. By using text interpretation and
ideological judgment through thematic lenses the main body of discussion has been prepared.
The gist of the study is followed by historical background of the novel, a brief plot and
discussion. It concerns with love nature, various forms and differences of love between
several characters- romantic, passionate, imaginative, natural, perceptual, conventional,
infatuation and destructive love. On the other hand the idea of revenge has also been
described with respect to its importance in the novel. The failure of love turns into extreme
hatred and destruction which shows the cause and effect relationship. Revenge has been
portrayed as chaotic concept which makes the peaceful environment unrest and unordered. It
is a part of human nature and depicted accurately regardless of artistic exaggeration.
Moreover it has shown as a curse and weakness of human behavior which grows with hatred
and ends with repercussion. Revenge repeats itself and through revenge peace can never be
attained. Therefore the study focuses identifying and pointing out the themes of the novel by
using systematic and organized thematic procedure.

II. Statement of the problem

Wuthering Heights is romantic novel at the same time story of revenge too. Love and revenge
are the major subjects, ideas and objects of the author which dominates the story.

III. Research Questions

1. How far romantic love and revenge are the central and concurrent ideas of Wuthering
Heights?

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 2. What is the concept of thematics and how it functions and helps in qualitative
research?

IV. Objectives of research

1. To provide understanding and explanation of thematic study by focusing central
theme, thematic processes and methodologies, its function and role as a qualitative
discipline.
2. To examined thematically two major and reoccurring subjects of the novel. Hence the
idea of love and revenge has been specifically taken for research inquiry.

V. Significance of research
Thematic analysis provides a flexible approaches and paved way for academic researchers
and literary students. It also contributes to supply a detailed and multi-dimensional data
which can be modified for needs of their studies. (Clark & Braun, 2006).

It doesn’t need a detailed theoretical and technological knowledge of the qualitative

approaches. On the other hand a method of grounded theory involves the construction of
theories through methodological gathering, analyzing data and these data are recollected and
re-reviewed and codes are grouped into various concepts. Thematics provides a more
accessible form of analysis for different group of qualitative researchers especially for the
new one who embarked in research and relatively unfamiliar with qualitative methods. They
can find easy ways to find procedure and quick learning strategies of data despite having
fewer prescriptions. It has advantages to summarize key features of large data sets handling
data in order to get final result. Shortly it is an easy procedure of encoding and decoding
certain data network and establishing a unified idea. When it comes to literature, specifically
in fiction it is an insight of the story where author repeatedly concerned and portrayed an
implicit idea. Theme is a universal idea which can be deduced by readers through symbol and
other basic element of the work. Thematic study helps us to pinpoint those ideas through
interpretation of phrase, symbols, codes and hidden meaning within data.

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 Chapter 02

I. Research methodology
Trustworthiness is the essence of any research work. It considered to be trusty and worthy
only when it is conducted under precise and comprehensive environment. Further, a work
must have systematic ways of methodologies and conducts such as choosing right data,
recording facts, disclosing methods, systematic evaluating and determining the directions of
objectives.

Qualitative method has been used to inquire the novel which is a broad academic method and
discipline. It is increasingly recognized and used as methodical purposes to achieve specific
result in research field. In this method we are able to analyze subject with theoretical lens.
Normally a novel is focused through this method where we observe data systematically
especially to gather non-numerical data. It is a method of study where things are describe by
focusing the philosophy, meaning, irony, concepts, metaphor, symbols and themes etc. In this
method counting and measurement of data rarely observed.

Moreover the elements of human such as social life and natural science are the major topics
of qualitative research. For instance in the novel, a complex tale of Wuthering Heights and
Thrushcross Grange in the midst of eighteenth century has taken.

Qualitative method is excessively used to deal the psychological aspects of human nature and
behaviors. Therefore it is tried to find out the questions like ‘how’ and ‘why’ by analyzing,
generally and specifically the major characters, characters’ actions and associated events in
the novel.

A theme is a reoccurring element in prose work related to subject matters. It is taken out not
directly rather expressed through the repetition of identifying events, symbols, phrases and
images. From the study literary texts enable us to find how the same material is dealt with at
a various time. The motifs cannot itself help in establishing what the work of art is about and
what it is focusing. Themes can be finding by the following methods:

Firstly by applying sementical and syntactical method of observation the motifs and
reoccurring elements are focused.

Secondly sementical analysis also helps to find out what the whole chain of phrases or
sentences direct towards a particular ideas.

5
Thirdly themes are found out by the conflicts of the fiction. It is a turning point where sudden
actions and events take place. For example in the novel Heathcliff disappears and returns
with mysterious change.

We have studied the central ideas of the novel by using themetics which is a vast
brunch of literature. It deals the study of themes and motifs.A theme is not a code. This is a
misconception that theme is the data examined idea but it is the outcome and result of coding
not what is coded. For example: a word ‘partial” can be code but in the whole sentence like:
“partiality of nature’, the partiality means behavior of nature. So in that sense theme is not
what data connected with or ends up with but a particular ideas of all the elements and events
of the text wholly develops an abstract ideas which may said to be a theme.

Certainly Love and Revenge are the dominant themes of the novel so thematic analysis has
been used to point out these central ideas of the novel. It is the most qualitative method of
research which emphasizes to pinpointing and examining the main ideas in literature where
we find and determine central theme across the data. It is an umbrella of thoughts and
approaches rather singular methods.

Analysis is focus on examining themes within data not only the phrasal and words ideas in a
text but also implicit and explicit ideas. We develop theme with raw data by recognizing
important moments in the data through encoding its prior to interpretations. We capture
intricacies of meaning within data sets.The interpretation of these codes can include
comparing theme frequencies, identifying theme co-occurrence and the relationship between
themes.

The text of the novel is the primary source of collecting data. The text of the novel has
been carefully read, analyzed the various subjects – characters, series of events, actions,
dialogues – and found out how the story focuses the two main ideas of love and revenge. The
reviews about the novel also help us to know and observe thoroughly the status and critical
opinions of different readers and literary experts to understand the work effectively and to
find out the gaps to be filled on research spectrum.

Chapter 03

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 I. Literature review
Wuthering Heights is considered to be the most tense and emotional piece of literature and it
has been remained in readers’ mind and critic’s attention for a long time. Lot of research
works and reviews have been so far composed. The prose is controversial at the same time it
supposed to be the classic of English literature. Contemporary and the later reviews are
highly polarized because of its stylistic composition and depiction of mental and physical
cruelty. Undoubtedly Bronte has presented the passionate love and also the dark side of
human nature that is portrayed through her characters with full of extreme evil aspects. The
entire story revolves around two major subjects: relationship of love and the destructions.
Every novel or fiction may have several focal subjects and ideas which dominate the whole
story from start to the end; similarly Wuthering Heights also discusses major subjects such as
marriage, contemporary issues, women issues, wild human nature etc. There are numerous
work have done by taking into consideration the novel’s qualities and characteristics, subjects
and events, themes and story, characters and dialogues, theories and terminologies and so on.
Thence for the purpose of using tools and methodologies thematic study has been used that
dealt to identify, organized and described central ideas within data. The following reviews
concerned with the central pinpointed subjects and themes of the novel.

‘Thematic analysis: striving to meet the trustworthiness criteria’ is a research article which
deals the qualitative method, specifically thematic methodology. The article has presented the
values, significance and methodologies of thematic analysis. In addition, theoreticalinsights,
guidance in interpretations, textual judgments and processes of its usage with several
illustrations have also been organized. The gist of the article is the concept of thematic on one
hand and ways of centralization, organization and reporting themes found within a data on
the other.

“Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights and Arundhati Roy’s The God of small
things…..A thematic and stylistic study” is doctorate research conducted by LataMarina in
2006. It has thoroughly studied the reoccurring ideas and the stylistic expressions of both
novels comprehensively. The study focuses exhaustively the concept and historical procedure
of thematic study. The study focuses on the subject matters, artistic and creative use of
language. The review seeks to clarify thematic and stylistic approaches such as the theme of
love, relationship and marriage on the other hand the stylistic analysis focuses the ways and
diction of language use respectively. (VARGHESE, 2006)

7
Eleana Taralung Tamura’s research work namely ‘Emily Bronte’s two characters: Catherine
and Heathcliff’ has observed the novel as the true story by taking into consideration the love
relationship of major characters. Wuthering Heights is based on Gothic novel which is a
popular genre of fiction of 18th and 19th century. In the novel the innocent childhood love of
Catherine and Heathcliff has especially focused. They both share a spiritual and perceptional
love for each other so there is a direct relationship between gothic aspects of the novel and
the spirituality of their love. When Catherine dies Heathcliff cries out and want Catherine’s
ghost to hunt him for the rest of his life. Through the study it has been shown the obsessive
love, innocence, good human nature and spiritual relationship, regardless of the disturbing
aspects such as the evil side of many characters, the torments and confusions. (Tamura)

American reviews, A Whig journals wrote that the novel is natural and richly imaginative. It
is not easy to make a hasty opinion about the merits and demerits of the novel. The
imaginative effects take us in a region of beauty, fierce passions, extreme love and human
suffers. (American whig journals, 1848)

Herald Bloom’s “Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights” is an inclusive literary criticism where
various subject have been focused, including characterization, plot, and chapter analysis
Heathcliff personality with respect to its cruelty and evil aspects are specifically focused.
Wuthering Hights is a revenge story where Heathcliff plays a major role of seeking revenge
on many characters.

Porarinsson says that the tense and cruel behavior of Heathcliff brings unrest and destructions
upon him and the rest of the characters. The love has both good and evil aspects in its effects,
but unfortunately Heathcliff was affected negatively. (Porarinsson, 2013)

“The theme of Evil and Revenge in Wuthering Heights a novel of Emily Bronte” by
Sanaullallah Ansari also helps to insight the novel. In his work he has discussed and
highlighted many subjects such as ill relationship of people, social evils and the reasons of
change of good nature to evil. (Ansari)

Atlas reviews state that the novel is strange and inartistic. Atlas has summarized the novel as
the shocking and worst humanity depiction. The characters even the women who seem
loveable and innocent turn into bad and hateful.

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 Chapter 04

I. Background of the Knowledge

I. Emily Bronte’s Biography and Work

Emily Bronte was a famous English writer, born in 30th July 1818 in Yorkshire England. She
is mostly known for the very novel Wuthering Heights. Her sisters Charlotte and Anne were
also writers who had a successful career in literature. Her father was a local curate of
Haworth. When her family went to Haworth in 1821, mother died of cancer. She and her
sister Anne started to live with their mother’s sister. She went to Clergy Daughters' School
where she was studying with her two sisters. The sister Maria and Elizabeth both became ill
at school and died due to serious tuberculosis in 1825.She stayed home with her siblings and
started to make stories.

Bronte joined Law Hill School in September 1837 as a teacher. She leaves the school and
traveled to Brussels in 1842 but she returned with her sister.

Gondol was a work which she and her sister Anne collaboratively composed. Further Emily
wrote poems some other fictional pieces. In December 1847 she wrote Wuthering Heights. It
9
is known to be the complex novel for its plot construction and critical reviews. Among her
works Wuthering Height is the only one which made her name perennial. She and her sister
both died of Tuberculosis on 1848. There are many characters in the novel who also suffer
the same disease which was much deadly at that time. (The Emily Bronte Editiors, 2014)

When Wuthering Heights is firstly published on December 1847, it did not receive much
appreciation because of its puzzling composition for readers. Firstly its plot construction and
narration style seemed confusing to readers and the excessively violent, torturing and morbid
scenes could not maintained readers’ interest. But later on the gothic effects, work of crafty
art, emotional evocations, haunting moor and the artistic depiction attracted readers’ mind
and earned a renowned name in literature. It is now considered to be the emotional
masterpiece of nineteenth-century and of all the time. Its subject matters are not only concern
with romantic relationship but also discuss human life and the evil aspects of human nature.
Almost 10 adaptations have been made so far. (The Emily Bronte Editiors, 2014)

II. Brief Summary of the Novel

Mr. Lockwood and Nelly Dean are the primary narrator of the story. Lockwood is introduced
as a renter of Thrushcross Grange, nearby manor where Heathcliff lives in 1801. It was
winter and Lockwood had to spend the night in Wuthering Heights due to snowstorm.
Heathcliff makes his curiosity increased and in the same night Lockwood had nightmares of
Catherines’s ghost who wails, cries and tries to come in through the window.

Lockwood asks Nelly Dean, the housekeeper, to tell the pathetic story the house. Then she
comes towards the tragic tale of both Thrushcross grange and Wuthering heights. She
recounts by telling that she was a young girl here. Mr. Earnshaw, an owner of the house, once
goes to Liverpool and returns bringing an orphan, sully, and gypsy-like child. Mr. Earnshaw
named him Heathcliff. He suggests keeping the child in his house as a brother of his children
and makes him his son. Initially both Catherine and her brother dislikes Heathcliff but soon
Catherine holds sympathetic feeling for him and a deep friendship develops between them.
Soon they grow up and playing together. On the other side Hindley could not accept his
father’s act of making an unclean stranger a part of his family. Not only Hindley but also
some other members of the house seems to be resentful of Heathcliff and treat him stranger.
Mr. Earnshaw sends away Hindley to college. Three years later Hindley came back with his
wife, Frances, which was surprising for the all since he was only twenty. Hindley had already
revengeful feelings for Heathcliff but now he was also the sole head of Wuthering Heights.

10
Heathcliff’s trouble increases because Hindley comes up with his more inflictions and makes
him a servant of the house. However Catherine’s intimacy and care stay for him; who teaches
him what she studies and most of their time they spend together.

One night they go to Thrushcross Grange where Linton’s family lives. Linton spoiled
children; Edgar and Isabella Linton were playing in their room. Heathcliff and Catherine try
to teas them by watching and yelling at them through the window. They are seen and try to
rush out but is Catherine got caught by Bulldog and bitten. They found that Catherine was
Earnshaw’s girl so that makes Catherine to stay until her recovery. They keep Catherine in
good a care but treat Heathcliff as a servant and cast away. It takes five weeks in house to be
cured. The efficacious and splendid house, the elegant children of Linton and Edgar’s special
care highly impressed Catherine. She looks changed when she returns home. Catherine is
now infatuated with Edgar which bears a new challenge for Heathcliff.

Hindley’s wife gave to a son, Hareton but dies due to tuberculosis. Hindley fell into troubles
and starts alcoholism. It leads more hatred and harshness to Heathcliff. Catherine is
influenced by Edgar status and well-mannered qualities and soon becomes engaged with him.
Heathcliff runs away when he hears the conversation where she says that she would be
degraded if she marries Heathcliff though her love for Heathcliff is eternal and not to be
fulfilled in this world. After hearing the conversation Heathcliff rushes out and disappears for
three years. While looking for Heathcliff that night she becomes ill and went Grange again.
Catherine and Edgar got married, after three years Heathcliff comes back with mysterious
wealth, refined look and seemingly changed manner. Heathcliff apparent figure holds
extreme avenge inside now and later bursts out in the shape of torments and everlasting
revenge. Catherine glad to see him again but Edgar feels unhappy. Heathcliff pays Hindley’s
gambling debts and soon controls Wuthering Heights. Heathcliff’s continuation of coming to
the Grange and meeting Catherine bother both Catherine and Edgar Linton. Edgar tried to
disallow Heathcliff to come to the house and calls his menservants to deterring him but
Catherine shows resentment on Edgar’s act. Hindley dies and Heathcliff becomes the owner
of Wuthering Heights. In another side Isabella elopes with Heathcliff without knowing his
evil intentions of getting revenge on Edgar and seizing the Grange. The dilemma and illness
increases and highly affect Catherine; at midnight Catherine gives birth to Cathy prematurely
and dies two hours later. Heathcliff comes and curses Catherine by saying that she ruined his
life. He says that Catherine is responsible for his exploited life and caused to his pains. He
begs Catherine’s ghost to hunt him for the rest of his life.

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 Thirteen year passed, Cathy becomes inquisitive and beautiful lady. Without knowing
the world outside she finds Hareton accidently and meets him. On the other side a secret
romantic relationship establishes between Catherine and frail Linton through letters. Linton
pretends to be lover of Catherine and shows with his complains that she doesn’t care him. He
wishes Catherine to nurse himnot because he is really loves Catherine but Heathcliff forces
him to feign his love for Catherine since Heathcliff wants to make Linton a part of Linton’s
inheritance and seeks revenge on Edgar by taking Thrushcross Grange. Isabella also dies; the
child who had left is in that house and treated badly by Heathcliff. Once Linton got seriously
ill and Heathcliff makes both Linton and Catherine to marry forcibly. Soon Linton dies after
the marriage and now Heathcliff control both Houses. Now Cathy also lives in the house like
the other servant and, as in the start of the novel shows, Lockwood is given a room rent by
Cathy. After six month when Lockwood pays another visit. Hareton works in the Heights as a
servant who never meets any books and education because of the vengeance of Heathcliff. In
these days Hareton is mocked and scorn by Cathy for his ignorance and illiteracy.
Heathcliff’s obsession increases,speaks to Catherines ghost and soon he dies. Hareton and
Linton do plan to marry next year and finally they inherit Thrush cross Grange. At last by
ending with the story Lookwood visits Cathrine’s and Heathcliff’s graves.

Chapter 05

I. Discussion

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In this topic two central ideas have been presented with their descriptions and specifically
chosen from the novel according to their degrees of significance and importance. Thematic
technique has been used to examine the plot, language interpretations and judgments,
characters and their dialogues, the events and actions, the major conflicts which wholly
revolve around the idea of romantic love and vengeance. Therefore the two phenomenon,
love and revenge have been illustrated critically.

I. Love
In the novel romantic love takes many forms: the passionate love of Heathcliff and Catherine,
the secret love marriage of Hindley and Frances which dies away with Frances death, love of
Edgar and his proposal of marriage to Catherine which also doesn’t keep its endurance,
calamitous infatuation of Isabella, Cathy and Linton’s love and the savage Hareton attraction
of young Cathy. All of the varieties of these relationships are characterized by distinct and
common qualities but ended up with many character’s death and separations. Furthermore,
some of these are self-centered who ignore the feelings of other while Heathcliff’s and
Catherine’s is much different of the rest and unique one; that love dominates the text
throughout the novel.

Love has many kinds in the novel. The romantic love is the primary one that drives the story
and functions as the major conflict of the novel. The love between Heathcliff and Catherine
was based on shared-perceptions which cannot be easily interpreted on the ground of social
conventions. They themselves even don’t know the meaning of their love.

“They both promised fair to grow up as rude as savage” (Bronte, 1992)

Nelly clears that savage is like immature and wildness which shows the natural quality. They
were completely boundless and unrestraint. For their relationship there were no principles
and no bondages rather they were free in their actions and perceptions. They enjoyed natural
liberty, closeness to heaven and divinity.

“They forget everything the minute they were together again.” (Bronte, 1992)

It was a kind of feeling which can only be availed by a child who never cares about what is
going around and what are the worldly matters. They never tried to judge their love and it
was neither their choice. Yet they had assumed it as necessity.

13
 Their love is intensely based of passionate imaginations and emotions. When they
were together they forget to think about the world around. They were highly governed by
frenzy passions of love and unrestraint emotions. Smith says that the passion is seen as their
fate where they see ultimate happiness in it and it was more than the societal norm for them.
(Smith 177) They feel the passions more than everything and even death cannot overcome or
affect their love- Perhaps Catherine has chosen Edgar for her marriage by thinking in that
way. They have their own approaches of love and its own extinction. (Smith, 1976)

Heathcliff goes mad when he gets the news of Catherine’s death:

‘Two words would comprehend my future – death and hell: existence after

Losing her, would be hell”. And in great torment he cries out, “Catherine

Earnshaw, may you not rest as long as I am living!…Be with me always –

take any form – drive me mad! Only do not leave me in the abyss, where I

cannot find you! Oh God it is unutterable! I cannot live without my life! I

Cannot live without my soul!’ (Bronte, 1992, p. 122)

The idea of love is expressed here to be eternal. ‘Take any form” suggests that he will love
her forever though death has intervened for a some time but he demands her ghost to haunt
him for the rest of his life or be with him by taking any form. It also shows the exclusion of
her union and physical presence and the ultimate separation is still denied. Soon after
Catherine’s death he further says:

“’Her presence was with

me ...I felt her by me ...It was a strange way of killing…..to beguile me with the spectre

of a hope, through eighteen years!’ (Bronte, 1992, pp. 210-211)

The idea of love clears that their love is beyond the conventional bondages and usual limits.
They had no care about the worldly affairs and moral values; they were just under the rules of
frenzying passions. For them there were no differences of life and death, and even there were
no limits and restraints. In this view they expect death and afterlife too to attain the demands
of love. (Bronte, 1992)

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 Oldfeild says that the conflict occurs in the novel due to the choice of emotions and
reasons. (Oldfeild, 1976). Catherine thinks that love is a complementary thing for life, not
only for identity but also for the embodiment of that identity. She thinks that Heathcliff is
herself with respect to her soul and Edgar draws and embodied herself for her
wholeness.That’s why she establishes a conflicting approach and chooses Edgar for her
marriage.

Catherine says: though everybody hated and despised each other, they could not avoid loving
me’. (Bronte, 1992, p. 104) Here Catherine comes up with the need of love which she
embodies for identity and complimentarity. She shows that Heathcliff is herself when she
says ‘I’m Heathcliff” in another place. Her love for Heathcliff, she thinks is the abstract
phenomenon, the completion is only possible through death. She further says:

“My love for Linton is like the foliage in the woods, Time will change it, I’m well aware, as
winter change the tress. My love for Heathcliff resembles the eternal rocks beneath- a source
of little visible delight, but necessary”(59) she further says that “I’m Heathcliff.” (Bronte,
1992, p. 59)

The love denies difference of sexuality or gender unlike young Cathy’s and Hareton’s
love which is conventional one. They both finally reach to some destination that is marriage.

The two individual has affection and respect for each other that is a natural thing, because
most of the time they play together and spend time together consequently the friendly and
likely experience is obvious, true and pure.

The love is ordinary in nature because they are not sibling although they grown up together.
In such condition it’s probable that they are considered to be deep friends. They have never
shared sexual love and one cannot say it was a carnal and incest. When Catherine says that
she is Heathcliff it clarifies that they were not physically attached rather spiritually and
emotionally. She feels that being physically two bodies they had one soul.

15
 Their connectivity is ideal in its nature because this connectivity and love principles
were not conditioned by this world - worldly affairs, norms, culture and convention- but
itself. Since, it does not exist in that world and life. Their feelings are below the conscious
level of mind unlike the love for Edgar, young Cathy’s love for Linton and Edgar’s love for
Frances. In many places Catherine has described her love to be impersonal. It is more
complex because such kind of love cannot be reached or execute in real relationship. As a
result she chose Edgar and thought that her marriage could not change and affect their
relationship.

They feel emptiness a gap between their love and it’s consummated in this world and their
souls can only be united or love could only be fulfilled the life here after. They further feel
that they have immortal love and immortal relationship. Catherine says to Nelly in chapter 9 :

“……My great miseries in this world have been his miseries, and I watched and left each
from the beginning; my great thought in living is himself, if all else perished, and he
remained, I should still continue, and he were annihilated, the universe would turn to a
mighty stranger I should not seem part of it” (chap, 9, p.64)

She says in another chapter that:

“I’m tired, tired of being enclose here(in this world), I’m wearying to escape into the
glorious world, and to be always there, not seeing it dimly through tears, and yearning for it
through the wall of an aching heart; but rally with it, and in it.” (Bronte, 1992, p. 125)

These are the line when she is near to death, she expresses her feelings about the bliss of
childhood life and she is sorrowful what she has lost in the moors.

Catherine declares that she loved Heathcliff more than anyone more than herself but
she is not ready to marry him. Instead she chooses Edgar Linton assuming that it will not
affect her relationship with Heathcliff.

One reason of her choice was a social setting of that time where marriage was supposed to be
a social contract and not a finest commitment between two lovers. Therefore, in her view,
through her marriage she could support and secure Heathclff’s life. Another reason was as

16
they both had admitted that nothing could change their love or connection because they were
one in their connectional respect. The relationship of love between Heathcliff and Catherine
was not mere romantic but also brotherly as well. It was not erotic nevertheless that could
may be applied to the other characters. (Richard p. wasowski, 2001)

In Wuthering Heights love comes up with the ideas lover’s tormenting and suffering.
Love is shown in the term of hurting each other and wrangles between them. The two pair of
lovers; Heathcliff and Catherine and the young pair of Cathy and Hareton, both of their love
and relationships deal with the quarrels whether in conversations, in mind or in actions.

“’I seek no revenge on you,” replied Heathcliff less vehemently. ‘That’s not

the plan … You are welcome to torture me to death for your amusement,

only allow me to amuse myself a little in the same style … If I imagined

you really wished me to marry Isabella, I’ll cut my throat!” (Bronte, 1992, p. 193)

Here Heathcliff marries Isabella against Catherine’s wish which shows his passion mixed of
jealousy, anger and vengeful intentions over Catherine’s marriage with Edgar. It was
Catherine’s love which prompted and motivated Heathcliff to be vengeful and cruel against
not only Catherine but also for him and others. (Merriem, 1970). When Heathcliff escapes
and he comes back with full of mysterious wealth and figure after three years, it was enough
for him to be stable for the rest of his life nonetheless it was Catherine’s love and her chosen
of Edgar which makes him motivated for revenge. In their childhood we see Heathcliff
comes up with silent and not-complaining child who never resists against Hindley’s torments
because at that time he had a backup and support of Catherine’s love and console.

“’I wish I could hold you,’ she continued, bitterly, ‘till we were both dead! I

shouldn’t care what you suffered……. Why shouldn’t you suffer? I do! Will

you forget me – Don’t torture me till I’m as mad as yourself,’ cried

he, Catherine, you know that I could as soon forget you, as my

17
existence! Is it not sufficient for your infernal selfishness, that while you

are at peace I shall writhe in the torments of hell?...’. ‘ I shall not be at

peace,’ moaned Catherine…‘I’m not wishing you greater torment than I

Have, Heathcliff! I only wish us never to be parted” (Bronte, 1992, p. 115)

In these lines Catherine expresses that she is afraid if she dies before Heathcliff she would be
forgotten and her relationship and memories dies away. They know that they are going to be
part. Catherine is frightened that he will forget her after her death. She wishes that love
shouldn’t be forgotten by changing situations of time. Heathcliff reacts that he will never
forget her love and even her death will increase his pain.

In the second pair of love of the young generation between young Cathy and Hareton also
concerns the idea of wrangle and psychological clashes between the lovers. Sometime Cathy
scorns and teases Hareton for his illiteracy and lack of civilized behavior. Apparently it
doesn’t matter for Hareton yet it hurts him in fact and feels affected. “But his self-love would
endure no further torment……” (Bronte, 1992, p. 219)

It becomes intolerable for him and he steals some of her books to read the ways to impress
Cathy and to make himself according to her ‘expectations’.

’But his self-love would endure no further torment: I heard, and not

altogether disapprovingly, a manual check given to her saucy tongue … He

afterwards gathered the books and hurled them on the fire. I read in his

countenance what anguish it was to offer that sacrifice to spleen-... He had

been content with daily labor and rough animal enjoyments, till Catherine

Crossed his path. Shame at her scorn, and hope of her approval, were his

first prompters to higher pursuits; and instead of guarding him from one,

and winning him the other, his endeavors to raise himself had produced

just the contrary results” (Bronte, 1992, p. 219)

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In the passage the ideas is expressed that they both tries to hurt each other. Cathy through her
pride of being literate shows a pride over him. Hareton also feels pain because of her scorn
which directly shows that Cathy’s ground of contempt matters to him and that’s how it is
connected to Hareton’s importance and love about Cathy.

Catherine’s speech, “I wish I could hold you…” expressed that their love cannot be
fulfilled here in this world but after their death. It shows that they were suffered of that world
but now they wish to be freed.

According to conventional view Catherine did wrong to Heathcliff yet it makes a sense too
that she was selfless and protective towards Heathcliff which show her loyalty in another
angle. This powerful relationship of love arguments that how the love was ordinate and
inordinate. (the study moose essays)

Love demands not only that life but also the eternity which is beyond the limits of space and
time. Love has been shown more than the ordinary life and even more important than life
here. It has been related only to themselves by excluding the rest of the world.

II. Revenge
As Nicholas Marsh states that themes are the authors’ subjects that he concerned in the text.
(Marsh, 1999) Themes are not named or identified by author in the novel but they can be
point out by reader’s own examination through carefully reading. Emily has not used any
word of revenge in the novel too yet a reader can easily analyze that how revenge is the
imminent and reoccurring subject of second half of the novel. That’s why by going through
various actions, events and subjects revenge has been taken for thematic study.

Emily Bronte has portrayed revenge as a chaotic feeling and created a devastating
environment. Though the novel has dominant romantic qualities nevertheless by excluding
the conflicting scenes which are grows from the revenge, becomes inactive and steady, and
mere a romantic story between two lovers. Heathcliff’s revenge grows primarily because of
his unrequited love and Catherine don’t want marry below her station by saying that if she
marry Heathcliff she would be degraded. There are many other reasons and grounds which
aggravate his avenge. Some of which are Catherine’s marriage with Linton and Hindley’s
torments etc. Consequently he takes revenge on those who are associated to Catherine’s love.

19
When Catherine returns from the Thrushcross Grange she becomes totally changed after
spending five weeks. She is no longer the ‘savage and wild’ girl but transformed into elegant
young lady. She is changed with respect to her observational lenses; she looks everything
strangely especially Heathcliff seems to her like a wild, dirty and ordinary boy. Catherine
laughed at his filthiness and sullenness:

“If you wash your face, and brush your hair it will be alright. You are so dirty!” (Bronte,
1992, p. 94)

Since they had ever shared a kind of innocent and wild love but things are change when life
changes.

“You needn’t have touched me! He answered, following her eyes and snatching away his
hand. ‘I shall be dirty, I like to be dirty, and I will be dirty”. (Bronte, 1992, p. 95)

“Mrs. Linton begged that her darlings might be kept carefully apart from that naughty
swearing boy” (Bronte, 1992, p. 95)

When she arrived home everyone astonished to see her figure and dress up. Hindley did the
same what he used do wrong with Heathcliff:

“Heathcliff, you may come forward, cried Mr. Hindley,….you may come and wish miss
Catherine, like the other servant.” (Bronte, 1992, p. 94)

Because of Catherine’s decision he was really hurt. It was not possible for him to be
educated, civilized and above all rich like Linton. The society and environment which she has
chosen was not easy to pass since she was changed.

“…..Did she say she was grieved? Asked Heathcliff. “well I cried last night and I had more
reason to cry than she.” (Bronte, 1992, p. 97)

Catherine says in chapter 9 that she loves Edgar for his wealth, look, civilized life style and
well being. If she would marry Heathcliff she would be degraded before Linton’s society so
she has decided to marry Edgar Linton. However she feels that hers and Heathcliff’s souls are
same. When Heathcliff overhears these words he rushes out from the house and disappeared
for three years and returns with absolute transformation. He looks handsome, intelligent,
educated and tall gentleman. He has money and he becomes mysteriously rich. The ideas we
can observe here are the reasons and evidences on which Heathcliff’s revenge could be

20
justified and measure. These maltreatments and rejections intensify his vengeance in his mind
and later which erupts in the form of his cruelty and torments not only to himself but also
suffers the whole family in Thrushcross Grange and Heights.

His cruelty is a natural instinct and natural phenomenon because he has once been victimized
and his vicious beast woke up from his miseries of childhood and life bitter experiences.
Some critics raise a question that whether Heathcliff was a human or a gothic character, or
whether he was a devil?

According to Abraham Maslow all human have a set of needs and basic requirements that
must be fulfilled reasonably and in a healthy way. These needs are love, safety, esteem, and
healthy relationships. If they go undone it prompts to establish defensive strategies to fill up
these gaps. Heathcliff was deprived of love and he was starving for safety. He is shown as
abandoned by his family and picked up by Mr. Earnshaw which follows by a security and
sympathy. He is brought house but he meets contempt and rejection at first. All the member
of the family like him to be disappeared but he lives in the house because of Earnshaw’s
advise although he was not still secure. He suffers Hindley’s excruciates and hostility.
(Maslow, 1943). The idea of human motivation for defense in the term of Maslow’s theory
has evidenced. When the sole source of Heathcliff’s sympathy parted him it becomes
intolerable and motivates him to be cruel and take revenge.

Most the actions take place in the novel as a result of revenge and it repeats. Hindley
seems taking revenge from Heathcliff because he doesn’t want to share his familial love with
a stranger. Hindley inflicts lot of torment over him and keep him away from education. He
also makes it difficult for his sister to marry Heathcliff. Heathcliff does in the same way in
the retribution by winning his property in gambling and keeping his son away from
education. (Litchat)

In chapter seventeen the waves of revenge come over the characters and affect each other.
When Isbella is brought to the Grange she was sick and demented due to Heathcliff’s
mistreatments, she hysterically enters unlike the other days which she had once spent here.
Heathcliff is also tried to shoot by Hindley but he rushes out safely. Some critics states that
Hindley’s death was suicide because he has attempt to shoot Heathcliff but failed and that is
why he was afraid of Heathcliff lest Heathcliff had a chance to do it instead. Isabella also

21
dreams revenge on Heathcliff and tells Ellen, “I’d rather suffer less, if I might cause his
suffering and he might know that I was the cause.”

Heathcliff’s love of obsession and Catherine’s support made it possible to endure the
torments of Hindley and despises of his surroundings. Her relationship motivated him and
became a reason for his living. It was the time when there was nothing in Heathcliff life
except Catherine, the sole reason of his life, console, comfort and contentment. Therefore he
had endured everything

When the obsessive love turns into revenge he attempts to ruin all of those who are associated
to Catherine life, even he don’t grant a forgiveness to the young innocent Cathy and Hareton.

When he fails her he leaves the Grange and returns with full of changed-behaviors-rage,
hate, revenge- overwhelms him.

He changed and becomes able to join Catherine society-symbol so civilization- he maintains

his visit to the Grange despite Linton’s deterrence. Although he knows the fact that he has
already lost Catherine and it was not possible for them to be integrated in this world he
maintains his revenge over each and everyone. The irony behind the idea is that his for
Catherine with full of obsession outweighs his rage and intensity of revenge. That is why he
cannot fully forgive Catherine for marrying Edgar.

It means as far as her love existed in Heathcliff’s mind his vengeance cannot be completed
and for Heathcliff revenge is more powerful than love. Heathcliff and Catherine both have
been grown up together in the Heights and moors. Each and every object of nature- the lands,
grass, tress, houses, horses etc- refreshes the memories their intimacy, so that directly
intensifies the pain of Heathcliff and his avenge.

It is evident that Including Heathcliff and other characters, they feel relief through their
inflictions-either hurting themselves or tormenting others. Catherine realizes the fact and tells
Heathcliff that whatever she suffers in less than the miseries of Heathcliff’s. They all suffer
and their sufferings leads to seek revenge on each other.

Frances Bacon says:

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“Revenge is a kind of wild justice; which the more man’ s nature runs to, the more ought law
to weed it out. For as for the first wrong, it doth but offend the law; but the revenge of that
wrong, putteth the law out of office…………..’And if any man should do wrong, merely out of
ill-nature, why, yet it is but like the thorn or briar, which prick and scratch, because they can
do no other.” (Bacon, 1601)

These lines reveals that avenge or vengeance is a part of human instinct and nature. It is
carried out not only by inflicting torments to other but also through self-inflictions. The
passion-driven characters in the novel are intensely suffer yet also seeks some relief by
tormenting others. In another words their passions leads them to torture others where they
find a kind of morbid relief. In the novel some the character follows the same idea by being
embark on self-tormenting and also inflicting and agonizing others such as Hindley’s actions
on his wife’s death. Edgar also becomes self-indulgence when he suffers a lot. Heathcliff puts
responsibilities of pains and life exploitation on Catherine when she dies.

It is clear that these are the part of human nature and behavior nevertheless in Heathcliff case
some other factors also played role of his cruelty and tense behavior, firstly his revenge
grows from his childhood abuse, secondly lack of basic necessities, especially love make him
extremely vengeful who, along with Hindley and his own self, he torment and torture the
innocent characters such as Isabella and Hareton.

That is why Austin O’malley says “Revenge is like biting a dog that bit you.”

Bacon says:

’And if any man should do wrong, merely out of ill-nature, why, yet it is but like the thorn or
briar, which prick and scratch, because they can do no other.” (Bacon, 1601)

The idea in the term of revenge is that revenge is like a thorn and briar, or a biting of dog
which can only cause harm and pain to other. It means that there will be no peace in it
because harm, torture, inflictions and torments are the requisite nature of revenge.

Emily has shown and proved that there is no peace in vengeance instead it involves
many destructions, pains and agonies. Bacon states that the offender or those who inflicts
wrongs, they commit blunders. On the other hand the retributior do commits another wrong
while paying back. Heathcliff hurts Edgar for his marriage with Catherine, Heathcliff take

23
revenge on Catherine for making her jealous, Hindley takes revenge on Heathcliff to not
share his family with him, Heathcliff torture Hindley for his mistreatment by winning his
wealth in gambling and eventually all the characters discover nothing but pains. Catherine is
lost by Heathcliff and she dies. Catherine says before her death that Heathcliff murdered her.

“You killed me, and thriven on it, I think” ( (Bronte, 1992, p. 158)

Heathcliff had a passionate love for Catherine, might be he could make her remorseful
and regretted on her act which could be enough for Heathcliff somehow but she imputed
Heathcliff to be her murderer.

Conclusion
By using thematical method of study the text we concluded that how far the whole story of
the novel concerned with the two dominant ideas of love and revenge. A theme is a
reoccurring element in prose work related to subject matters. It is taken out not directly rather
expressed through the repetition of identifying events, symbols, phrases and images. From
the study literary texts enable us to find how the same material is dealt with at a various time.
The motifs cannot itself help in establishing what the work of art is about and what it is
focusing.

Firstly the concept of theme has presented with its processes and procedure and later through
discussion the identified and organized themes have explained with illustration and
exemplifications. Through various chapters we discussed the reviews and criticism of the
novel.A Wuthering Heights explores variety kind of loves and various ideas which are
associated to love have examined in all-inclusive manner. We discussed that how passionate
love between Heathcliff and Catherine drive the story and later the unrequited love turns into
revenge, and destructs the peaceful and gentle environment in both Wuthering Heights and
Thrushcross Grange. By discussing the theme of revenge we explored that how revenge
drives the novel with respect to its literary importance. While in general it is also evident that
love is natural entity while revenge is a wild justice where temporal relief may be gained but
eternal peace and satisfaction could never be availed through inflictions and tormenting
others.

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