 Thermophiles
Prokaryotic and
Eukaryotic Cells
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* - Additional Info (or for Q&A)
abc – Main Point
abc – Term
abc – Important
I. Introduction
1. Cell Theory
- all living things are made up of cells
- late 20th Century, Carl Woese defined
3 domains of life:
a. Archaea
o Single-celled organisms
o Live in extreme environments
o Extremophiles – extreme
environment (deep sea
hydrothermal vents)
 Thermophiles
(extremely high temp)
o Halophiles – salt environment
(found in Dead Sea)
o Methanogens (produce
methane)
o Thermoacidophiles (extreme
temperatures and acidity)
b. Bacteria
o Single-celled organisms
o Most abundant prokaryote
o Parasitic organisms
o * Classified into:
 Gram Positive
 Gram Negative
c. Eukarya
o Consists of: Animals, Plants,
Fungi, Protists
- Classifications are based on
differences of cell membranes and
rRNA
o Extremophiles – extreme envi
(deep sea hydrothermal vents)
(extremely high temp)
o Halophiles – salt environment
(found in Dead Sea)
o Methanogens (produce
methane)
o Thermoacidophiles
- Archaea and Bacteria are prokaryotic
organisms
- Eukarya are eukaryotic organisms
- All cells are made up of/contain:
o DNA
o Cytoplasm
o Cell Membrane
o Ribosomes
II. Prokaryotic Cells
1. Definition/Characteristics
- “pro”- Before; “karyon”- kernel
(nucleus)
o “before nucleus”, refers to
prehistoric origins
- unicellular organisms
- lacks a nucleus and membrane-bound
organelles
- Bacteria and Archaea
- morphology
- 0.1 – 5.0 micrometers in diameter,
generally smaller than eukaryotes
2. Unique Characteristics
- Nucleoid
o DNA -floats in the cytoplasms,
condenses in the region called
nucleoid
o Chromosomes are circular,
haploid (unpaired)
- Plasmids
o Contains extrachromosomal
DNA, not part of chromosome
o Small, circular double-
stranded DNA molecules
o Has advantageous traits that
are important to survival of
organism
 Antibiotic resistance
- Ribosomes
o 70s ribosomes(smaller size)
o found in cytoplasm
 o archaeal and bacterial that encloses photosynthetic
ribosomes have same size, pigment
different proteins and rRNA  Green chlorophyll
 Bacteriochlorophyll
- Inclusions o Cynabacteria (structure)
o Cytoplasmic structures  Thylakoids
o Stores glycogen, starches, o Photosynthetic Bacteria
carbon (energy) (structure)
o * Volutin / Metachromatic  Chromatophores,
Granules lamaellae, chlorosomes
 Stores polymerized
inorganic phosphate - Cell Wall -most bacteria have cell
 Metabolism, formation walls
of biofilms o Additional protective layer
o Helps maintain shape (cell
o * Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) morphology)
 Used as a source of o Prevents dehydration
biodegradable o Differ in composition from
polymers for eukaryotic cell walls
bioplastics  Bacterial –
- Endospores peptidoglycan
o Structure that protect the  Archaeal –
bacterial genome in a dormant Polysaccahrides and
state proteins
o * Sporulation – process of o Bacteria is classified by its cell
making endospores wall composition
o * Germination  Gram staining;
- Plasma Membrane developed by Hans
o Selective-permeability Christian Gram
o Bacterial cell - Capsule
 Ester-linked o Located outside cell wall
Phospholipids o Organized, sticky layer of
 *Fatty acids polysaccharide and protein
linked to - * Glycocalyses
Glycerol o Allows cells to adhere to
o Archaeal Cell Membrane surfaces]aiding formation of
 Ether-linked biofilms
phospholipids - * S-Structures
 *Isoprene o S-layer, another type of cell
are linked to envelope structure
glycerol o Made up of structural
- Photosynthetic Membrane Structures proteins, glycoproteins
o Some bacteria have - Flagellum
membrane structures that o Locomotion
enable photosynthesis - Pili
 Cyanobacteria o Transmits DNA in the form of
 Photosynthetic plasmids or composite
bacteria molecules
o * Structure consists of o Used in conjugation
infolding of plasma membrane - Fimbriae
 o Enables attachment to
surfaces and other cells
3. Processes
- Reproduction
o Asexual reproduction
o Binary Fission
 Does not offer Genetic
Diversity or
recombination
III. Eukaryotic Cells
1. Definition/Characteristics
- “eu”- true, “karyon”- kernel/nucleus
o refers to having a nucleus
- unicellular or multicellular organisms
- Has a membrane-bound nucleus
- Has membrane bound organelles
o “Little organs”
- Protists, Fungi, Animals, Plants
- Morphology
- 10.0 – 100.0 micrometers in diameter,
generally larger than prokaryotes
2. Unique Characteristics
- Nucleus
o Surrounded by a complex
nuclear membrane
o Houses the DNA genome
o Controls all activities of the
cell
o Role in reproduction and
heredity
o DNA is organized into
multiple linear chromosomes
 Highly organized
 Condensed to fit in
nucleus
a. Wrapping DNA
around proteins
called histones
o * Nucleolus
 Located in nucleus
 Site of ribosomal
synthesis; first stages
of ribosome assembly
o * Some eukaryotic cells have
2 nuclei
 Protozoans of genus
Paramecium
 Small
nucleus/micronucleus-
reproduction
 Large
nucleus/macronucleus-
cellular metabolism
o Some fungi transiently form
cells with 2 nuclei
 Heterokaryotic cells
 Coenocytes – cells
whose nuclei divide,
cytoplasm doesn’t
o *Nuclear Membrane
 2 distinct lipid bilayers
 nuclear pores
o Nuclear Lamina
 Meshwork of
intermediate filaments
 “cytoskeleton of
nucleus”
 Located inside nuclear
membrane
- Ribosomes
o Eukaryotic cells contain 80s
ribosomes
 Found in rough ER and
cytoplasm
o 70s ribosomes in
mitochondria/chloroplasts
- Endomembrane System
o Series of membranous
tubules, sacs, flattened disks
o Synthesize cell components
o Transport materials around
cell
o Consists of ER, golgi
apparatus, lysosomes,
vesicles

o * Endoplasmic Reticulum
 Interconnected array of
tubules and cisternae
 Single lipid bilayer
 Smooth ER
- lipid biosynthesis,
carbohydrate
metabolism; no
ribosomes
 Rough ER –
ribosomes(80s)
attached; synthesize
proteins
o * Golgi Apparatus
 Processes proteins and
lipids
 Addition of sugar
molecules
 Produces glycoproteins
or glycolipids
o * Lysosomes
 Contain digestive
enzymes
 Endocytosis - break
down smaller particles
 Phagocytosis – break
down large particles,
cells
- Cytoskeleton
o Composed of:
 Microtubules
 Microfilaments
 Intermediate filaments
o Structural support, network 3. Processes
of transport
- Centrosomes
o Microtubule-organizing
centers
o Forms mitotic spindle for
mitosis
- Mitochondria
o Site of cellular respiration
o Has outer and inner
membrane
o Mitochondrial matrix –
contains DNA, 70s
ribosomes, metabolic
enzymes
- Plasma Membrane
o Structurally similar to ones
found in prokaryotic cells
o Eukaryotic membranes
contain:
 Sterols
-Alters membrane
fluidity
 Glycoproteins &
Glycolipids
 recognizes other cells,
infectious particles
- Cell wall
o Fungi, algae, plants, some
protists
o Extracellular matrix
 Animals, protozoans
 Structural support
 Mediates cellular
signaling
- Flagella
o Eukaryotic flagella is
structurally distinct from
prokaryotic flagella, but
serve same purpose
(locomotion)
- Cilia
o Structurally similar to
prokaryotic flagella, but
shorter
o Used for feeding,
locomotion, movement of
extracellular particle
- Processes related to Plasma
membrane
- Active transport
o Substances transported
across cell membrane
o Uses ATP (energy) to
energize protein carriers
o Substances move from area
of lower concentration to
area of higher concentration
- Endocytosis
 o Substance enters cell w/o
passing through cell
membrane

- Exocytosis
o Exiting of materials from
cells
o Cellular waste, hormones,
mucus, other cell products
- Passive transport
o Does not require energy
o Substances move from area
of higher concentration to
area of lower concentration
- Osmosis
o Diffusion and movement of
water
- Simple diffusion
o Molecules diffuse w/o aid of
transport proteins (oxygen, o Meiosis
carbon dioxide)  Sex cells
- Facilitated diffusion
o Molecules are transported
across plasma membrane by
membrane proteins

- Reproduction
o Mitosis
 First observed by
Walther Flemming
(1878)