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Arrangement of the
tubes in in-line and
staggered tube
banks (A1, AT, and
AD are flow areas at
indicated locations,
and L is the length of
the tubes).
2
All properties except Prs are to
be evaluated at the arithmetic
mean temperature.
Correlations in Table 7-2
The average Nusselt number relations in Table 7–2 are for tube banks
with more than 16 rows. Those relations can also be used for tube
banks with NL < 16 provided that they are modified as
NL < 16
Heat transfer
rate
3
4
Pressure drop
5
FLOW ACROSS BANKS OF TUBES
• Tube arrangements in bank SL SD
SL D
v,T∞ D v,T∞
ST ST A1
A1
A2
Aligned Staggered
• Grimison correlation
NuD = C1 ReDm, max NL ≥ 10 , Pr = 0.7
2000 ≤ ReD , max ≤ 40,000
C1 and m are listed in Table 7.5
ReD , max = ρvmaxD , vmax =ST v
μ ST - D
NuD = 1.13 C1 ReDm, max Pr1/3 NL ≥ 10 , Pr ≥ 0.7
2000 ≤ ReD , max ≤ 40,000
All properties are evaluated at film temperature
• If NL < 10
NuD = C2 NuD NL ≥ 10
C2 is given Table 7.6
• Zukauskas correlation
NuD = C ReDm, max Pr0.36 (Pr/Prs)1/4
NL ≥ 20 C and m are listed in Table 7.7 . All properties
0.7 ≤ Pr ≤ 500 except Prs are evaluated at the arithmetic
1000 ≤ ReD , max ≤ 2 x 106 mean of the fluid inlet and outlet temperature
• If NL < 20
NuD = C2 NuD NL ≥ 20
C2 is given Table 7.8
• Since the fluid may experienced a large change in temperature as
it moves through the tube bank, the heat transfer rate could be
significantly over predicted by using ΔT = Ts - T∞
Ts – To = exp - πDNh
Ts – Ti ρVNTSTCP
q’ = N(hπDΔT1m)
• Pressure drop:
ΔP = NLx ρV2max f
2
14
15
16
17
18
PROBLEM 7.88
Chapter 8
INTERNAL FORCED
CONVECTION
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
FLOW CONDITIONS FOR INTERNAL FLOW
• Consider laminar flow in a circular tube, fluid enters the tube with a
uniform velocity
• When the fluid makes contact with the tube surface, viscous effects
become important. Boundary layer develops with increasing x
• Boundary layer development occurs at the expense of a shrinking
flow region and concludes with boundary layer merger at the
centerline
1 dp 2 r
2
u( r ) = − o r 1 −
4 dx ro
ro2 dp m
um = − um =
8 dx Ac
u( r ) r
2
= 2 1 −
um ro
• If a fluid enters the tube at a uniform temp. that is less than the
surface temp. , convection heat transfer occurs and thermal
boundary layer develop.
• If the tube surface condition is fixed (Ts is constant) or a uniform
heat flux (qs” is constant), a thermally fully developed condition is
reached.
• Thermal entry length: We can write Newton’s Law of cooling
inside a tube by considering a mean
– Laminar flow: xfd , t = 0.05 ReDPr temp. Tm instead of T∞
D q"x = h(TS − Tm )
– Turbulent flow: 10 ≤ xfd , t ≤ 60
D
The Energy Balance
qs" = const
Integrating equation:
qs" P
Tm ( x) = Tm,i + x
mc p
where P = surface perimeter
= pD for circular tube,
= width for flat plate
Constant Surface Temperature (Ts= constant)
dTm d (T ) P
=− = hT Ts-Tm=T
dx dx c p
m
Integrating from x to any downstream location:
Ts − Tm ( x) Px
= exp − h
Ts − Tm,i mc p
For the entire length of the tube:
Ts − Tm,o To PL
= = exp − h
Ts − Tm,i Ti mc p
To − Ti
qconv = h As Tlm Tlm =
ln( To / Ti )
As is the tube surface area, As = PL = pDL
Uniform External Temperature
➢ For heat transfer between fluid flowing over a tube and fluid passing through
the tube, replace Ts by T and h by U
To T − Tm,o U As
= = exp − q = U As ΔTlm
Ti T − Tm,i mc p
ΔTlm
ΔTo T∞ Tm ,o 1
q=
= = exp - Rtot
ΔTi T∞ Tm ,i mc p Rtot
Summary (8.1-8.3)
• We discussed fully developed flow conditions for cases involving
internal flows, and we defined mean velocities and temperatures
• We wrote Newton’s law of cooling using the mean temperature,
instead of T "
q = h(TS − Tm )
• Based on an overall energy balance, we obtained an alternative
expression to calculate convection heat transfer as a function of mean
temperatures at inlet and outlet.
c p (Tm,o − Tm,i )
qconv = m
• We obtained relations to express the variation of Tm with length, for
cases involving constant heat flux and constant wall temperature
To − Ti
Tlm =
ln( To / Ti )
• We can combine equations (8.13-8.16) with (8.9) to obtain values of
the heat transfer coefficient (see solution of Example 8.3)
➢ In the rest of the chapter we will focus on obtaining values of the heat
transfer coefficient h, needed to solve the above equations
Heat Transfer Correlations for Internal Flow
Nu = f (Re, Pr)
Laminar Flow in Circular Tubes
1. Fully Developed Region
hD
NuD = 4.36 qs" = const
k
Nu D = 3.66 Ts = const
Laminar Flow in Circular Tubes
2. Entry Region: Velocity and Temperature are functions of x
0.14 Ts = const
1/ 3
Re Pr 0.48 Pr 16,700
Nu D = 1.86 D
L/ D s 0.0044
9.75
s
All properties, except s evaluated at average value of mean temperature
Tm,i − Tm,o
Tm =
2
Turbulent Flow in Circular Tubes
• For a smooth surface and fully turbulent conditions the Dittus –
Boelter equation may be used for small to moderate temperature
differences Ts-Tm:
0.7 Pr 160 n=0.4 for heating (Ts>Tm)
NuD = 0.023 Re 4D/ 5 Pr n Re D 10,000 and 0.3 for cooling (Ts<Tm)
L / D 10
For fully developed turbulent flow in smooth circular tubes with constant
surface heat flux, Skupinski correlation:
0.827
3.6 × 10 3 ≤ Re D ≤ 9.05 × 10 5
NuD = 4.82 + 0.0185PeD q"s = cons tan t
10 2 ≤ PeD ≤ 10 4
For fully developed turbulent flow in smooth circular tubes with constant
surface heat temperature, Seban and Shimazaki correlation:
0.8
NuD = 5.0 + 0.025PeD q"s = cons tant PeD ≥ 100
Heat and Mass Transfer: Fundamentals & Applications
Fourth Edition in SI Units
Yunus A. Cengel, Afshin J. Ghajar
McGraw-Hill, 2011
Chapter 8
INTERNAL FORCED
CONVECTION
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Objectives
• Obtain average velocity from a knowledge of velocity profile,
and average temperature from a knowledge of temperature
profile in internal flow.
• Have a visual understanding of different flow regions in
internal flow, and calculate hydrodynamic and thermal entry
lengths.
• Analyze heating and cooling of a fluid flowing in a tube under
constant surface temperature and constant surface heat flux
conditions, and work with the logarithmic mean temperature
difference.
• Obtain analytic relations for the velocity profile, pressure
drop, friction factor, and Nusselt number in fully developed
laminar flow.
• Determine the friction factor and Nusselt number in fully
developed turbulent flow using empirical relations, and
calculate the heat transfer rate.
58
GENERAL THERMAL ANALYSIS
Rate of heat transfer The thermal conditions at the surface
can be approximated to be
• constant surface temperature
Surface heat flux (Ts= const) or
• constant surface heat flux (qs = const).
hx is the local heat transfer coefficient. The constant surface temperature
condition is realized when a phase
change process such as boiling or
condensation occurs at the outer surface
of a tube.
The constant surface heat flux condition
is realized when the tube is subjected to
radiation or electric resistance heating
uniformly from all directions.
We may have either Ts = constant or
qs = constant at the surface of a tube,
The heat transfer to a fluid flowing in a but not both.
tube is equal to the increase in the
59
energy of the fluid.
Constant Surface Heat Flux (qs = constant)
Rate of heat transfer:
Surface temperature:
Circular tube:
65
The maximum velocity occurs
at the centerline, r = 0:
Velocity profile The average velocity in fully developed laminar
pipe flow is one-half of the maximum velocity.
66
A quantity of interest in the analysis of pipe flow is the pressure drop P since
it is directly related to the power requirements of the fan or pump to maintain flow.
Pressure
Drop
Head loss
68
Temperature Profile and the Nusselt Number
The rate of net energy transfer to the The differential volume element
control volume by mass flow is equal used in the derivation of energy
to the net rate of heat conduction in balance relation.
the radial direction. 69
Constant Surface Heat Flux
70
Constant Surface Temperature
When the difference between the surface and the fluid temperatures is large,
it may be necessary to account for the variation of viscosity with temperature:
All properties are evaluated at the bulk
mean fluid temperature, except for s, which
is evaluated at the surface temperature.
73
TURBULENT FLOW IN TUBES
Colburn
equation
Dittus–Boelter equation
Gnielinski
relation
The relations above are not very sensitive to the thermal conditions at the
tube surfaces and can be used for both Ts = constant and qs = constant.
75
Rough Surfaces
The friction factor in fully developed turbulent pipe flow depends on the
Reynolds number and the relative roughness /D, which is the ratio of the
mean height of roughness of the pipe to the pipe diameter.
Colebrook
equation
An approximate explicit
relation for f was
given by S. E. Haaland.
79
Heat Transfer Enhancement
Tubes with rough surfaces have much
higher heat transfer coefficients than
tubes with smooth surfaces.
Heat transfer in turbulent flow in a tube
can be increased by as much as 400
percent by roughening the surface.
Roughening the surface, of course,
also increases the friction factor and
thus the power requirement for the
pump or the fan.
The convection heat transfer
coefficient can also be increased by
inducing pulsating flow by pulse
generators, by inducing swirl by
inserting a twisted tape into the tube,
or by inducing secondary flows by
coiling the tube.
80
Summary
• Introduction
• Average Velocity and Temperature
✓ Laminar and Turbulent Flow in Tubes
• The Entrance Region
✓ Entry Lengths
• General Thermal Analysis
✓ Constant Surface Heat Flux
✓ Constant Surface Temperature
• Laminar Flow in Tubes
✓ Pressure Drop
✓ Temperature Profile and the Nusselt Number
✓ Constant Surface Heat Flux
✓ Constant Surface Temperature
✓ Developing Laminar Flow in the Entrance Region
• Turbulent Flow in Tubes
✓ Rough Surfaces
✓ Developing Turbulent Flow in the Entrance Region
✓ Turbulent Flow in Noncircular Tubes
✓ Flow Through Tube Annulus
✓ Heat Transfer Enhancement
81