Indus University Internship Report

Submitted to:
Engr. Waqar
Prepared By:
Adnan Maqsood
Table of Contents
1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 2
1.1 National Transmission & Dispatch Company .................................................................................. 2
1.2 GRID STATION SHEIKHUPURA ........................................................................................................ 2
2. First Two Weeks Progress ..................................................................................................................... 2
2.1 Busbar Arrangement ...................................................................................................................... 2
2.2 Fencing Arrangement ..................................................................................................................... 3
2.3 Earthing .......................................................................................................................................... 3
3. Third and Fourth Week Progress .......................................................................................................... 3
3.1 Circuit Breaker ................................................................................................................................ 3
3.2 Important Transformer Components ............................................................................................. 3
3.3 Lightning Arrester ........................................................................................................................... 4
3.4 Insulator.......................................................................................................................................... 4
4. Fifth and Sixth Week Progress .............................................................................................................. 4
4.1 Insulator.......................................................................................................................................... 4
4.2 Distribution Panelboard ................................................................................................................. 5
5. Working ................................................................................................................................................ 5
1 Introduction
1.1 National Transmission & Dispatch Company
National Transmission & Dispatch Company is a Pakistani government-owned power
transmission company. It was established in 1998 and owns all 220 KV and 500KV grid
stations and transmission lines in Pakistan. Its present headquarters are located at WAPDA
House, Lahore, Pakistan.
TRANSMISSION NETWORK
500KV GRID STATION
220KV GRID STATIONS
POTENTIAL CONSUMERS
TRANSMISSION NETWORK
Longitudinal network, extends from North to South Hydro generation is mainly in Northern
part of the country and major thermal generation in South & in lower middle part of the
network. Large load centers are remote from major generation sources. Seasonal variation in
generation dispatch and in power flows:
Bulk power flows from north to mid-country in summer
Bulk power flows from south to mid-country and north in winter
KV No. of Grid Stations Transmission Line MVA Capacity
500KV 16 5970 km 22350
220KV 45 11322 km 31060
Total 61 17292 km 53410

1.2 GRID STATION SHEIKHUPURA

500 KV Lahore (Sheikhupura) Grid Station was completed and commissioned on 05.06.1992.
4x600MVA, 500/220KV Auto Power T/F Banks are installed at Grid Station. The G/Stn. is
being fed from 500 KV Nokhar G/Station through 500 KV D/C T/Line and connected with
500 KV Gatti and Yousafwala G/Stations through 500 KV S/Cts. T/Lines. 3x160 MVA,
220/132KV Power T/Fs are being fed in the G/Stn.
For 500 KV bays as well as 220KV bays, double bus bar with one & half breaker scheme is
used.

2. First Two Weeks Progress

In first two weeks Senior Engineer gave general overview of the Grid Station and we visit
220KV Switch yard field where we learnt about the protection of system so in these we learnt
about protection relays, circuit breakers, power transformers, buckle relay, cooling methods
of transformer and some other important terminologies.

2.1 Busbar Arrangement

The busbar is a conductor used to connect two and more equipment located side-by-side when
the currents are very high. These are usually rectangular, sometimes tubular, bare copper bars
supported on insulators. The outdoor busbars are either of the rigid type or of the strain type.
In the rigid type, pipes are used for making connections among the various equipment. The
strain type busbars are an overhead system of wires strung between two supporting structures
and supported strain type insulators. Since the busbars are rigid, the clearances remain
constant.
2.2 Fencing Arrangement
Fencing is provided at outdoor substation yard for restricting entry of unauthorized person
and livestock. It must be earthed/ grounded separately. Height of fencing normally should not
be less than 1.8 metres. Fencing should be painted once in a year by suitable paint.

2.3 Earthing
Provision of an effective, durable and a dependable earthing in a substation and switching
stations is very important for the safety of operating personnel as well as electrical devices.
The voltage levels do not rise above tolerable thresholds and that the earth connection is
rugged to dissipate the fault to the earth.
Earthing has a very low resistance and connects the electrical equipment to the general mass
of the earth.

3. Third and Fourth Week Progress

In third and fourth week we visit 500KV Switch yard field where we learnt about the system
protection, instrument transformers, isolators, CVT, surge arrester, wave trap and some other
important terminologies.

3.1 Circuit Breaker

The circuit breaker is an equipment which automatically cut off power supply of the system
when any fault or short circuit occurs in the system. It detect and isolate faults within a
fraction of a second thereby minimizing the damage at the point where the fault has occurred.
The circuit breakers are specially designed to interrupt the very high fault currents, which
may be ten or more times the normal operating currents.
There are many types of circuit breakers, e.g. Oil, minimum oil, Air blast, Vacuum, SF6, etc.
being used at distribution substations. This list is generally in order of their development and
increasing fault rupturing capacity, reliability and maintainability.

3.2 Important Transformer Components

Conservator
(Equipped with transformer of rating 500 kVA and above)
It is a drum containing transformer oil and mounted at the top of the transformer and
connected to the main tank by a pipe. As the volume of oil of transformer tank expands and
contracts according to heat produced, this expansion and contraction of oil causes the level of
the oil in conservator to rise and fall.
Explosion Vent
A major fault inside the transformer causes instantaneous vaporization of oil, leading to
extremely rapid buildup of gaseous pressure. If this pressure is not released with in few
milliseconds, the transformer tank can rupture, spilling oil over a wide area. An explosion
vent provides instantaneous releasing of such dangerous pressure and protects the
transformer.
Buchholz Relay
It is protective relay of transformer. This device signals the fault as soon as it occurs and cuts
the transformer out of the circuit immediately. This is gas operated protective relay. It is
installed in between the pipe connecting the tank and the conservator. This relay works on the
formation of excessive oil vapors or gas inside the transformer tank due to internal fault of
transformer.
Oil level Indicator
It indicates level of transformer oil at the conservator of the transformer. It has markings on
transparent sheet for maximum and minimum levels.
Air Break (AB) Switch / Isolator
Air break switches are used to isolate equipment for maintenance and also for transfer of load
from one bus to another. Lay-out of substation depends upon type of Air break switches.
These switches are of two types viz. vertical break type or horizontal break type. Horizontal
break type normally occupies more space than the vertical break type.
Outlet Valve
It provides passage to drain the oil during overhauling or as and when required oil sample for
testing.
Cooling Tubes
These tubes provide better and effective cooling of transformer oil by increasing the surface
area of tank to the atmosphere.
Tap changer
The tap changer is used to regulate the output voltage manually according to line voltage. The
taps of transformer can be changed by the tape changer manually. It is provided on HV side
so that the voltage on LV side feeding to the load can be maintained. Normally tap selection
range is ± 15 % in steps of 2.5 %.

3.3 Lightning Arrester

Lightning arrester is a most important protective device of distribution substation to protect
valuable equipment as well as working personnel. It arrests and discharges over voltage to
earth during lightning strokes. These are installed between line and earth near equipment.

3.4 Insulator
The main function of an insulator is to insulate live conductor or equipment at different
voltages with reference to the ground structures as well as provide mechanical support.
Provision of adequate insulation in a substation is of primary importance from the point of
view of reliability of supply and safety of personnel.

4. Fifth and Sixth Week Progress

In fifth and sixth week we visit control room and battery bank where we learnt about the
control panels, memic diagram, relay and circuit breaker controlling and some other
controlling aspects.

4.1 Insulator
The main function of an insulator is to insulate live conductor or equipment at different
voltages with reference to the ground structures as well as provide mechanical support.
Provision of adequate insulation in a substation is of primary importance from the point of
view of reliability of supply and safety of personnel.
4.2 Distribution Panelboard
Distribution panelboard consists of MCCBs, control equipment, meters and relays are housed
in the control room. The panel frame shall be connected to the earth grid by an earthing
conductor. A rubber mat of prescribed size and quality shall lay in front of panel.

5. Working

Figure 1 Single line diagram of 500KV switch yard

Figure 2 Single line diagram of 220KV switch yard