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 CONTENT

EX. NO. DATE EXERCISE SIGN

STUDY EXPERIMENT

1 VERNIER CALIPER

VERNIER BEVEL PROTRACTOR

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3 SINE BAR

4 MICROMETER

5 VERNIER HEIGHT GAUGE

EXPERIMENTS

TESTING THE SQUARENESS OF A TRY

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SQUARE

ANGULAR MEASURMENT USING SINE BAR

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AND BEVEL PROTRACTOR

8 GEAR MEASURMENT

CHECKING DIMENSIONS USING SLIP GAUGE

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AND MICROMETER

STUDY AND USE OF THE MEASURING

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INSTRUMENT AND GAUGES

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VERNIER CALIPER

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 VERNIER CALIPER

AIM:

To study the working principle of vernier caliper.

WORKING PRINCIPLE:

The principle of vernier is that the scale of different size is used to measure the dimension in
high accuracy. The vernier caliper has two steel rules which slide each other. The longer scale is
graduated on a solid L shaped frame, and graduation is done into 20 parts in which one small
division is equal to 0.05cm. The vernier caliper consists of three elements namely beam, fixed jaw
and sliding jaw or movable jaw.

The movable jaw slides over the main scale according to the dimensions of the specimen to
be measured. Before taking measurement we should ensure the scale is checked for zero reading
when two measuring jaws are in contact with each other. After doing this adjustment, the lock nut B
is tightened. Final adjustment is done afterwards.

After final adjustment has been done the lock nut A is also tightened. The readings are noted
down. If 49 main scale divisions are divided into 50 divisions on the vernier scale, then

50VSD=49MSD

1VSD=49/50MSD

LC=1MSD-1VSD=1-(49/50)

LC=0.02 unit

RESULT:

The working principle of vernier is studied.

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VERNIER BEVEL PROTRACTOR

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 VERNIER BEVEL PROTRACTOR

AIM:

To study the application of vernier bevel protractor.

BEVEL PROTRACTOR:

Bevel protractor is used to measure the angles. Angles can be measured with an accuracy of
five minutes

It has circular disc and is made integral with a blade. A vernier scale is fitted to this disc.
The circular side disc is pivoted at its center on a circular dial. Main scale is graduated in degree
over an arc of 180. It reads 0 to 90 and 90 to 0.

There is a movable blade. It slides in a groove on the dial and it can be locked to dial by a
clamp. There is a locking screw. It is used to lock the circular disc on the dial.

Least count=one main scale division/No. of division on vernier scale

=1/12

= (1/12)*60

=5 min

Thus the bevel protractor can be used to measure to an accuracy of 5 min.

RESULT:

Thus the vernier bevel protractor is studied.

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SINE BAR

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 SINE BAR

AIM:

To study the application of sine bar.

WORKING PRINCIPLE:

The working of sine bar is based on trigonometric principle. To measure the angle of a
specimen, one roller of sine bar is placed on surface plate and another one is placed on the surface
of the slip gauge. Now ‘h’ be the height of the slip gauge and ‘l’ be the distance between the roller
and center .Then the angle is calculated as

sin θ =h/l

θ=sin-1(h/l)

ACCURACY REQUIRMENT OF SINE BAR

The rollers must have equal diameter and they should be placed parallel to each other. Also
they should be placed at equal distance on the upper surface of the sine bar. Accurate value of the
center to center distance of rollers must be known.

RESULT:

Thus the working principle of sine bar is studied.

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MICROMETER

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 MICROMETER

AIM:

To study the working principle of micrometer.

WORKING PRINCIPLE:

The micrometer screw gauge essentially consists of an accurate screw which revolves in a
fixed nut. The end of the screw forms one measuring tip and other measuring tip is constituted by a
stationary anvil at the base of the frame. The screw is threaded for certain length and is plain
afterwards. The plain portion is called sleeve and its end is the measuring surface. The spindle is
advanced or retracted by turning a thimble connected to the spindle. The spindle is a slide fit over
the barrel and barrel is the fixed part attached with the frame.

A lock nut is provided for locking a dimension by preventing motion of the spindle. Ratchet
stop is provided at the end of the thimble cap to maintain sufficient and uniform measuring pressure
so that standard conditions of measurement are attained. Ratchet stop consist of an overriding clutch
held by a weak spring. When the spindle is brought into contact with the work at the correct
measuring pressure, the clutch starts slipping and no further movement of the spindle takes place by
the rotation of the ratchet.

Example:

The micrometer has an accurate screw consisting of 10 to 20 threads per centimeter. The
barrel is graduated in unit of 0.05cm ie.20 div per cm which is the lead of the screw for one
complete revolution. The thimple has got 50 divisions around its periphery on circular portion. Thus
it subdivides each revolution of the screw in 50 equal parts ie. Each division corresponds to 0.002
cm

RESULT:

Thus the working principle of micrometer is studied.

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 VERNIER HEIGHT GAUGE

AIM:

To study the working principle of vernier height gauge.

WORKING PRINCIPLE:

This is also a vernier caliper but attached with special base block and other attachments. The
whole assembly is made in such a way to measure the height of parts. A removable clamp is
attached above the measuring jaw and parallel to the base. A scribing attachment is fitted to make
scribe line on the parts where it is required.

Sometimes, the measuring jaws of vernier caliper are replaced by a dial gauge according to
type of measurement required. The suitable surface plate is a datum of reference while using
measuring instrument.

SPECIFICATION OF VERNIER HEIGHT GAUGE

Range of measurement

Least count

Types of scale needed

Types of vernier needed

RESULT:

Thus the working principle of vernier height gauge was studied.

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TABULATION:

Sl.no Side of Side of testing try square Error(mm)

the try (A-B)
square Bottom(mm)A Top(mm)B

1. Out
side
2. In side

Sl.no Side of Side of testing try square Error(mm)

the try (A-B)
square Bottom(mm)A Top(mm)B

1. Out
side

2. In side

Calculation:

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Ex .No: Date:

TESTING THE SQUARENESS OF A TRY SQUARE

AIM:

To test the squareness of the given try square using slip gauge.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Try square 3. Surface plate

2. Slip gauge 4. Angle plate

PROCEDURE:

The angle plate is placed on the surface plate. The given parallel specimen is kept between
the vertical edge surface of the angle plate and the try square blade edge. The stock of the trysquare
is hold vertically. The sides of the parallel specimen should touch the edge surface of the angle plate
and blade edge of the trysquare.

The gap between the angle plate’s vertical edge surface and the trysquare blade edge at
bottom and top positions are noted and the difference is calculated.

RESULT:

Thus the straightness of the given try square is checked and the error is calculated.

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TABULATION:

Instrument Specimen L(mm) h(mm) Sinθ=h/l θ=

sin-1(h/l)
Sine bar Angle block θ 1

Angle block θ2

Taper bar θ3

Bevel Angle block θ1

protractor
Angle block θ2

Taper bar θ3

Calculation:

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Ex .No: Date:

ANGULAR MEASURMENT USING SINE BAR AND BEVEL PROTRACTOR

AIM:

To measure the angle of the given tapered bar using sine bar and bevel protractor.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Sine Bar

2. Bevel Protractor

DESCRIPTION OF APPARATUS AND PROCEDURE:

1. BEVEL PROTRACTOR:

The bevel protractor is used for checking and measuring angle in tool, gauges or production
parts. It consists of double arm connected to the vernier scale. The graduated circular scale and the
vernier scale give the reading of measurement.

The angle included between two surfaces of the arm are adjusted to make contact with the
surface. The reading is observed from the coinciding of circular scale and vernier scale.

2. SINE BAR:

The sine bar conjugated with slip gauge constitutes a good device for precious measurement
of angle. Sine bar consists of a bar and two cylinders which is fixed at the end of the bar.

To measure the angle the sine bar is placed over the surface plate with two ends in perfect
contacts with the plate. The height to which are end of the sine bar is to be raised is calculated using
the angle measured by bevel protractor to make the tapered bar by parallel.

RESULT:

Angle measured by: θ1 θ2 θ3

1. Bevel protractor:

2. Sine bar:

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TABULATION:
GEAR:1

Observed Value Calculated Value

Sl. No Width(w) in Tool Tool
Depth(d) Width(w) Depth(d)
Span(p) Span(p)
mm in mm in mm in mm
in mm in mm

GEAR:2

Observed Value Calculated Value

Sl. No Width(w) in Tool Tool
Depth(d) Width(w) Depth(d)
Span(p) Span(p)
mm in mm in mm in mm
in mm in mm

FormulA

D=m (1+(z/2))(1-cos(90/2))
W=Z*m*sin(90/2)
Z=no.of teeth ; m=module

S=2m cosɸ ( tanɸ- θ+(πg/2)+(π/2z)

ɸ=pressure angle
g=gap(3 or 5 tooth)

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Ex .No: Date:
GEAR MEASURMENT

AIM:
To measure the fundamental dimension of a gear tooth.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Gear tooth vernier caliper
2. Teeth span micrometer

PROCEDURE:
1. GEAR TOOTH VERNIER CALIPER
It is used to measure the thickness of the gear tooth at the pitch line or chordal thickness of
tooth and the distance from top of the tooth to the chord.
The thickness of a tooth at the pitch line and the addendum is measured by an adjustable
tongue, each of which is adjusted independently by adjusting screw on graduated bars. The effect of
zero errors should be taken in to consideration.

The horizontal scale is used to measure the width of the tooth. Vertical scale is set for depth
from top at which ’w’-width occurs. The value can be measured down and they can be checked by
using the formula.

2. TOOTH SPAN MICROMETER:

This is used to measure distance between parallel plates. The tooth span micrometer
operates in the same manner by which an ordinary micrometer is operated. Using this instrument,
span between 2 or 3 or 4 gear teeth can be found out.

RESULT:

The measured and calculated values are compared and tabulated.

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OBSERVATION:
Distance between the center of two cylinders=…………………….mm

TABULATION:

Distance between Distance between

Diameter of
the top of the the base of mandrel
Mandrel
Instrument mandrel and top of and top of the
D=h1-h2
the square square plate(h2) in
In mm
plate(h1)in mm mm

Vernier Height
Gauge
Slip Gauge
Micrometer

Distance between Distance between

Diameter of
the top of the the base of mandrel
mandrel
Instrument mandrel and top of and top of the
D=h1-h2
the square square plate(h2) in
In mm
plate(h1)in mm mm

Vernier height
gauge
Slip gauge
Micro meter
Calculation

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Ex .No: Date:
CHECKING DIMENSIONS USING SLIP GAUGE AND MICROMETER

AIM:

To measure the diameter of given mandrel using slip gauge and micrometer.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

 V-block
 Micrometer
 Slip gauge
 Accessories
 mandrel

PROCEDURE:

The mandrel is placed on the v-block and clamped tightly such that one end of the mandrel
projection is sufficiently out of the v-block. Combination of slip gauges are assembled up to the top
surface of the mandrel from the bottom of the v-block .The difference between these two heights
will give the diameter of the mandrel.

To find out the diameter using micrometer first the least count of the given micrometer is
noted then the diameter of the mandrel directly using micrometer for 2 or 3 trails and the average is
found out.

RESULT:

The diameter of the given mandrel by using:

1. Slip gauge: …………………..mm

2. Vernier scale: …………………..mm
3. Micrometer: …………………..mm

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TABULATION:

Sl. Name of Instruments A B C D E F G H I J

no
1. Dial Vernier
(LC=0.05)
2. Depth Vernier
(LC=0.02)
3. Vernier Caliper
(LC=0.02)
4. Micrometer
(LC=0.01)
5. Vernier height gauge
(LC=0.02)

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Ex .No: Date:
STUDY AND USE OF THE MEASURING INSTRUMENT AND GAUGES

AIM:

To study the measuring instrument and gauges to find the dimension of the given specimen
using instruments.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

 Micrometer
 Vernier caliper
 Dial vernier
 Vernier Depth gauge
 Vernier height gauge

MICROMETER:

It consists of a ‘U’ shaped anvil and threaded spindle .The threaded spindle revolves in the
stationary spindle. A graduated stationary screw and a graduated rotating thimble are the basis of
measurement.

VERNIER INSTRUMENT:

The principle of vernier is that when two scales of divisions, slightly different in size, are
used, the difference between them can be utilized to enhance the accuracy of measurement.

VERNIER HEIGHT GAUGE:

This is also a sort of vernier caliper equipped with a special block and other attachment
which make the instrument suitable for height measurements. Along with the sliding jaw assembly,
arrangement is made to carry a removable clamp. The upper and lower surfaces of the measuring
jaws are parallel to the base, so that it can be used for measurements over or under a surface.

The vernier height gauge is mainly used in the inspection of parts and lay out work. With a
scribing attachment in place of measuring jaw, this can be used to scribe lines at certain distance
above surface. Dial indicators can also be attached in the clamp and many useful measurements can
be made as it exactly gives the indication when the dial tip is just touching the surface. For all this
measurements, use of surface plates as datum surface is very essential.

VERNIER CALLIPER:

It has two scales, main scale and vernier scale which are used for measuring internal
diameter and external diameter.

VERNIER DEPTH GAUGE:

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 For measuring depth of hole, recesses, and distances from a plane surface to a projection, the
vernier depth gauge is employed. In vernier depth gauge, the graduated scale can slide through the
base and vernier scale remains fixed.

DIAL VERNIER:

These are typical of all hand-held calipers. These provide a typical direct-reading capability
of 0.02mm. These units are quite flexible, offering a typical measurement range of 150mm with
accessories available for range of extensions as well as specific measurement accessories. These use
mechanical comparators. The translation of linear form of the work piece is accomplished by
referencing the caliper jaw to a measurement scale by a gear train and lever (mechanical) translation
technique that utilizes the principles of amplification.

RESULT:

Thus the given measuring instruments and gauges are studied and dimensions of the
specimen are found out using the different instruments.

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