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À
` 0t is the mental interpretation of the
auditory sensation produced by the
disturbance of air.
air.
` The normal, everyday sound being
heard is conglomeration of several
frequencies.. The audible range is from
frequencies
16 to 20,
20,000 Hz.
Hz.
` Sound below 16 Hz is called
m
while sound above 20,000 Hz is called
m
!
` Pressure
` Power
` 0ntensity
2
2
where:
c = speed of wave propagation
u = instantaneous displacement
À
General Solution:
u(x,t
u( x,t)) = A e i (wt ± kx)
kx) +Be i (wt + kx)
kx)
or
u(x,t
u( x,t)) = A cos (wt ± kx)
kx) + B cos (wt + kx
kx))
À
2
a. Particle Displacement; u
u(x,t
u( x,t)) = A e i (wt ± kx)
kx) +Be i (wt + kx)
kx)
or
u(x,t
u( x,t)) = A cos (wt ± kx)
kx) + B cos (wt
+ kx)
kx)
À
2
b. Acoustic Pressure; P
"
2& #
"%
2
where: [è density
w = 2
2 f
A = displacement amplitude of the wave
k = wave number ; w/c
2
Pm = [ wcA
Effective Acoustic Pressure;
2
2 &
#
2
2
` The energy of an oscillating sound wave is composed of
kinetic and potential energies.
energies. @hen it is compressed, it
possesses potential energy
Pw = ½ S [ w2 cA2 watts
'
'
('
The intensity of sound waves is defined as the
average rate at which power is transmitted per
unit cross-
cross-sectional area in the direction of the
travel
'&
)
A 2 "
*
!
2
'&
'
2
'&
##
+
'&
##
'&+
!
2#
'&
'
` Total 0ntensity: 0T
0T = 01 + 02 + 03 + . . . + 0n
` Total Pressure: PT
& "2
!"&
2&
At room temperature and standard
atmospheric pressure, the speed of
sound in air is ë and
increases approximately for
each degree centigrade rise, and
expressed as
$&#*)
&
*,
& .
B = bulk modulus
[ density
& )
,
= compressibility in m sec2/ kg
& 0
* = *oung¶s modulus
[ density
density
o
1
!
%
2
2
/
2
!
` Gm
at a point in sound
field; is the alternating component of
the pressure at the point
` Ënit: N/m2 or Pascal (Pa)
2
/
!
2 G G
#*
)*
34
#%)*5 16#
#
2/&#*
2 &)*
2
2
2
!2&34
16#
2*&
'&
(6#
:;#
'
'&
(6#
# #
' 2 #
'/ &)*
'
&)*
2
&2/
'<2#
' &
6#
&)*)# 6#
2
2
/
2
`
mof a source; is the total
Gm
mof
sound energy radiated per unit time
2
/
2 G
)*
)*
)*)#
2/&)*
2/&)* =)#*
&
&
&)*)#
3
2/2/
!
> à
&
? 2
2&
& ):#%)*5 #
#8
)#@ 2&
#
2&?
2#
'& ?
& 2
)98#
? '&
)#@@:*
& #8
@:*)#@#;)***
Determine the value of the bulk modulus for water from the
60.4 m in 4x10-2 sec in
experimental evidence that sound travels 60.
water of density 1x103 kg/m3.
!
>
&
?
& A*:
:%)*#
> &#
> &)5)%)*@)%)*@
!
0
&
?
& )##%)*)*
89**
The intensity of sound at construction site is 0.10 @/m2.
Assuming that the are of the eardrum is 0.20 cm2, how much
sound energy is absorbed by one ear in an 8 hour work day
!
2
'
&
À
2
&
À
'
&
À& @A**
*)*#*%)*: #8
)
À
The density of sound in air is given at 1.21 kg/m3 and a velocity
of 344 m/sec for a pressure of 30 N/m2. Calculate its intensity.
!
2#
'
&
#?
@*#
'
&
#)#)@::
Sound source radiates uniformly in all directions in air at 20 °C.
At a distance of 80 m from the source, the sound level is 80 dB.
The frequency is 440 Hz. @hat is the displacement amplitude?
!
&#*)#*=#F@&@::):
&8*
0/ &8*.
0
0/ &)*
0B
0 &C
0/6)*D0B&C
8*6)*D)E)*)#
0 &)E)*: 6#
0 &)6#[ # #
� 6[ # ß à] ]
By what factor must the pressure amplitude of the sound wave
be increased in order to increase the intensity by a factor of 9?
!
2#
0&
# 90 &0
@2
2
$ 2&
#
2 2 ß
&
@ #
)6@2#
0&
#
2# 2#
0& (
0 &
9# #
0f the pressure amplitude of a sound wave is doubled, by what
factor does the intensity of the wave increase?
!
2
0 &G
0 &H0
#2
2& 2 0 0
# (
2 &
#
2
2 &+2
ß
2 #
0&
#
2# 2#
+2 # & (
0 &
0& :# #
#
A sound wave in air has a frequency of 400 Hz, a wave speed of
344 m/s and a displacement amplitude of 0.0075 mm. Calculate
the sound intensity level.
!
0
&:**¦ 0/ &)*
)%)*)#
&@::6
&***F5 ***F5
0/ &)*
)%)*)#
0 &+o # #
0
0 &+)#@#a %:**# @::***F5#
0 &**F56#
The threshold of pain has a sound intensity level of 120 dB. @hat
is the equivalent sound intensity?
!
0/ &)#*.
0
0/ &)*
)%)*)#
0 &C )#*6)*D)%)*)#
0
åor a steel rod, *oung¶s modulus is 2 x 1011 Pa and a density of
7.8 x 103 kg/m3. @hat is the speed of sound in the steel rod?
!
0
&
?
& #*%)*))
F8%)*@
A sound wave in air has a displacement amplitude of 0.0140
mm. Calculate the pressure amplitude for frequency at 500 Hz.
!
2 &o
2 &)#@#a %5**@@***):*%)*@
A jet aircraft produces a sound of 140 dB intensity at a distance
of 100 ft. How far away is the intensity at 90 dB?
!
0/ &):*.(&)**$ @*:8
0/ &2/&2/I #*
))
):*&2/I #*
@*:8 ))
2/&)8*A8.
9*.
9*&2/I #*
))
&
C9*I )8*A8=))6#*D
A sound intensity level of 55 dB is produced by 10 flutes. @hat is
the number of flutes needed to produce a level of 65 dB under
the same circumstance?
!
0/ &55.)*
(
0/ &A5.G
0
0/ &)*
)%)*)# J0/ &A5.
0 0
55&)*
A5&)*
)%)*)# )%)*)#
0 &C
556)*D)%)*)# 0 &C
A56)*D)%)*)#
0&0 &@)A#%)*9 6#
)*
0&0 &@)A%)*A 6#
G
362(
0 @)A#%)*9 6#
&
0 @)A%)*A 6#
A note of frequency 300 vibrations per second has an intensity of
1 ]@/m2. @hat is the amplitude of the air vibrations caused by
the sound?
!
&@** 6
0 &) ]6#
0 &+o # #
à
à
1. Pitch
Pitch is that attribute of auditory
sensation in terms of which sound may
be ordered on a scale primarily related to
frequency..
frequency
m
- loudness of a tone which when heard at
1000Hz and the sound pressure level in the free
progressive wave above 20 µPa.
M Gm
± the loudness of 40 phon¶s made arbitrarily
equal to unity and is expected as
 :*6)*
1
!
À%
40 phons = 1 sone
2 sones = 1 sone + 1 sone
2 sones = 40 phons + 40 phons
s = 2(P
(P--40)/10
2 = 2(P
(P--40)/10
P = 50 phons
Reflected @ave
Îedium 1 Îedium 2
at x = 0
P1 = P2
and
V1 = V2
Acoustic Pressure: P
& [ $
2 #"
"%
on medium 1:
2) & [ $)#" )
"%
u 1 = A0 e i (wt ± k x) + AR e i (wt + k x)
1 1
w
but k1 = C
1
2) & [ #
$) "K 'A0 e i (wt ± k1x) + AR e i (wt + k1x)]
"%
at x=0
on medium 2:
2# & [M $##" #
"%
i (wt ± k x) w
u2 = AT e 2 ;but k2 = C2
e i (wt ± k x)]
2# & [M 'AT
$##"K 2
"%
at x=0
2# & [M $# w AT e wt
equate P1 = P2
1
[ $) (A0 ± AR) & [M $# AT
velocity: v
v & "
"
on medium 1:
" )
v1 & "
" 'A0 e i (wt ± k x) + AR e i (wt + k x)]
& "
1 1
at x = 0
v2 & Y w AT e i w t
equate v1 = v2
Ywe iwt (A0 + AR) &YwA T e iwt
(A0 +A ) &A
R T
2
Acoustic 0mpedance: Z
- the ratio (real or complex) of pressure and
its velocities.
L &
2
o
L & [ $(
from eqn 2:
2¶
AT - A0 &A R
AT 2 Z1 2´
&
A0 (Z1+ Z2)
Z1± Z2
ör & 'Z +Z ]
1 2
2
L# #L) #
öT & ( )
L) L)=L#
:L) L#
öT &
L)=L##
Transmission Loss; TL
' ) )
TL & 10 log & 10 log
öT & 10 log
' ' öT
'
Transmission of Sound; TL
)
TL & 10 log
öT
00. åor Normal 0ncidence at Surface of
Solids:
Solid Surface
0ncident @ave
Îedium 1 Îedium 2
4 ) c1 rn
öa &
(rn + ) c1)2 + Xn2
where:
rn = resistive component of Zn
Xn = reactive component of Zn
Zn = rn + jXn
0ncident @ave
Îedium 1 Îedium 2
R2 cos LJi ± R1 cos LJT 2
ör &( )
R2 cos LJi + R1 cos LJT
where:
LJi = angle of incidence
LJT = angle of refraction
0ncident @ave
Îedium 1 Îedium 2
4 R1rn cos LJi
öa &
(rn cos LJi + R1)2 + Xn2 cos2 LJi
where:
rn = resistive component of Zn
Xn= reactive component of Zn
LJi = angle of incidence
L = thickness of medium 2
k2 = wave no. of medium 2
@
= c 2
)
TL & 10 log
öT
2
Sound waves in air with an intensity of 0.02
@/m2 is incident normally on a boundary.
boundary. @hat
is the absorption of the boundary if the reflected
sound intensity is 0.005 @/m2?
0.005 @/m2 interface
!
0.02 @/m2
0a
Ñ &
0i
0a & 0i - 0r
& 0.02 I 0.005
0a & 0.015 @/m2
0.015
Ñ &
0.02
Ñ & 0.75
A beam of sound waves is incident normally on a
plane interface of air & an unknown body.
body. 0f half
of the sound energy is reflected, what is the
impedance of the unknown body?
interface
!
air unknown body
- ! L &[air$
&)#)@:)
L &412.61 rayls 2
( )
Z1± Z2
ö & *5 ; but, ö &
Z1+ Z2
( )
412.61 ± Z2 r
2
*5 &
412.61 + Z2
L# & F*F9
An acoustic tile panel has a normal specific acoustic
impedance of 1000 ± j1300 rayls.
rayls. Calculate the sound
transmission and reflection coefficients for plane acoustic
waves in air incident normally of the surface of the tile
panel..
panel
solid surface
! (tile panel)
air
ör & 0.55
öa + ör & 1
öa & 1 - ö
& 1 ± 0.55
öa & 0.45
Plane acoustic waves in air strike the surface of
an acoustic tile panel having an impedance of
1000 ± j1300 rayls.
rayls. åind the reflection coefficient
for an angle incidence at 80°
80°.
!
(rn cos LJi ± 1c1)2 + Xn2 cos2 LJi
ör &
(rn cos LJi + 1c1)2 + Xn2 cos2
LJi
(1000 cos 80° ± 412.61)2 + (-1300)2 cos2 80°
&
(1000 cos 80° + 412.61)2 + (-1300)2 cos2 80°
ör & 0.27
Plane acoustic wave in water is incident normally on the
surface of a large steel plate of thickness 0.02m
02m. 0f the
frequency of the wave is 3khZ, find the transmission loss
through the steel into water on the opposite sides
sides..
! -
! - !
L&1.48 x 106 L&39 x 106
steel $&5050 6
3) &3¦#B &3@
H2O H2O
3# &
L = 0.02m
4 R1 R3
öa &
R 1R 3
(R1R3)2 cos2 k2L + (R2 + ) sin2 k2L
R2
4 R12
öa &
2 R 12
4R1 cos2 k2L + (R2 + ) sin2 k2L
R2
! 4 R12
öa &
2 R 12
4R1 cos2 k2L + (R2 + ) sin2 k2L
R2
@ 2 (3000)
k2 & &
c2 5050
k2 & 3.73 rad/m
4 (1.48 x 106)2
öa &
(1.48 x 106)2
4(1.48 x 106)2 cos2 (3.73)(0.02) + (3.9 x 106 + ) sin2 (3.73)(0.02)
(3.90 x 106)
öa & 0.5
)
TL & 10 log
öT
)
TL & 10 log
0.5
TL & 3.01 dB
3
3
Room Acoustics is concerned with the behavior
of sound within an enclosure space with a
view obtain the optimum acoustic effect on
the occupants
3
!
)
4
#
@ B
:
B 3
5**)***¦
M
is defined as the time it
takes for the intensity of a given steady sound to
drop 60 dB from the time the sound source is
shut off.
off.
Reverberation time depends on the total
acoustic energy pervading the room, the
surface areas of the absorbing material and
their absorption coefficient.
coefficient.
*)Ao (
!
&
)Ñ
o&
&
**5o (
&
)Ñ
Ñ &
Reverberation time formula derivation:
derivation:
Snowball¶s Law
"M
M
" growth
"M
= = M
" decay
A À
"À
À A
= t
§
À
ln E |À = - k t |§
ln E ± ln Eo = - k t
Reverberation time formula derivation:
derivation:
E
ln =-kt
Eo
E
eln Eo
= e-kt
E 1
lne = e-k t
Eo
E
= e-k t 1
Eo
Reverberation time formula derivation:
derivation:
by definition:
E -6
= 10
Eo
@hen sound wave is transmitted, the sound energy
left after the first reflection is,
E = Eo ± Eoa
E = Eo(1 ± a)
åor n reflections: the sound energy left is,
E = Eo(1 ± a)n
E
= (1 ± a)n 2
Eo
Reverberation time formula derivation:
derivation:
velocity; V
d
V=
t
d=Vt
V = Cair = 341 m/sec
d = (341) t
åor n reflections: the distance covered is,
n d = (341) t
(341) t
n=
d
equate: eqn 1 = eqn 2
Reverberation time formula derivation:
derivation:
e-kt = (1-a)n
ln e-kt = ln (1-a)n
-kt ln e 1= n ln (1-a)
-kt
n=
ln (1-a)
(341) t -k t
=
d ln (1-a)
-341 ln (1-a)
k=
d
Reverberation time formula derivation:
derivation:
Also, in mathematics:
4V
d=
s
V = volume of the room
s = surface area of the room
substitute k in eqn 1:
-341 s ln (1-a)
10-6 = e ±' 4V
]t
1 -341 s ln (1-a)
ln (10-6) = ln e ±' 4V
]t
-341 s ln (1-a)
-13.82 = 4V t
Reverberation time formula derivation:
derivation:
0.16 V
t= ; sec $ metric dimension
-s ln (1-a)
translate:
Cair = 341 m/sec $ ft/sec
= 341 m/sec (3.28 ft/m)
Cair = 1118.5 ft/sec
-1118.5 s ln (1-a)
-13.82 = 4V t
0.049 V
t= ; sec $ english dimension
-s ln (1-a)
Reverberation time formula derivation:
derivation:
let: sĮ = s ln (1-a)
0.16 V
t=
sĮ
&
0.049 V
t=
sĮ
@
&**)#o=*)*F*
!
o&
@
&:
&5
&A
Optimum volume/person (in më for various
types of hall:
a
! "
#
$
%
$
¦ F)
'
B
¦
:#I 5)
$
F)I 99
$
@)
3
#8
B. Sabines Formula (for actual reverberation time with average
absorption less than or equal to 0.2)
å
*)Ao
&
!
*)Ao
&
Ñ
å
**5o
&
!
**5o
&
Ñ
2
A lecture room has a volume at 15,15,000 m3 if it has 1000
m2 of acoustic (Į=0.6), 2400 m2 at plaster (Į=0.03),
03), 1000
2
m at concrete (Į=0.02), 2
02), and 4000 m of wood (Į=0.05 05)).
åind the reverberation time of the room.
room.
! *)Ao
&
N Ñ
o&)5***@
N Ñ &))=## =@@ =::
N Ñ &)****A=#:****@=)*****#
=:*****5
*)A)5***
&
89#
15,000 m3 if it has 1000
A lecture room has a volume at 15,
m2 of acoustic (Į=0.6), 2400 m2 at plaster (Į=0.03),
03), 1000
2
m at concrete (Į=0.02), 2
02), and 4000 m of wood (Į=0.05 05)).
åind the reverberation time when it holds 200 people.
people.
!
*)Ao
&
N Ñ
N Ñ &)****A=#:****@=)*****#
=:*****5=#**:F
*)A)5***
&
)8@@
åind the optimum reverberation time of 500Hz500Hz of a living room
20ft
20 ft long, 13ft
13ft wide & 8 ft high with a plaster ceiling (Į=0.02
02)), a
carpeted floor (Į=0.3), a wood-wood-paneled sidewall (Į=0.12 12)) &
opposite glass wall (Į=0.03 03)), an end wall of medium drapery
(Į=0.4) & a brick fireplace (Į=0.02)
02) for the other wall.
wall.
! **:9o
&
N Ñ
N Ñ &C)@#***#=)@#**@=8#**)#
=8#***@=8)@*:=8)@**#
**:9#*)@)8
&
)5*88
A shower room has a dimension of 5x4x3 m. All the walls
are at tile, and the door has the same absorption
coefficient as tile (Į=0.03
03)). åind the reverberation time if
one man is showering and singing ³my way´.
way´.
! *)Ao
&
N Ñ
N Ñ &#*=#*=)#=)#=)5=)5**@=:F
*)AA*
&
F5#
A further correction need to be added for higher
frequency to allow for air absorption, reverberation
time may be expressed as,
*)Ao
&
)Ñ=Eo
E&
X per m3 at a temperature of 20°
20°C
*)Ao
&
=Eo
*)Ao
& Eo
*)A@****
& A5A%)*@@****
:
&)**@#
'À À
3
M
0D = !6#
:® #
!
&
M&
&
2. Reverberant åield Sound 0ntensity : 0r
:
'&
3
Ñ
3 &
) Ñ
!
3&
&
Ñ &
&
2
How much acoustic power must a public address system be able
to put out in order to create SPL = 100 dB for a musical show in
a 105 m3 auditorium with reverberant time of 1.2 sec.
!
' **))@@@@@
*)Ao '/&)*
&
& )*)# :
)
&
*)Ao ' &
)*)#
& )*
&
*)A)*5
& :
'&
)#
3
à
3&
!
: '
'& &3 '/&)*
3 )*)#
*)Ao :
A
& '& '/&)*
@*%)*
)*)#
*)Ao :)**%)*A
'&
&
)@@@
*)A)**
&
&
)#
&)@@@
2Ë./'$||3À0 À4|À'O1
2Ë./'$||3À
1|/0BË
Choose the number, type, and location of the speakers
as well as the amplifier rating for a factory sound
system.. The factory floor served by the system is 80ft
system 80ft
(24
24..4m) long and 100ft
100ft (30.
30.5m) wide.
wide. 0t is desired to
use the public-
public-address system for both voice and music
amplification..
amplification
×
) $
E &8*E)**&8***#
F:@##Ë
)F
-
8***# F:@##
×
#
)F
8***
# F:@##
-
×
@
)F5*
×
@
)F5*
:
))* )#5oA*¦ ))5o#5¦
))5:A)#o
×
5$
'
P
!
4
I
(
! (
6$|
!
(
!4
-4(
!
(
(
×
A$
5
'
!|
I :8)AQ(
F*)**
):*o(
#5* 65**Q
×
F$
!
|
(
F*)**):*o
(
#5* 5**Q
×
8
/
'
3
$ !Ë
-
R
À
×
How Speakers @ork
A speaker is essentially the final translation machine -- the reverse of the microphone. 0t
takes the electrical signal and translates it back into physical vibrations to create sound
waves. The voice coil is a basic electromagnet. Running electrical current through the wire
creates a magnetic field around the coil, magnetizing the metal it is wrapped around. The
field acts just like the magnetic field around a permanent magnet: 0t has a polar orientation
-- a "north" end and a "south" end -- and it is attracted to iron objects. But unlike a
permanent magnet, in an electromagnet you can alter the orientation of the poles. 0f you
reverse the flow of the current, the north and south ends of the electromagnet switch.
This is exactly what a stereo signal does -- it constantly reverses the flow of electricity.
À%
1. The lower the frequency of the
wave,
@
:8*.
@*.
5
5*
5**
)*5
5
55 .
)*
A5 .
#*
A*
)**
#**
A
G
F ¦
A* .
)** .
G
)***
)**
)****
)*****
8
%
¦
G
))*.
)#*.
)*.
)**.
9
P
):* .
)** ¦
9* .G
A
)**
)**
:
)*
:* .
@ '
#* .
G
)*
5
@*
)**
))
9#
76#
G
9#8.
9*.
A9A.
F58.
)#
A5@ .
G
@:76#
)*76#
5876#
)*76#
)@
@** 6
)* 76#
G
@A
F#7
#*
8*7
): -
G
5*5*6
5*A:6
A***6
:85*6
)5
)#* .
G
)*6#
)*6#
*56#
*)6#
)A '
G
#
@
:
5
)F .
9G
#
@
:
5
)8
**):*
$
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