LIFE ABUNDANT

BY

LIFE ENHANCEMENT PROJECT GROUP MEMBERS

Ajayi Abayomi Davies

Afolayan Emmanuel

Akangbou Mary

Ijiwole Temitope Adebola

Odeyemi Bolaji

Oyewole Taiwo Joel

A Project Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for

the Award of the Professional Post-Graduate Diploma in
Development Administration of the Institute of Development
Administration of Nigeria.

November, 2010

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 Table of Content

Certification………………………………………………………………………………..……v

Dedication………………………………………………….……………………………………..vi

Acknowledgement………………………………………………………………………………vii

Abstract………………………………………………………………………………………….viii

Project Coverage Communities in Oyo State……………………………………………………x

Chapter One

1.0 Introduction…………………………………….……………………………………….1

1.1 Background to the Study………………………………………………………………..1

1.2 What is Life Abundant?......................................................................................……2

1.3 Statement of the Problem………………………………………………………………2

1.4 Objectives of the study…………………………………………………………………..3

1.5 Research Questions………………………………………………………………………4

1.6 Scope of the Study……………………….……………………………………………….5

1.7 Justification of the Study………………………………………………………………….5

Chapter Two

2.0 Evaluation on Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)……………………………..6

2.1 Overview of MDGs………………………………………………………………………..7

2.2 Nigeria: The Politics of Poverty Alleviation Programmes………………………………8

2.3 Nigeria and the MDGs: Problems and Possibilities……………………………………...11

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2.4 Nigeria and the Millennium Development Goals: Prospects…………………………….12

2.5 Brief Background and History of Ibadan, Oyo State…………………………………….14

Chapter Three

3.0 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………16

3.1 Methodology…………………………………………………………………………….16

3.2 The coverage areas:………………………………………………………………………17

Chapter Four

4.0 Results and Discussion…………………………………………………………………..19

4.1 Agriculture in Omi Adio…………………………………………………………………21

4.2 Agriculture and Peter Francis’s story……………………………………………………23

Chapter Five

5.0 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………25

5.1 Life Essentials………………………………………………………………………….25

5.2 Challenges to Life………………………………………………………………………26

5.3 Ogunweinde Village……………………………………………………………………..27

5.4 Urban Indigenous Ibadan – Bere………………………………………………………..29

5.6 Access to safe water points…………………………………………………………..…..32

5.7 Sanitation in Agbowo………………………………………………………………..…..32

5.8 Life Index……………………………………………………………………………….33

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5.9 Life Enhancement Project………………………………………………………………..37

5.10 Problems encountered during this exercise………………………………………………38

Chapter Six

6.0 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………39

6.1 Recommendations………………………………………………………………………40

References………………………………………………………………………………………..42

List of Figures

Figure 4.1: One of the schools visited in Ido town……………………………………………....19

Figure 4.2: Pictures showing Health Facility in Ido Town………………………………………20

Figure 2.3: hospital beddings……………………………………………………………………20

Figure 4.4: Children farming when meant to be at school……………………………………….21

Figure 4.6: Underground water well dried up………………………………………………….22

Figure 5.1: Cross section of communities in the Bere axis…………………………………….30

Figure 5.2: Houses in Bere community………………………………………………………..30

Figure 5.5 Electricity supply, Water and Sanitation in Agbowo…………………………….30

Figure 5.6: poor refuse disposal in Agbowo community………………………………………33

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 CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that the Life enhancement project team members with above listed names

carried out and completed this project at the Institute of Development Administration of

Nigeria, (IDAN) under my supervision.

_______________________ _____________________
Signature of Supervisor Date
Prof. Francis O. Egbokhare
[B.A., Lin., PhD (Ibadan)]

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 Dedication

This project work is dedicated to God Almighty for seeing us through this research especially

during the risky trips and unsafe areas we visited. May His name be praised forever.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Our sincere gratitude to God Almighty for empowering us to embark on this course and taking us
through to the end. We would like to show our greatest appreciation to our supervisor Prof.
Francis Egbokhare. We cannot thank you enough for your tremendous support and help. We
were motivated and encouraged every time we met with you for directions.

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 ABSTRACT

The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) - which range from halving extreme poverty to

halting the spread of HIV/AIDS and providing universal primary education, all by the target date

of 2015 - form a blueprint agreed to by all the world's countries and all the world's leading

development institutions. They have galvanized unprecedented efforts to meet the needs of the

world’s poorest which made the need for this research study necessary.

Life abundant relates to MDGs and impact on human development. They aim to improve the key

capabilities of human beings ensuring a long and healthy life, being educated, having a decent

standard of living and enjoying political and civil freedoms to participate in the life of one's

community. Further, MDGs facilitate essential conditions for human development through

ensuring environmental sustainability, promoting equity- especially gender equity and enabling

global economic environment.

The study explored various communities in Oyo state of Nigeria and inquired on various benefits

of the MDGs and how it has impacted rural dwellers in terms of its objectives. But the Goals

require a new momentum for faster progress in achieving these Goals. These communities have

not felt the support of the Goals. The governments are focusing efforts to spread these services to

rural areas and improve their overall quality and standards in the country.

The responsibility of achieving MDGs is being shared by various actors in society and not just

by the government. This approach thus holds various actors accountable, including governments,

citizens, corporations and international organizations in an effort to achieve MDGs by the year

2015 and as such the life enhancement group seized the opportunity to understudy the people’s

experiences with respect to MDGs in various communities in Oyo state.

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This thesis examined the communities and their accessibility to food supply, health facility, education,

power and security in the state. The aim is to assess the level of accessibility to benefits of life hence Life

Abundant while cutting across different goals of the MDG.

The research was explorative and unstructured as we built our questions and interview session based on

various communities and indigenes in the Oyo state, Nigeria. From our results we gathered that most of

the indigenes in communities in Oyo are not beneficiaries of the life enhancement programme and

thereby lack life abundant.

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 Project Coverage Communities in Oyo State

Urban – Urban: Agbowo

Urban Indigenous: Bere, Mapo and Oje.

Rural: Ido town, Ogunweinde village and Omi Adio

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 Chapter One

Life Abundant

1.0 Introduction

The third world countries, including, perhaps three-quarters of the world live in a countries that

has not reached the level of economic and industrial development sufficient to ensure their

inhabitants a minimum measure of the “freedom from want” that is one of the goal of the world

community. This countries which are located largely in the tropics and sub-tropics, are now

launching themselves on an ascending curve of self-sustaining growth. The approximately 120

countries and territories in this category are usually referred to as the “developing countries” (or

alternatively as the “economically underdeveloped countries”).

The term Life abundant is an aspect that summarizes a way of living for the general public and

the study intends oversee how humans in certain communities within Oyo State have adequate

resources that can define them as have life at its fullest or not, it will enable the government see

the barriers and challenges of accessibility to life abundant through the millennium development

goals (MDGs).

1.5 Background to the Study

According to Adeyemo (1989), the suitability and sustainability of any human settlement (urban or

rural) for economic development is strongly linked to the level of serviceability and livability.

Serviceability connotes the quality of being able to provide good services and the extent to which

these services are adequately available in an area. While livability, in this context, refers to

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overcoming poverty, providing basic public services, maintaining minimum level of environmental

standards, adequate housing, security and safe environment, access to amenity and learning

institutions. Adequate access to social welfare services, such as medical services, education, potable

water supply, roads, electricity, employment opportunities etc, are strong indices of development

(Adeyemo, 1989). Potable water supply is both a function of adequate and accessible functional

water infrastructure.

1.2 What is Life Abundant?

Abundant life is a term used to refer to fullness of life. It is not an organized movement or a

unique doctrine, but a name applied to the teachings and expectations of the groups and people

who follow certain teachings. Abundant life teachings may include expectations of prosperity

and health, but may also include other forms of fullness of life when faced with adverse

circumstances

Abundant life teachings may include expectations of physical and material prosperity and good

health and well-being, but may also include other forms of fullness of life, including eternal life,

when suffering. Fullness of life is not measured in terms of "fun" and "living large," or in terms

of wealth, prestige, position, and power, but in terms of fulfilled lives of responsibility and self-

restraint, and the rewards and blessings that accrue over a lifetime of pleasing God.

1.3 Statement of the Problem

In attempts to meet the challenges facing humanity in contemporary time and make life abundant

motivated the leaders in the millennium summit to recommit themselves to launch a concerted

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attack on poverty, illiteracy, hunger, unsafe water, disease and urban environmental degradation

particularly in the less developed societies including Africa.

Thus, many organizations and governments at different levels have articulated and introduced

some programmes as well as policies to make life abundant and achieve MDGs and some of the

organizations are providing intervention to various communities and cities.

As part of the effort to make life abundant and achieve MDGs targets, government has

established agencies to provide basics social amenities but there is a problem of feedback on how

well these amenities are accessed by the public, hence this study.

In September 2000, hundreds of heads of state met at the United Nations and ratified the UN

Millennium Declaration. All these leaders came together in order to make life abundant by

adopting various declaration that could make life abundant to all the nations. The leaders

resolved to meet a number of "Millennium Development Goals" (MDGs), which include halving

the proportion of people living in poverty and hunger by 2015, ensuring primary schooling for all

children, and reversing the spread of HIV/AIDS, access to safe water, malaria and other major

diseases.

All the millennium development goals are keys to making life abundant and based on these

MDGs target, this study will follow the part of these MDGs and some of the issues will be raised

during the interaction with the community members in this project study area.

1.4 Objectives of the study

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The study aims to examine the communities’ lifestyle with respect to the millennium

development goals and how far it has enhanced the people’s way of life in Oyo state. The

following are the objectives summarized for this purpose:

a) To ascertain the level of awareness of the MDGs among the citizens.

b) To ascertain the level of development in such communities.

c) To investigate the benefits of MDGs initiatives in terms of life enhancement and

process efficiency.

d) To understand the current status of the communities as compared to peer

communities.

e) The findings of this study can be used as a basis for the analysis of the specific areas

of consideration relevant to community development in the visited communities

f) To ascertain the fairness and transparency of MDGs and its impact on the citizens

g) To have a one-on-one interaction with the communities in order to give its inhabitants

a sense of individual interest in their welfare

1.5 Research Questions

The study aims to explore the various experiences of the communities, the interactivity between

them and various infrastructures, and the prospects of sustained development of health, power

and food supply in their communities.

The main research questions of the study encompasses the current initiatives of MDGs, the level

of life Abundant as well as the benefits achieved by the communities as listed below:

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 1. Given the current socio-political and economic situation of the country, will MDGs bring

about Life abundance in visited communities in 2015?

2. What are the objectives of MDGs to these communities?

3. How transparent are the MDG goals to these communities?

1.6 Scope of the Study

This study will require a lot of time and funds as well as video and recorders for interaction. As

the project involves travelling to various communities, one is bound by funds and safety of team

members.

1.8 Justification of the Study

The study is necessary and reasonable as it is selected in order to enable the project to cover the

communities in Ibadan and their level of accessibility to resources and benefits of life in terms of

health facilities, food supply, shelter, security, power etc.

Life abundant is achieved only if MDGs have been attained and this can only be measured by

analyzing the level at which communities have access to various infrastructure. It can help

achieve many important public benefits and as such, this study will analyze the influential factors

of MDGs and its relevance to communities.

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 Chapter Two

Literature Review

2.0 Evaluation on Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

According to the 2005 UN Millennium Project report, these MDGs are aimed at providing

support and assistance to over a billion people who are “still living in extreme poverty” and are

“a life and death issue” for them. According to this document,

Extreme poverty can be defined as “poverty that kills,” depriving individuals of the means to

stay alive in the face of hunger, disease, and environmental hazards. When individuals suffer

from extreme poverty and lack the meager income needed even to cover basic needs, a single

episode of disease, or a drought, or a pest that destroys a harvest can be the difference between

life and death.

The MDG are comprised of eight goals and cover areas including the end of poverty and hunger,

tackling child health and maternal health concerns, the provision of universal education and so

on. Each goal is further broken down into a number of specific targets. The target date set for the

realization of the majority of these goals was 2015. For many commentators, the drawing up and

implementation of the MDG was seen as a realization on the part of the world’s leaders that the

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promotion of human development was crucial if social and economic progress was to be made

sustainable.

2.1 Overview of MDGs

The epigraph above by the former UN Secretary General, Kofi Annan, aptly captures the essence

of the MDGs, which is to give meanings to human life. The MDGs has its origin in the

September 2000 gathering of 189 Heads of State and Government for the United Nations

Millennium Summit where the Millennium Declaration was ratified. Regarded by the Socialist

International (2005) as part of the social democratic approach to governance in a global society,

MDGs represents an unparalleled global commitment to free human beings especially those in

the Third World regions from the bondage of absolute poverty and wretchedness. The

Millennium Declaration, see by many as one of the most vital UN documents in recent time,

offers the international society, both rich and poor the golden opportunity to have a common

position and integrated vision on the best ways to address and solve the multidimensional

problems facing humanity and to promote sustainable development. The Declaration’s eight

MDGs cover with the following issues, viz;

1. To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger. The target is to halve the proportion of people living

on less than $1 daily and those suffering from hunger by 2015,

2. To achieve Universal Primary (Basic) Education. The target is to achieve universal basic

completion by 2015,

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3. To promote gender equality and women empowerment. The target is to totally overcome

gender disparities in both primary and secondary education enrolment by 2005 and achieve

equity at all levels by 2015,

4. To reduce child mortality. The target is to reduce child mortality rate by 2/3 by 2015,

5. To improve maternal health. The basic target is to reduce by ¾ the proportion of women dying

in childbirth by 2015,

6. To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases. The grand target is to stop and commence

to reverse the incidence of HIV/AIDS malaria and other diseases by 2015,

7. To ensure environmental sustainability. The target is to reduce by half the proportion of

people without access to clean drinking water and basic sanitation, and lastly,

8. To develop a global partnership for development. This goal recognizes the importance of the

collaboration between the have and have-nots to eradicate poverty and extreme hunger.

To achieve this goal, world leaders recognized and emphasized their shared responsibilities to

eradicate poverty globally. In this regards, Third World countries, reaffirmed their commitments

to strengthen governance, institutions and policies, while developed countries for their own part,

pledged an additional and more sustainable debt relief and increased trade and technology

opportunities for the countries of Global South.

2.2 Nigeria: The Politics of Poverty Alleviation Programmes

According to Richard (1978) the problems associated with poverty in Nigeria are multifaceted.

Nigeria has no reason to be a poor country because of the vast economic potentials and human

resources that it is endowed with. But why is Nigeria then lagging behind a country like Libya

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that relies only on oil for survival? Put differently, why can’t Nigeria’s agricultural base serves

as an engine of growth and development as is the case of Côte d’Ivoire? Even the agriculture

sector that was promising exports earnings for the country in the early years of its independence

nose-dived with the commercial production and exportation of oil. Between 1974 and 1975,

there were ambitious and aggressive drives by the Nigerian leadership to use the revenues

accruing from oil to tackle the problems of underdevelopment in the country. Sadly, policy

makers failed in the process of implementation, which ultimately debarred the country to achieve

the stated goals (Richard, 1978: 222).

Akindele and Adebo (2004) noted that self-sufficiency and self- reliance in food production has

always been a daunting task for the policy makers in Nigeria, especially, after the ephemeral oil

boom of the mid-1970s. In fact, this challenging situation is not confined to Nigeria. Food

production is a major challenge that the New States have to contend with. A retrospective look at

the Nigeria’s economic pattern shows that before the civil war the country relied on its

agricultural base for its export earnings that represented “66 per cent of the country’s foreign

exchange, while it rose to 73.4 per cent in 1968” when activities in the oil sector were paralyzed

due to the country’s civil war (1967-1970)

(Richard, 1978). The importation of food further wreaked serious havocs on agriculture when

full exploitation of oil resumed in earnest and consequently, “the government could think of no

other alternative than to mortgage the country’s economic future to the good behaviour and

concordance of the multinationals and the local capitalists” (Richard, 1978: 224). Arguing along

the same line, it is acknowledged that: Successive governments have been battling to stem the

incidence of poverty and hunger, and their associated problems. The Military regime of General

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Yakubu Gowon (1966-1975) launched the National Accelerated Food Production Programme

(NAFPP) in 1972 but with no tangible result. It was with the intention to stem the deterioration

in the agricultural sector that the government initiated policies that would encourage productivity

because agriculture is still an important sector of the Nigerian economy. It was to tame the

steady decline in agricultural productivity that in 1976 the Military government of General

Obasanjo initiated the Operation Feed the Nation (OFN) programme and the development of the

rural areas. However, OFN was also a colossal failure and waste of money as its predecessor, i.e.

NAFPP. It is in this connection that it is important to highlight that these unsatisfactory results

are related to the mentality associated with what is known, in the Nigerian parlance, as ‘quick

returns’. Richard (1978: 232) argues that “the drive for easy and rapid wealth greatly contrasts

with the rigour of farm work and the corresponding lack of interest in long-term productive

investments by Nigerian private entrepreneurs.” Copying the military, the civilian government of

Alhaji Shehu Shagari (1979-1983) initiated the Green Revolution Programme with the objective

of stemming the rising cost of food importation and increase productivity in agricultural sector.

To all intents and purposes, the Green Revolution benefited only corrupt politicians and armchair

bureaucrats/farmers and urban dwellers to the disadvantage of the teeming population of genuine

farmers who could have made the necessary turn around in the poverty reduction drive. The

General Muhammadu Buhari’s regime (1983-1985) introduced the Go Back to Land Programme

that showed signs of improvement in food production before a palace coup swept the Buhari’s

military government away.

When General Babangida seized power in 1985, he introduced a new dimension to the politics of

poverty alleviation programmes in Nigeria by giving high priority to the pet project of his

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spouse, the Better Life Programme for the poor that targeted especially woman in rural areas of

the country. Furthermore, the Babangida regime initiated some poverty-controlled measures in

the wake of the implementation of SAP that adversely affected the Nigerian poor. Such

programmes included the Directorate of Food, Roads and Rural Infrastructure (DFRRI), a pro-

Poor Bank that was inspired by the Bangladesh experience of the Grameen Bank, and the

National Directorate of Employment (NDE). All these became failed projects because of the

grand corruption that characterized the Babangida’s military government and official ineptitude

to the execution of projects and cost the tax payers as over “100 billion Naira in phantom

projects” (Elumilade, Asaolu and Adereti, 2006: 67). Moreover, the outcome of the Babangida’s

poverty alleviation programmes “could not trickle down to the poor. Although the fortune of

agriculture has dwindled in this period of inclement economy, agriculture still provides

employment for between “60-70% of the population...and gainfully engages about 90% of the

rural dwellers, of which women constitute the majority.” (The UN, 2002).

2.3 Nigeria and the MDGs: Problems and Possibilities

Putting the attainment of these goals in the Nigerian context, it is clear that they are real

challenges. Flowing from our discussions on the MDGs above, the Nigerian government is

obviously overwhelmed by the tasks. The positive social impacts that the implementation of the

MDGs can make in the lives of Nigerians were considered by the International Financial

Institutions (IFIs) in giving debt relief to Nigeria. So far, the Nigerian government score sheet is

unimpressive to the extent that the House of Representatives has threatened to stop financial

allocation to any Ministry or Parastatal that has failed to implement the MDGs (The Vanguard,

2009). The real challenge that militates against the realization of the MDGs is those of policy

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implementation because adequate budgetary allocations have been made by the government.

Furthermore, the implementation of MDGs has been characterized by deeply entrenched

corruption and gross inefficiency, and wastefulness. For example, the Senate report on MDGs

described the MDGs office as a “cesspool of corruption and shady deals” (The Guardian, 2009b).

Corruption has been a major problem because “it makes the country unattractive to investors as it

raises the cost and risk of doing business in the country” (UNDP, 2004). In addition, there is the

problem of duplication of projects in the same areas by the Federal Government, and multilateral

donor agencies. Even the Senior Special Assistant to President Umaru Musa Yar’Adua, Hajia

Amina Az-Zubair is skeptical about the possibilities of Nigeria meeting the MDGs by 2015 in

spite of the huge funding which amounts to N320 billion deducted from the Debt Relief Gains

(DRG) devoted to MDGs projects all over Nigeria (Nwokeoma, 2009). Although analysts

believe that Nigeria can overcome the odds and achieve the MDGs in the areas of universal

primary education, the fight against the scourge of HIV/AIDS, and improve on the sustainability

of its environment, and partner in global development, the fact still remains that reduction of

child and maternal mortality, as well as lessening poverty (NPC, 2007).

2.4 Nigeria and the Millennium Development Goals: Prospects

From the foregoing discussions, it is apparent that Nigeria is inundated with poverty and

economic underdevelopment which, coupled with poor administration, lack of political will, etc

have made its yearning towards achieving the MDGs in 2015 very unrealistic. Then, what can

Nigeria do to overcome these problems? Put differently, what are the ways out of the present

predicaments to realizing the ideals and lofty goals of the MDGs by 2015? Let it be clearly stated

here that despite its (Nigeria) present challenges to the realization of the goals, the country has

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sufficient resources needed to meet the MDGs target by 2015 but what is of utmost importance

and require for this to materialize is for the 2.5 country’s leadership to overhaul its

conceptualization and implementation of policies and programmes to meet the 2015 targets. In

specific terms, we recommend the followings: First, government should establish credible and

efficient institutions for proper public resource management, while the existing ones need to be

strengthened. The imperative of this endeavour is to ensure efficient or better still, proper

utilization of public resources (public goods) with the overall objective of preventing, or at least,

minimizing waste and inefficiencies of the previous years the country witnessed especially under

military rule (1983-1999). In addendum, this institutional re-engineering/restructuring, so to say,

will give the opportunity of ensuring due process, diligence, accountability, etc. It is important to

state here that the Nigerian government, especially under the present civilian administration has

embarked on this endeavour. One good example of this initiative to meet the MDGs targets

under the Obasanjo’s administration (May 1999-May 2007) is the creation of the Oversight of

Public Expenditure in Nigeria (OPEN). OPEN is established with the oversight functions of

monitoring the Debt Relief Gains (DRGs) and this could serve as a model for two major reasons.

First, OPEN’s leadership is participatory, transparent, and involves government-civil society

partnership in that it recognizes and includes the participation of both private and public sector

(PPP). Second, the OPEN mechanism was established to track resources. Despite the exemplary

model provided by OPEN, we should be very cautious here because development is very broad

in definition and it entails a lot of indices that transcend the allocation of DRGs to some

ministries and Parastatals. This is because; according to Igbuzor (2006) “development requires

growth and structural change, some measures of distributive equity, modernization in social and

cultural attitudes, a degree of political transformation and stability, an improvement in health and

23
education so that population growth stabilizes, and an increase in urban living and employment.”

(See also Kambhampati, 2004).

Furthermore, establishing credible and efficient institutions are necessary but not sufficient

conditions for total transformation in order to realize the MDGs in 2015. This needs to be

complemented with, or go side by side with, transparency and accountability of these

institutions, and the entrenchment of good governance and rule of law. Lack of accountability

and transparency have been major challenges of development in Nigeria, especially with the

advent of military rule. The country’s financial experts have a great role to play in this regard.

2.5 Brief Background and History of Ibadan, Oyo State

Ibadan is located at zone of transition between forest and grassland areas. It lies at latitude 70

23N and longitude 30 56E (Dr. Adejumoke Afolayqn 2002).The city lies between Lagos and

Abuja which are respectively the Nigeria’s commercial and political nerve centres.

Ibadan had changed overtime from the initial rural Yoruba war camp to a farming village then a

colonial administrative centre and a modern city.

Ibadan has a population which comprises sub groups such of Ibadan, Egba, Ijebu, Ijeshas, ,and

Ond as well as other ethnic groups such as Efik; Hausa; Igbo;Edo; Itsekiri and Tiv who have

contributed significantly to the socio – economic developmnt of the city.

Ibadan is the largest traditional urban centre in the Sub – Saharan Africa. It had a population

figure 1,766,399 with a projected growth rate of 2.8% by 1991

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The city boasts of having the first radio and television transmission systems in Sub – Saharan

Africa, and the first to have a University Teaching Hospital as well as the University in Nigeria.

Ibadan has its background in the decline and fall of Old Oyo Empire. Ibadan is most probably

founded in 1829 the abandoned settlement of the town was re – occupied by the allied forces of

Ijebu, Ife, and Oyo, hence the town came to be regarded as “a War Camp or Town of Warriors”

Ibadan has since grown in importanceand has served as admistrative centre of Southern Nigeria

(1946 -1960), Capital of Western Region (1960 -1962), Western State (1963 – 1967), 1967 –

1976), Old Oyo State (1976 – 1991) and Oyo State after the creation of Osun State ( 1991 till

date).

The various aspects of development of Ibadan had beenlargely influenced by itspolitical status ,

among which is the reminscence of colonial administration, as reflected in the Government

Secretariat at Agodi and the Government Reservation Areas of Agodi, Onireke and Jericho, as

well as gridpatternof Oke – Bola and Oke – Ado residential laayout.

The city of Ibadan has a landscape that is fascinating, combining trditional (indigenous) and

modern, as well as rural and urban features. The indigenous core is characterized by buildings

with rusted roofs and mud walls, and are interspered by modern areas at peri – phery, which out

to the rural areas. The rural Ibadan is characterized with less city settlements such as Ajibode in

Iddo Local government Area.

The population size of Ibadan, indicating its large market size is a major viability prospect.

Accessibility from hr city to other areas within and outside the country, its social, administrative

and political status are all indicators of its potential for future development.

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 Chapter Three

Research Methodology

3.0 Introduction

The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) is the end result of the United Nations Millennium

Summit in September 2000 focusing on eight development goals: eradicate extreme poverty and

hunger, achieve universal primary education, promote gender equality and empower women,

reduce child mortality, improve maternal health, combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases,

ensure environmental sustainability, and develop a global partnership for development. These

specific development goals are expected to be achieved on or before the year 2015. This year is

considered as the midway point of the MDGs. How much remain to be done and how much more

to be accomplished? How do MDGs keep its promise?

3.1 Methodology

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Using descriptive and explorative research approach, this report centers on providing relevant

information on MDGs. Specifically, the identified MDGs are related with human rights; the

present progress in achieving its development goals are included; reasons for successes and

failures at global, regional and country-specific levels are explored; and its possibility as a

unifying vision for the international community is justified. The progress of the MDGs is mainly

based on The Millennium Development Goals Report 2007, a publicly accessed and published

document in the UN Millennium Development Goals website. The reasons of success of MDGs

are seen on the global effort of addressing the issues confronting every country, provision to

partnership among developed countries and global development institutions, and particular

attainment of development goals in specific areas like the African countries through integration

of national policies and MDGs. On the other hand, the reasons of failure of MDGs are seen on

the formulation of the said development goals, political integration, and financing. It is also

argued that the MDGs hold the potential as a unifying vision for the international community

because they mainly serve as global challenges or goals that ask for unity and cooperation among

countries for them to be achieved.

The MDGs is argued to be rooted on the concept of development. Although the progress of the

MDGs is inconsistent, there are high hopes that they are still achievable. In general, it is

recommended that there is still a fervent need to elicit global support from all levels to facilitate

the achievement of each development goals and promote good life to people and better

humanity.

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This project does not follow the normal conventional project but rather followed a practical way

and this method provided us the opportunity to meet and interact with our respondents, learn and

share life experience with each community members.

There was no structured interview for this project but various questions were asked our

respondents. All our respondents were chosen randomly and accessibility was also considered in

the cause of chosen our respondents.

This project was limited by finance and time and as such we could only visit the following area

which includes: Education, Health, Agriculture, Water and Sanitation.

3.2 The coverage areas:

Urban – Urban: Agbowo

Urban Indigenous: Bere, Mapo and Oje.

Rural: Ido town, Ogunweinde village and Omi Adio

The questions asked do varies depending on the location and environmental characteristics.

28
 Chapter Four

Results from Communities and Discussion

4.0 Results and Discussion

In Ido town, schools, farms, farmers and health centers were visited.

Education/Schools in Ido Town

Education: Since we only visited few schools without having any interview with the teachers, the

school building were dilapidated, lack of adequate tables and benches in the classroom, no safe

water point and generally, the school visited lack basic facilities for conducive learning and this

has a lot of effect on students and teachers.

Due to poor infrastructure, making life abundant may be difficult and meeting MDG 3 is daisy.

29
 Figure 4.1: One of the schools visited in Ido town

Also, health center were also visited to assess the condition of the facility and ask the health

officer for basic information. During our interaction and assessment of the Health Center in Ido

town, drugs were not available, no water on site, no working refrigerator, no blood pressure

apparatus, no laboratory, no malaria testing on site (slide or rapid test), no HIV testing on site.

Basically, the center lack facilities.

30
 Figure 4.2: Pictures showing Health Facility in Ido Town

Figure 2.3: hospital beddings

4.1 Agriculture in Omi Adio

Likewise, farmer’s farms were visited and basic information relating to their farming was also

asked.

Farmers within the study area are fairly old with a mean age of 49 years.

31
They are also not being succeeded by the younger generation. From the farmer’s view, the

younger people are abandoning the farm for greener pastures in cities and due to this small scale

farming is facing challenges of increase in food production. With this challenge, increasing food

production is difficult and making life abundant and meeting the MDG is also going to be

difficult.

Figure 4.4: Children farming when meant to be at school

32
 Figure 4.6: Underground water well dried up

(1) Among all the farmers interviewed, all of them do not have access to improved seed

varieties and they do multiplication of seedling themselves. We are also made to realize

that they record low yield due to unavailability of improved varieties.

(2) The entire farmers, confirmed that they do not have access to micro finance to finance

their farming activities and since they do not have access to finance, they involve their

family members in farming activities.

Farmers also complaints that labour are no longer available for faming activities and

where they are available, the charges are on the high side for them to bear.

(3) During our visit to their farms, their farm sizes ranges between 1000 - 2000 heaps but we

were made to realize that they have farms of various sizes in different locations.

(4) There are no safe water points at the community level. They make use of unprotected

well, streams and springs.

33
 (5) They lack decent accommodation and eat whatever they have available.

(6) School children were involved in fetching of firewoods.

In the community visited in Omi Adio, they still patronize the bush to answer the call of nature.

This is unhealthy and not a dignifying practice; it goes against the ideals of social development

and the result of such act could be deadly.

Health officials say’s this has continued to hurt the desire to promote basic sanitation habits.

The `World Toilet Day' was marked globally on November 19, 2009. The day further heightens

the quest of many Nigerians for better toilet facilities to boost sanitation in the country.

Owing to inadequate toilet facilities, many Nigerians, especially in the rural areas, still

patronise the bush to answer the call of nature.

4.2 Agriculture and Peter Francis’s story

Peter Francis is a migrant farmer from Benue State. He lives in Ido, Ibadan with one of his two

wives and some of his twelve children. He cultivates 2000 heaps of yam in 6 farm locations

every year using primitive tools-hoes, cutlasses and family labour.

His annual income is N120, 000 which he shares with his families in

Ido and back home in Benue State.

Three of Peter Francis twelve children never attended school and he

barely had Primary education due to poverty. He cannot access credit

because of high interest rates being charged by banks and power to

process his farm produce for value is inadequately supplied so his

income cannot be enhanced.

34
Ido Local Government Primary Health Centre which is the nearest public health centre is a mile

away. Thus, the access of his family to health care is limited either by cost or distance.

The story of Peter Francis represents the living condition in the rural areas of Ibadan, the largest

city in Sub-Saharan Africa.

35
 Chapter Five

Life Enhancement Movement

5.0 Introduction

This chapter expresses the activities and the challenges experienced thy by the life enhancement

project team members. It gives an overview of the journeys made in over 5months through

various communities in Oyo state of Nigeria.

5.1 Life Essentials

Existence is the state of living or being available even in difficulties. Peter Francis like many

other people living in rural areas of Oyo state exist in the communities. The Ido Community also

exists although in some kind of difficulty.

The basic needs of Food, Housing, Clothing, Education and Health are requirements for survival.

Without these basic necessities of life, a person can be said to be existing but not surviving.

Man desires more than survival which often is a mean to an end. The end is thriving so when he

survives, man starts to desires his thriving. He becomes fulfilled when his desires materialized.

Thriving is the state when one becomes and continues to be successful, strong and healthy. The

society does not stop doing the right things otherwise it gets into extinction. A society can go

into extinction through migration when living condition becomes unbearable.

 Access is critical to life;

 Access to food and nutrition;

 Access to education;

 Access to participation;

 Access to information;

36
  Access to capital – credit/grants.

 Access to employment;

 Access to market/trade;

 Access to housing;

 Access to sanitation; etc.

Life is also a chain which has to be kept linked together. Good health and nutrition are necessary

to power productivity, education widen access to employment opportunities which widen

opportunities to earn income, acquire properties, to save money and get credit.

5.2 Challenges to Life.

The three critical challenges to life are cost, space and distance. These are factors that restrict

access to opportunities. Basic necessities for survival such as food and nutrition, housing,

clothing, education and health might be out of reach of many as a result of cost. Therefore,

Government would have lent support in meeting the cost of these necessities through subsidies

and grants so that many would be allowed access to survival. Free education, free health, social

housing and distribution of essential commodities are other means of liquidating the cost

challenges to Life.

Limited space helps to lock out a large number of people out of opportunities. A limited number

of pupils have access to University education because of limited facilities. A limited number of

candidates have access to employment because the employment space is not wide enough.

Hospital wards would not accommodate every patient referred.

37
Space can be widened by increasing the number of facilities. In Ido Local Government Area,

Primary Health Centres have to be increase; ambulance and referral services must be put in place

and effective. This would allow many people in the community to have access to good health

care.

Peter Francis is limited to public health care by one mile. If his wife or child has any serious

health problem, he might have to carry her on his shoulder to the hospital as vehicles are not

readily available and a secondary health care is even more problematic as referral services is not

responsive.

Distance challenge can be taken care of with provision of critical infrastructure as well as

locating facilities closer to the people. In Ido, there is road linking Apete, Awotan and Eleyele to

Omi Adio through the Local Government. However, this does not reduce distance in its entirety.

One of the reasons is that power is not available to process farm produce from the community, so

nothing is attracting vehicular traffic to the community and traffic is as a result, not frequent.

5.3 Ogunweinde Village

Ogunweinde village is part of Ido which is largely agrarian. It is made up of a population of

peasant farmers. The village lacked access to electricity. The only source of water is a deep well

with little protection provided by members of the community in Diaspora which is inadequate to

serve the community.

38
Ogunweinde is disconnected to the outside world although it is along a tarred road passing

through Ido Community. They have limited access to information as the residents are unaware of

the Millennium Development Goals.

Children from Ogunweinde have to trek to neighbouring villages (Ikede or Ido) to attend primary

schools while the nearest health care facility is a private maternity and health centre (Odere

Maternity Centre) which is a 1.5km away without an effective referral system. Patients have to

arrange for their transport in case of complications.

Cost of labour and capital are prohibition for these peasant farmers so they resort to using their

physical efforts with attendant health dysfunction. Productivity is restricted, although with much

efforts, due to their use of primitive tools of hoes, cutlasses and family labour as against modern

tools. The farmers earn little income from their produce market is almost non-existent for them.

There is neither power to process them nor facilities to store them in adding value. Another

factor limiting income is the exorbitant cost of haulage. Vehicular traffic is not frequent on the

road so bargaining is limited and fuel crisis can be disturbing.

Factoring Ido Community into the economic processes requires improving critical infrastructures

such as power and railway which passes through Omi Adio, a village in the community. All the

villages must be provided with electricity, water and sanitation.

Health awareness programmes should be encourages and scaled up. Preventive medicine is

cheap. Prevention is far better than cure. The health department of Ido Local Government and

National Orientation Agency can be an effective agency in this direction. They should carry out

39
the regular campaign from village to village on such health issues as stress, hypertension, cancer,

diabetes and HIV/AIDS. Regular health checks should also be administered to them for early

detection of such problems as hypertension. This would reduce loss of expectancy in the

community.

5.4 Urban Indigenous Ibadan - Bere

Bere, representative of the urban indigenous areas of Ibadan is an urban centre characterized by

trading activities intermixed with artisans. Majority of people staying in Bere are Yoruba.

During our visit to Bere market and walking round some streets, the following observations were

made.

(1) Street trading was common among children of under age.

(2) The roundabout was unkept and the lawn inside was not manicured;

(3) The neighbourhood was unplanned – houses were built haphazardly; it was

difficult to access some of the streets.

(4) Lack access to safe water points and proper sanitation was lacking. Many houses

in the neighbourhood lack inbuilt toilet/sanitary facilities.

(5) No acceptable waste disposal facilities.

(6) Lack of decent accommodation.

(7) The environment is generally unkept

(8) The neighbourhood is ripe for urban renewal that would convert the mud building

into sandcrete structures with better planned layout.

The streetlight functionality could not be assessed during our visit because we were there in the

day.

40
In Bere, the “Area Boys” were almost everywhere and these area boys are unemployed young

persons, mostly males, many of whom are into hard drugs. They are easily mobilized for armed

violence, and are known to be efficient in unleashing violence in the society.

Pictures showing part of Bere

Figure 5.1: Cross section of communities in the Bere axis

Figure 5.2: Houses in Bere community

5.5 Electricity supply, Water and Sanitation in Agbowo

As we know in Nigeria that power outages and blackouts are common diseases, Agbowo is not

left out. The area is a typical modern urban centre in Ibadan. It has a fair layout, unlike (typical

of indigenous urban centre), and is bothered by the Bodija market, University of Ibadan, Barika

41
and Lagos/Ibadan express way. Agbowo houses a large number of students and staff of the

University of Ibadan, residential houses and shopping centres including Agbowo shopping which

was developed by Oyo State Housing Corporation. Economic and other life indicators in

Agbowo are below what is normal (installed capacity) mainly because of poor power supply and

non availability of essential services. Residents and shop owners rely heavily on generators in

the absence of power from the public authority (Power Holding Company of Nigeria).

This has untold harmful effects on the environment and public health while the cost of doing

business is increased without optimum output. Increased carbon in the air is precipitating public

health danger and global warming. Lung and heart diseases are capable of killing more people in

the area than AIDS and malaria. This assertion could not be proved either right or wrong because

routine medical consultation or check up is not a popular practice in the community.

The noise (from generating sets) is not helping the matter either as the quiet and serenity that

should be enjoyed in the community is often upset by noise from those generators.

In the 21st century, electricity powers development and in generating electricity safety of

residents, environment and public health should be a primary concern of the policy makers. State

and Local Government should be empowered and permitted to generate, transmit and distribute

power independent of the National Grid. Community power generation would reduce unit cost to

residents, reduce noise, raise productivity and convenience and widen employment space. The

current practice of generating electricity by individual household, through generators increases

the cost but reduces the standard of living in Agbowo.

42
5.6 Access to safe water points

Pipe borne water is a luxury in Agbowo. We learnt that the community has only enjoyed pipe

borne water supply from public source only one or twice in its history. Water supply is mainly

from wells and boreholes. In some of the places visited in Agbowo, there are solar powered

boreholes, hand pump boreholes and deep well and unprotected wells. Some of these facilities

are not functioning and this make life difficult for the people of Agbowo as families spend

valuable time scouting for water for drinking and for other domestic uses. The number of safe

water points that are available in Agbowo does not commensurate with the population. They are

few individual with safe water point in their respective homes.

5.7 Sanitation in Agbowo

The culture of sanitation is not visible in Agbowo. Although residents participate in the state

wide monthly environmental sanitation, the culture of sanitation is not in them. Of what use is

sweeping when there is no litter can to collect the refuse. The community does not have access to

acceptable facilities for the safe disposal of household waste and this constitute health hazard to

Agbowo community. Residents of Agbowo disposes of their households waste into the nearby

stream and road sides. The dangers of this practice are flooding and epidemics the effect of

which can be far reaching.

Most of the houses have toilets facilities but no water to flush in most of the houses but flushing

is a challenge as water is not readily available. Drawing water from the wells consumes time,

physical energy and health suffers as a result. Aches and pains are not uncommon on with

women and children that engage in water fetching enterprise.

43
 Figure 5.6: poor refuse disposal in Agbowo community

5.8 Life Index

Life Index is our creation for measuring the livability of a community using the following

parameters:

i. Access to food and nutrition;

44
 ii. Security and safety to lives and properties;

iii. Access to education (literacy), information and communication;

iv. Access to portable water and Sanitation;

v. Access to health care;

vi. Access to justice;

vii. Access to capital;

viii. Access to market / trade and employment;

ix. Access to political participation;

x. Social Integration and

xi. Display of trust

 Access to food and nutrition: A community can be said to be livable if there is enough

there to eat. Hunger is an unpleasant phenomenon. Nutritional food must be available

and affordable.

 Security and Safety to lives and Properties: These include response to crises. Crises

are not always inevitable but they must be effectively manage and there should be a

mechanism for that. In a community, lives and properties must be safe and secured.

Residents should be able to go about their businesses without fear of molestation or

any attack. The community should be free of crime or has an effective crime control

and crisis management mechanism which does not jeopardize the economy and safety

of the residents including environmental sustainability. This include ability of the

residents to move about anytime of the day freely without obstruction so a health

problem that becomes a crisis in the middle of the night could be attended to without

45
 fear of being obstructed / molested by vigilante. Safety of lives and properties

include freedom from threats of environmental hazards.

 Access to Literacy: Information and Communication: Residents should be able to

access formal education. These include adult literacy and other forms of mass

literacy. Residents should be able to access information that they need and they

should be able to communicate within the community and with external communities.

Availability and number of base stations and cost of airtime, number of schools, cost

of education and information system are possible means of verification of improved

access to education, information and communication. In some communities,

information assets are not available to access. Effective data collection and

management are requirement for development.

 Access to Portable Water and Sanitation: Water is a carrier of diseases, so it has to be

treated of all diseases (germs). Portable water is vital to life abundant. Hygiene

lifestyle should be accessible. Litter cans should be provided in strategic locations.

 Access to Health Care: Health care at all levels should be available, affordable and

accessible to the residents. An effective referral system would link primary health

care to the secondary health care and the secondary health care to the tertiary

healthcare sub-systems. Residents should be able to visit primary healthcare centres

for medical consultations and check up even when there is no manifestation of illness.

They should be educated to take advantage of this practice and the medical personnel

should be on hand to attend to them. This would expose medical problems before

they manifest. Recreation vacation and medical rehabilitation should be affordable to

all and sundry thus prolonging life.

46
 Access to Justice: Justice and dispute resolution mechanism should be accessible to

all residents irrespective of status or gender.

Justice should be fair and without favour. This way, trust is fostered and economy can

thrive. The right of all is safeguarded and development can be forstared. Human

rights of individuals, irrespective of status are sacrosanct to development.

 Access to capital: Access to the factors of production land, labour and capital is

critical to prosperity. Accessibility of financial capital to finance ventures, land and

human capital is important for growth and by extension to development.

 Access to market/ trade and employment. Infrastructures must be in place to link

production to consumption. Production is of no value if it would not be consumed.

Access to employment is an indicator of livability of a community. The employed has

access to income which he can be use to get life’s requirements.

 Access to political participation: Residents should be able to influence decisions that

affect them. Development thrives where people freely elect their representatives who

are also accountable to them. People are allowed to form allowances, association and

networks as pressure groups for the purpose of making inputs to governance.

Examples of such abound is one.org in the United States.

 Social Integration: This is germane to development as the lack of it exposes the

disadvantages sector of the society to threat of annihilation as is often witnessed in

the Northern part of the country. Every resident must have equal rights privileges and

obligations as members of the community. The settler syndrome should be discarded

in that way safety is promoted and life is generally improved when all are equally

treated without discrimination or bias.

47
Display of trust, and dignity: Trust is an important element in development. An environment

filled with suspicion and intolerance would not be fertile for development as every steps that

are proposed to move towards development would be suspected and not supported. The

culture of trust is a propeller to development.

Finally, development allows residents in a community to be treated with dignity. Dignity is a

good indicator of civilization and improvement in the quality of life. The picture of our field

trip to Ido community shows that our transport system is not dignifying enough. We were

packed in the bus each sitting at upmost inconvenience. Even the poor in a developed

community has his dignity and human rights of which he is not denied. Citizens can

effectively demand for good service delivery and they do not even think of oppression in a

community that is struggling with development, oppression is the other of the day and

nobody dare ask questions.

5.9 Life Enhancement Project

Team members realized that one does not need to wait until one is capable of doing big

things to improve life that people will enjoy, but lives can be touched positively through

research, publication advocacy, networking and other means that are available to us.

The 774 local government areas that presently exist in Nigeria provide ample market for our

expertise as development administrators and consultants.

Development is life and sustainable development is “Life Abundant”.

48
 Life Abundant is more than an articulation of ideas but about finding workable development

solutions. This is the passion of life enhancement project” which is the vehicle of this

research publication, advocacy, networking, training and consultancy for life improvement.

Ultimately, our interest is to contribute in our little way to improving the quality of life

people enjoy, especially in Nigeria.

If the world achieves the MDGs, life will be abundant.

500 million people will no longer live in extreme poverty

300 million people will no longer suffer extreme hunger

350 million more people will drink safe water

30 million more children will live beyond their fifth birthday

20 million more women will survive child birth

5.10 Problems encountered during this exercise

Transportation was a big challenge during this exercise during our visit to Ido town and

Ogunweide village. We couldn’t get to the community on time to meet the community members

that we have scheduled appointment with since we have to go by public transport.

Some of the community members are not willing to participate in these activities.

In Ogunweide village, they were reluctant at the initial stage to participate in this activities but

after the end of the activity, we were told that many organizations has been coming like ours and

promising them of coming back to provides intervention but they never come back again to

implement what they have promised them during their visit.

49
Moving from one farm land to the other was also a challenge and some of the farmers said they

were too busy to attend to people.

50
 Chapter Six

Conclusion and Recommendation

6.0 Conclusion

Many houses are without improved sources of water and sanitation facilities.

There is wide disparity in both water and sanitation coverage among study area.

With what we have seen, government, corporate organizations and individual needs to involves

in the provision of basic facilities such as water points, toilets and make available waste disposal

facilities.

Across the study area, all the basic facilities that could make life abundant or aids the

achievement of MDGs are lacking. Individuals and government has not been playing their roles.

Generally, most of the programmes intervention that was established by government to make life

abundant lacked clearly define policy framework with proper guidelines for making abundant.

Some of this programmes suffered from polity, instability, political interference and

macroeconomics dislocations and lack continuity.

On the whole, these schemes would have make life abundant for people; eradicate poverty, most

basic requirements for survival in terms of food, clothing, shelter, health, transport, education

and recreation amongst Nigerian.

51
6.1 Recommendations

The reasons for successes of MDGs are seen on the global effort of addressing the issues

confronting every community, provision to partnership among developed areas and global

development institutions, and particular attainment of goals in specific areas like the very poor

communities through integration of local government policies and MDGs.

The first and second reasons for success of MDGs are interrelated. The presence of the global

awareness of the need to provide long-term solutions to major issues that hinders every

community to develop and the provision to partnership among developed communities and

development institutions is commendable. While it is true that most communities struggle

towards development, majority of their efforts are unsuccessful if not insufficient. This is

because they are not capable of sustaining developmental efforts, thus, requiring support from

various sources. On all levels, the MDGs paved way to a global cooperation and this alone could

be considered as a reason and manifestation of success. The success is possible in most

communities provided that there is a continued and sustained action until 2015.

Governments, corporate organizations and individuals need to build more toilets in strategic

locations in order to make life abundant and achieve sustainable sanitation and hygiene.

We need political will, urgent sector reforms, increased investments, and harmonization of donor

agencies’ activities.

To improve the water situation, the government should provide water supply sources like

boreholes, protected dug well, as well spring and rainwater harvests.

Everybody should be involved in business of good sanitation.

National Orientation Agency should be in involved in mass advocacy and sanitization of

52
community members on the need to play their roles across sectors and adopt effective strategies

that would mobilize the Entire society.

One of such strategy is public education, enlightenment and the setting of agenda for public

discourse.

Finally, the advocates of MDGs particularly the UN and its officials should call for collaborative

and intensive effort in coming up with a shared global strategy to achieve MDGs which can

result in life abundant where every individual can have access to good health, power, food and

all the benefits of life.

53
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