DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF STAIR

CLIMBLING AND WEIGHT LIFTING CART

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted

PANTHAGANI DULEEP 314175720180

MALLIK ARJUN 314175720172
VAMSI KRISHNA 314175720191
TAVITI NAIDU 314175720201
KIRAN KUMAR 314175729
THARANI 31415U1

In partial fulfillment if the award of the degree

of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

ANDHRA UNIVERSITY AUTONOMUS COLLEGE OF

ENGINERRING

ANDHRA UNIVERSITY : VISAKHAPATNAM – 5330003

APRIL - 2018

1
 Abstract

This project aims at developing a mechanism for easy transportation

of heavy loads over stairs. The need for such a system arises from day-to-

day requirements in our society. Devices such as hand trolleys are used to

relieve the stress of lifting while on flat ground; however, these devices

usually fail when it comes to carrying the load over short fleet of stairs. In

the light of this, the project attempts to design a stair climbing hand cart

which can carry heavy objects up the stairs with less effort compared to

carrying them manually. It also endeavors to study the commercial viability

and importance of such a product. Several designs were conceived that

would allow a non-industrial hand trolley to travel over stairs, curbs, or

uneven terrain while reducing the strain on the user.

In our project, the trolley is equipped with Tri-Star wheels which

enable us to carry load up and down the stairs. It also eases the movement

of trolley in irregular surfaces like holes, bumps, etc.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO TITLE PAGENO

ABSTRACT ii

LIST OF TABLES vii

LIST OF FIGURES viii

LIST OF SYMBOLS ix

1. INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 HAND TROLLEY 1

1.1.2 DESCRIPTION 1

1.2 TYPES OF TROLLLEY 2

1.2.1 WHEELED TROLLEY 2

1.2.2 FOLDING TROLLEY 2

1.2.3 GARDEN TROLLEY 3

1.2.4 KITCHEN TROLLEY 3

1.2.5 STACK TROLLEY 3

1.3 NEED FOR STAIRCLIMBER TROLLEY 3

2 STAIR CLIMBER TROLLEY 4

2.1 NEW CONCEPT 4

3
3. TRI-STAR WHEEL 5

3.1 TRI-STAR WHEEL DESIGN 5

3.2 APPLICATION OF TRI-STAR

WHEEL IN OUR PROJECT 6

4. SELECTION AND FABRICATION

OF STAIR CLIMBER TROLLEY 7

4.1 MATERIAL SELECTION 7

4.1.1 TROLLEY BODY 7

4.1.2 TRI-STAR WHEEL WEB
4.1.2 THREADED SHAFT 7

4.2 BEARING SELECTION 8

4.3 WHEEL SELECTION 9

4.3.1 TYPES OF WHEEL MATERIAL 9

4.3.1.1 FILLED RUBBER 9

4.3.1.2 POLYURETHANE 9

4.3.1.3 STEEL 10

4.3.2 STATIC FRICTION 10

4
 4.3.3 VARIOUS WHEEL MATERIALS AND CO-
EFFICIENT OF FRICTION 10

4.4 WHEEL FRAME 11

4.4.1 TYPES OF WHEEL FRAMES 12

4.6 PROCESS INVOLVED IN FABRICATION 16

4.6.1 GAS CUTTING 16

4.6.2 PIPE BENDING 15

4.6.3 PLASMA ARC CUTTING 15

4.6.3.1 COMPONENTS OF THE SYSTEM

16

4.6.4 WELDING 17
4.6.4.1 ARC WELDING
4.6.4.2 GAS WELDING
20
4.7 PROTOTYPE OF STAIR CLIMBER
TROLLEY 19

5.

5
7. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 24

7.1 INFERENCE 24

7.2 CONCLUSION 24

6
 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. TABLE PAGE NO.

4.1 Various wheel materials

and co-efficient of friction 10

 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. FIGURE PAGE NO.

3.1 Tri-Star wheel in motion 5

4.1 Close-up showing surface roughness 10

4.2 Co-efficient of kinetic friction of

various tire materials and surface 11

4.3 Straight Wheel Frame 12

4.4 Curved Wheel Frame 12

4.5 Quasi-Planetary Wheel Frame 13

 LIST OF SYMBOLS

SYMBOL DEFINITION

F Force

M Bending Moment

R1, R2 Reaction Forces

I Moment of inertia
_ Bending Stress

y Distance between neutral axis and

centroidal axis

E Young’s Modulus

R Radius of Curvature

x Height of the trolley

y Distance between mid-point of the weight

and trolley wheel axis

W Weight acting on the trolley

W1 Weight of object to be carried

W2 Weight of the trolley

Re Reaction force on one side

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Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 HAND TROLLEY

A hand trolley is a small transport device used to move heavy loads from
one place to another. It is a very common tool used by a large number of
industries that transport physical products. Also called a hand truck or a dolly,
the hand trolley is often used by stock persons who arrange and restock
merchandise in retail stores. When used properly, trolleys can protect people
from back injuries and other health problems that can result from lifting heavy
loads.

1.1.2 Description

A typical hand trolley consists of two small wheels located beneath a

load-bearing platform, the hand trolley usually has two handles on its support
frame. These handles are used to push, pull and maneuver the device. The
handles may extend from the top rear of the frame, or one handle may curve
from the back. An empty hand trolley usually stands upright in an L-shape, and
products are usually stacked on top of the platform. When the goods are in
place, it is tilted backward so that the load is balanced between the platform and
the support frame. Especially if heavy or fragile materials are moved, the person
operating the trolley should return it to an upright position carefully, to insure
nothing falls off the platform. The front of the frame may be squared off for
boxes or curved for drums and barrels. Sometimes, a hand truck also has straps
for securing loose freight during transport.

Professional material handlers prefer to use a hand truck when moving stackable
items such as boxes, crates or packages. Heavier items are usually stacked on
the bottom of the hand truck, with lighter objects saved for the top.

1
Hand truck users must be careful not to stack it so high that their vision is
blocked or the load becomes unstable. Generally, it is safe to load a hand truck
to the level of its handles or the top of the frame. The load is then shifted onto
the wheels with a backwards lifting motion. The user can maneuver the cargo
by steering it left, right or forward.

1.2 TYPES OF TROLLEY

Different types of these trolleys exist, and the type used is often chosen
based on what type of material it will move. Hand trolleys are made of various
types of hard materials, including steel, aluminium and high-impact plastic.
Most hand trolleys come in standard sizes and are used for general loads, but
there are some that are specifically designed for very small or large products.

1.2.1 Wheeled trolley

Wheeled trolleys made from stainless steel are the most common type of
hand trucks used. These are used in places with heavy loads to move, like retail
stores and factories, and typically have wheels made out of stainless steel as
well. Welded steel and metal wheel trolleys are typically much more
lightweight and are often used to carry lighter materials.

Those with a frame and wheels made of a metal alloy are heavier and sturdily
made. Trolleys of this type usually have a wider platform for oversized loads.
Metal alloy hand trucks are typically used to transport heavy products, such as
items made of steel.

1.2.2 Folding Trolley

A folding trolley is another type of hand tool, and is often made of rust-
proof aluminium. It is also lightweight but is usually able to carry heavy loads,
and can fold to take up less space when not in use. This feature also allows it to
be easily transported to places where it is needed.

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1.2.3 Garden Trolley

The garden trolley is a maneuverer with the use of a pull handle. Garden
trolleys tend to have narrow profiles so that they will fit easily on paths and
walks without damaging plants. These are designed so that they are capable of
lifting both dry and marshy loads which are most commonly found in gardens.

1.2.4 Kitchen Trolley

A kitchen trolley is a serving cart that can also be used for storage. It is
designed that it has more than one section in it which enables people to carry
various utensils and for various purposes.

1.2.5 Sack Trolley

Sack trolley or Sack barrow is a fairly generic term describing a range of

light, single operator hand trucks or trolleys used to move cartons, feed and
grain sacks, and other light, stackable goods. Lots of different materials are used
to make sack trucks. This includes high impact plastics, tube steel, aluminium
steel, and aluminium excursion.

1.3 NEED FOR STAIR CLIMBER TROLLEY

Lifting heavy objects to upper stories or lifting patients to upper levels

from the ground are not painless jobs, especially where there are no lifting
facilities (elevator, conveyer, etc.). Moreover, most of the buildings are
structurally congested and do not have elevators or escalators. This project can
introduce a new option for the transportation of loads over the stairs. The stair
climbing hand trolley can play an important role in those areas to lift loads over
a short height.

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 CHAPTER 2

STAIR CLIMBER TROLLEY

2.1 NEW CONCEPT

The stair-climbing hand truck is designed to reduce liability rather than

increase it. Conventional hand trucks work well on flat ground, but their
usefulness decreases when it becomes necessary to move an object over an
irregular surface. Package deliverymen, for example, often find it necessary to
drag loaded hand trucks up short flights of stairs just to reach the front door of a
building. The entire purpose of using a conventional hand truck is to avoid
having to lift and carry heavy objects around.

Lifting a hand truck up the stairs defeats the purpose of the device, since
the user must provide enough upward force to lift the entire weight of the cart
and its contents. Furthermore, the geometry of a hand truck makes it nearly
impossible to lift with one's legs, as is the proper form. Considerable strain is
placed on the back muscles and the risk of operator injury is sharply increased.
The pulling up of a standard hand truck up the stairs results in a bumpy and
jarring motion. This motion may damage the items loaded on the hand truck or
cause them to fall off entirely. A hand truck that could climb stairs without
requiring the user to lift would improve the safety of moving heavy objects over
irregular surfaces.

In our project, we are designing and fabricating normal hand trolleys with
Tri-Star wheel in order to enable the trolley to move up or down the stairs.

4
 CHAPTER 3

TRI-STAR WHEEL

3.1 TRI-STAR WHEEL DESIGN

The Tri-Star wheel was designed in 1967 by Robert and John Forsyth of
the Lockheed Aircraft Corporation. They were first developed as a module of
the Lockheed Terrastar, a commercially unsuccessful amphibious military
vehicle. A Tri-Star wheel functions as an ordinary wheel on flat ground, but has
the ability to climb automatically when an impediment to rolling is encountered.
This wheel design consists of three tires, each mounted to a separate shaft.
These shafts are located at the vertices of an equilateral triangle. The three
shafts are geared to a fourth, central shaft (to which a motor may be attached).
When geared in this quasi-planetary fashion, these triangular sets of wheels can
negotiate many types of terrain, including sand and mud; they can also allow a
vehicle to climb over small obstructions such as rocks, holes, and stairs. The
wheel assembly may be gear-driven, with two wheels in rolling contact with the
ground. The third wheel idles at the top until the lower front wheel hits an
obstruction. The obstruction prevents the lower front wheel from moving
forward but does not affect the motion of the driving axle. This causes the top
wheel to roll forward into position as the new front wheel. This wheel usually
lands on top of the obstruction and allows the rest of the assembly to vault over
the obstruction. Tri-Star wheel in motion is shown in figure 3.1.

Fig3.1 Tri-Star wheel in motion

5
3.2 APPLICATION OF TRI-STAR WHEEL IN OUR PROJECT

In our project, we are using this Tri-Star wheel arrangement in a hand

trolley in the place of normal wheels setup to enable the trolley to climb up and
down the stair cases and also to up come small obstacles like holes and bumps on
its path.

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 CHAPTER 4

SCISSORS LIFT MECHANISM

4.1 INTRODUCTION:

Scissor lifts, as depicted in figure 1, are a type of mechanism that allows

for vertical displacement of some load, through the use of linked, folding
supports, in a crisscross “X” pattern, referred to as a pantograph (or, simply, a
scissor mechanism). Scissor lifts are widely used in industrial applications, and
also form a staple design element in competitive robotics. Each arm of the crosses
is called a ‘scissor arm’ or ‘scissor member’.

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 CHAPTER 5

SELECTION AND FABRICATION OF STAIR CLIMBER TROLLEY

4.1 MATERIAL SELECTION

Material selection is a step in the process of designing any physical object.

In the context of product design, the main goal of material selection is to
minimize cost while meeting product performance goals. Systematic selection of
the best material for a given application begins with properties and costs of
candidate materials.

4.1.1 Trolley body

Material Used- Mild Steel

Mild Steel

Mild steel, also called as plain-carbon steel, is the most common form of
steel because its price is relatively low while it provides material properties that
are acceptable for many applications, more so than iron. Low-carbon steel
contains approximately 0.05–0.3% carbon making it malleable and ductile. Mild
steel has a relatively low tensile strength, but it is cheap and malleable; surface
hardness can be increased through carburizing. It is often used when large
quantities of steel are needed, for example as structural steel. The density of mild
3
steel is approximately 7850 kg/cm and the Young's modulus is 210 GPa
(30,000,000 psi).

8
4.1.2 THREADED SHAFT :

Material Used- Mild Steel

Mild Steel

Mild steel, also called as plain-carbon steel, is the most common form of
steel because its price is relatively low while it provides material properties that
are acceptable for many applications, more so than iron. Low-carbon steel
contains approximately 0.05–0.3% carbon making it malleable and ductile. Mild
steel has a relatively low tensile strength, but it is cheap and malleable; surface
hardness can be increased through carburizing. It is often used when large
quantities of steel are needed, for example as structural steel. The density of mild
3
steel is approximately 7850 kg/cm and the Young's modulus is 210 GPa
(30,000,000 psi).

Radius of Shaft – 0.75 Inches

Length of thread- 18 Inches
Direction- Clockwise Direction

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10
4.2 BEARING SELECTION

Ball bearing
A ball bearing is a type of rolling-element bearing that uses balls to
maintain the separation between the bearing races. The purpose of a ball bearing
is to reduce rotational friction and support radial and axial loads. It achieves this
by using at least two races to contain the balls and transmit the loads through the
balls. In most applications, one race is stationary and the other is attached to the
rotating assembly. As one of the bearing races rotates it causes the balls to rotate
as well. Because the balls are rolling they have a much lower coefficient of
friction than if two flat surfaces were sliding against each other.
Selecting a ball bearing with minimum inner diameter of 30mm, minimum
load carrying capacity of 50kg radially and speed greater than 100rpm

4.3 WHEEL SELECTION

Wheel material selected – Filled rubber

4.3.1 Types of Wheel Material

4.3.1.1 Filled rubbers
In tyres rubbers are usually filled with particles like carbon black or silica.
They consist of a tread and a body. The tread is the part of the tire that comes in
contact with the road surface. The portion that is in contact with the road at a
given instant in time is the contact. Treads are often designed to meet specific
product marketing positions.

4.3.1.2 Polyurethane

Polyurethane (PUR and PU) is a polymer composed of a chain

of organic units joined by carbamate (urethane) links. While most polyurethanes

11
are thermosetting polymers that do not melt when heated, thermoplastic
polyurethanes are also available. The main ingredients to make a polyurethane are
isocyanates and polyols. Other materials are added to help processing the polymer
or to change the properties of the polymer.

4.3.1.3 Steel

Steel is an alloy of iron, with carbon being the primary alloying element,
up to 2.1% by weight. Carbon, other elements, and inclusions within iron act as
hardening agents that prevent the movement of dislocations that naturally exist
in the iron atom crystal lattices.
4.3.2 Static friction

The surface of the wheel and what it is rolling on are not perfectly
smooth. They have irregularities shown in figure 4.1.

Fig4.1 Close-up showing surface roughness

In sliding friction, this surface roughness is the reason for the static and kinetic
resistance to motion. Although the wheel is not sliding, the surface roughness
causes a "jiggle" when the wheel is rolling.

4.3.3 Various Wheel Materials and their Co-efficient of Frictions

Various Wheel materials and their co-efficient of frictions are tabulated in table
4.1 and shown graphically in figure 4.2.

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 Table4.1 Various Wheel Materials and their Coefficient of friction

S.no Material Coefficient of friction

1 Rubber/concrete .85
2 Polyurethane/Concrete .5
3 Steel/Concrete .45

13
 0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5
Rubber Vs. Concrete
0.4
Polyurethane Vs. Concrete
0.3
Steel Vs. Concrete
0.2

0.1

0
Coefficient of
Kinetic Friction

Fig 4.2 Coefficient of kinetic friction of various tyre materials and concrete
surface

4.4 WHEEL FRAME

A specially designed wheel frame is required to hold the three wheels
together on each side of the shaft. In the existing design, the power transmission
to the single or double wheel trolley is useless to climb the stairs due to height
factor of stairs. The design of the straight wheel frame became more
complicated and was needed to be modified with its curved- spherical shape to
give proper drive, which creates more frictional force. For these reason, three
wheel set on each side of vehicle attached with frame was introduced to provide
smooth power transmission in order to climb stairs without much difficulty.
Frame arrangement is suitable to transmit exact velocity ratio also. It provided
higher efficiency and compact layout with reliable service. Easier maintenance
was possible in case of replacing any defective parts such as nut, bolt, washer,
etc.

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4.4.1 Types of wheel frames
A few types of wheel frames are shown in the figure4.3, 4.4 and 4.5.

Fig 4.3 Straight Wheel Frame

Fig 4.4 Curved Wheel Frame

Fig 4.5 Quasi Planetary Wheel Frame

Wheel Frame Selected – Straight Wheel Frame Model made of

stainless steel grade 304.

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4.6 PROCESSES INVOLVED IN FABRICATION

4.6.1 Gas cutting(Oxy-Fuel cutting)

Oxy-fuel cutting is a cost-effective method of plate edge preparation for

bevel and groove welding. It can be used to easily cut rusty and scaled plates
and only requires moderate skill to produce successful results. The oxy-fuel gas
cutting process creates a chemical reaction of oxygen with the base metal at
elevated temperatures to sever the metal.
We have used this cutting to cut the measured lengths of hollow mild
steel pipes and flat bottom plate as per our design.

16
4.6.2 Pipe bending
Tube bending as a process starts with loading a tube into a pipe bender
and clamping it into place between two dies, the clamping block and the
forming die. The tube is also loosely held by two other dies, the wiper die and
the pressure die. The process of tube bending involves using mechanical force
to push stock material pipe or tubing against a die, forcing the pipe or tube to
conform to the shape of the die. Often, stock tubing is held firmly in place while
the end is rotated and rolled around the die. For some tube bending processing,
a mandrel is placed inside the tube to prevent collapsing. Much of the tooling is
made of hardened steel or tooled steel to maintain and prolong the tools life.
However wherever there is a concern of scratching or gouging the work piece, a
softer material such as aluminium or bronze is utilized. Pipe bending machines
are typically human powered, pneumatic powered, hydraulic assisted, hydraulic
driven, or electric servomotor.

We have employed human powered-tube bending process to bend two

mild steel hollow pipes to make 60_ bent handles.

4.6.3 Plasma arc cutting

Plasma cutting is a process that is used to cut steel and other metals of
different thickness and sometimes other materials, using a plasma torch. In this
process, an inert gas is blown at high speed out of a nozzle; at the same time an
electrical arc is formed through that gas from the nozzle to the surface being
cut, turning some of that gas to plasma. The plasma is sufficiently hot to melt
the metal being cut and moves sufficiently fast to blow molten metal away from
the cut. Through the application of CNC technology in industrial production,
the technology cut a wide range of high accuracy, low-cost and high efficiency.
It gradually achieves its purpose of high- tech computer numerical control
cutting, with both computer- controlled and plasma arc characteristics.

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We have used plasma arc cutting for cutting four stainless steel webs for the Tri-
Star wheel arrangement which is shown in figure

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4.6.4 WELDING

Welding is a fabrication process that joins materials,

usually metals or thermoplastics, by causing coalescence. This is often done by
melting the work pieces and adding a filler material to form a pool of molten
material (the weld pool) that cools to become a strong joint, with pressure
sometimes used in conjunction with heat, or by itself, to produce the weld. This
is in contrast with soldering and brazing, which involve melting a lower-
melting-point material between the work pieces to form a bond between them,
without melting the work pieces.

Many different energy sources can be used for welding, including a

gas flame, an electric arc, a laser, an electron beam, friction, and ultrasound.

While often an industrial process, welding may be performed in many different

environments, including open air, under water and in outer space. Welding is a
potentially hazardous undertaking and precautions are required to avoid burns,
electric shock, vision damage, inhalation of poisonous gases and fumes, and
exposure to radiation. The main Types of welding used in industry and by home
engineers are commonly referred to as MIG welding, Arc welding, Gas welding
and TIG welding.

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4.6.4.1 Arc welding

These processes use a welding power supply to create and maintain an

electric arc between an electrode and the base material to melt metals at the
welding point. They can use either direct (DC) or alternating (AC) current, and
consumable or non-consumable electrodes. The welding region is sometimes
protected by some type of inert or semi-inert gas, known as a shielding gas, and
filler material is sometimes used as well.

4.6.4.2 Gas welding:

Oxy-fuel welding, commonly referred to as oxy welding or gas

welding is a process of joining metals by application of heat created by gas flame.
The fuel gas commonly acetylene, when mixed with proper proportion of oxygen
in a mixing chamber of welding torch, produces a very hot flame of about 5700-
5800°F. With this flame it is possible to bring any of the so-called commercial
metals, namely: cast iron, steel, copper, and aluminum, to a molten state and cause
a fusion of two pieces of like metals in such a manner that the point of fusion will
very closely approach the strength of the metal fused. If more metal of like nature
is added, the union is made even stronger than the original. This method is called
oxy-acetylene welding.

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4.6.4.1.1 Chemistry of Oxy Acetylene Process:
The most common fuel used in welding is acetylene. It has a two stage reaction;
the first stage primary reaction involves the acetylene disassociating in the
presence of oxygen to produce heat, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen gas.

2C2H2 + 2O2 = 4CO + 2H2 + Heat ---------- (1)

A secondary reaction follows where the carbon monoxide and hydrogen combine
with more oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water vapor.

4CO + 2H2 + 3O2 = 4CO2 + 2H2O + Heat--------- (2)

When you combine equations (1) and (2) you will notice that about 5 parts of
oxygen is necessary to consume 2 parts of acetylene

2C2H2 + 5O2 = 4CO2 + 2H2O + Heat ----------- (3)

we can say about 2.5 parts of oxygen is necessary to achieve complete combustion
of acetylene. In operation, one part of oxygen is supplied through the torch and the
remaining 1.5 parts is obtained from the surrounding air atmosphere (secondary
reaction). When the secondary reaction does not burn all of the reactants from the
primary reaction, the welding processes produces large amounts of carbon
monoxide, and it often does. Because of the need for supplemental oxygen from
the atmosphere, the acetylene oxygen flame cannot be used inside of pipes or
structures subjected to oxygen depletion from gas welding. By varying the relative
amounts of acetylene and oxygen, a welder can produce different flame
atmospheres and temperatures as he requires.
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4.6.4.1.2 Oxy Fuel welding Gases:
Commercial fuel gases have one common property: they all require oxygen to
support combustion. To be suitable for welding operations, a fuel gas, when burned
with oxygen, must have the following: a. High flame temperature b. High rate of
flame propagation c. Adequate heat content d. Minimum chemical reaction of the
flame with base and filler metals Among the commercially available fuel gases
such as propane, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), natural gas, propylene, hydrogen
and MAPP gas, “Acetylene” most closely meets all the above requirements.
Acetylene is a hydrocarbon, just as are propane, methane, and virtually all the
components which make up gasoline and fuel oils. However, it differs from those
hydrocarbons in a way that its molecule is made up of two carbon atoms and two
hydrogen atoms, the carbon atoms are joined by what chemists call a ”triple bond”.
When acetylene reaches its kindling temperature; the bond breaks and releases
energy. In other hydrocarbons, the breaking of the bonds between the carbon atoms
absorbs energy. The triple bond is the reason that when acetylene and oxygen are
mixed and ignited, the flame can reach the temperature of 5700°F to 6300 °F,
highest among commonly used gaseous fuels.

The other property of acetylene which you must remember is that acetylene/air
mixtures can be ignited when they contain anywhere from 2.5 percent acetylene to
80 percent acetylene. Mixtures of methane (the principal component of natural gas)
and air are flammable when they contain as little as 5% methane and not more than
15% methane.

22
The other two gases suitable for welding and cutting are:
a) MAPP
b) Hydrogen

MAPP gas is a registered product of the Dow Chemical Company. It is liquefied

petroleum gas mixed with methylacetylene-propadiene (acetylene + propane). It
has the storage and shipping characteristics of LPG and has a heat value a little less
than acetylene. Because it can be shipped in small containers for sale at retail
stores, it is used by hobbyist. MAPP gas can be used at much higher pressures than
acetylene, sometimes up to 40 or 50 psi in high-volume oxy-fuel cutting torches
which can cut up to 12 inch thick steel. A MAPP gas leak is easy to identify
because of its particularly terrible odor.

Hydrogen produces low-temperature flame and is best for aluminum. Hydrogen

flame is non-luminous, commonly used for underwater welding (can be used at
higher pressure than acetylene).

23
 CHAPTER 7

INFERENCE AND CONCLUSION

7.1 INFERENCE

After its fabrication, we inferred few limitations like large noise production while
moving the trolley up and down the stairs. In order to reduce the noise production
the design of the wheel frame is to be modified such that line passing through the
mid-point of the trolley wheel should pass through the mid-point of the step.

7.2 CONCLUSION

Though this project had some limitations regarding the strength and built of

the structure, it can be considered to be a small step forward, as far as Stair

Climbing Vehicles are concerned. During the test run of this project, it was

realized that it wouldn’t be a bad idea to consider this design for carrying heavy

loads up the stairs. This product will be well acclaimed if it can be commercialized

to suit the needs. Though the initial cost of the project seemed to be higher but

more accurate manufacturing would shorten this.

As far the commercial aspects of this product are concerned, if this product

can be fully automated and produced at a lower cost the acceptance will be

unimaginable. Presently, there are no competitors for such a kind of product in our

market.

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