CHAPTER 1

1. Find a unit vector extending from (0,0,0) to (1,2,3)

Given:
Points extending from (0,0,0) to (1,2,3)
Solution:
Let the vector extending from (0, 0, 0) to (1, 2, 3) be A
Therefore A = 1  0aˆ x  2  0aˆ y  3  0aˆ z
= aˆ x  2aˆ y  3aˆ z
A aˆ x  2aˆ y  3aˆ z
The unit vector is given by aˆ  =
A 12  2 2  3 2

â = a x  2a y  3a z
ˆ ˆ ˆ
14

2. Convert vector A =zax-2xay+yaz from Cartesian to cylindrical coordinates

Given:
A =zax-2xay+yaz
Solution:
Using the matrix form of the rectangular to cylindrical transformation equations
A ρ  cos sin 0  z 
    
A     sin cos 0  - 2x 
A  0 0 1  y 
 z
A ρ = z cos -2x sin ; A  = -z sin -2x cos ; A z =y
 A in cylindrical coordinates is given by
A ΄= A aˆ   A aˆ  Az aˆ z
= z cos   2 x sin  aˆ    z sin   2 x cos  aˆ  yaˆ z
As x=ρcosφ and y=ρsinφ
A = z cos    sin 2 aˆ   z sin   2 cos 2  aˆ   sin aˆ z

3. Convert the vector A = 2aˆ x  3aˆ z from Cartesian to spherical coordinate system
Given:
A = 2aˆ x  3aˆ z
Solution:
Using the matrix
A r  sincos sin sin cos  2
    
A    cos  cos  cos cos  sin   0
A   sin  cos  0  3 
 
Ar  2 sin  cos   3 cos  ; A  2 cos cos   3sin  ; A  2 sin 
Hence the converted vector in spherical coordinate system is
A = 2 sin  cos   3 cos  aˆ r  2 cos  cos   3 sin  aˆ  2 sin aˆ
4. Find gradient of x 3  y 3  z 3  3xyz .
Given:
Let ψ= x 3  y 3  z 3  3xyz
Solution:
Let ψ= x 3  y 3  z 3  3xyz
  
So, gradient of ψ=   aˆ  aˆ  aˆ
x x y y z z
    
   3x 2  3 yz aˆ x  3 y 2  3xz aˆ y  3z 2  3xy aˆ z 

5. Find curl of vector A  xa x  ya y  za z
Given:

A  xa x  ya y  za z
Solution:
aˆ x aˆ y aˆ z
   
Curl of A =   A 
x y z
x y z
 z y z x y x
  A  â x (  )  (  ) â y  (  ) â z
y z x z x y

  A =0

Find curl of vector A  ( x  y  x)a x  (2 xy  y)a y
2 2
6.
Given:

A  ( x 2  y 2  x)a x  (2 xy  y)a y
Solution:
aˆ x aˆ y aˆ z
   
Curl of A =   A 
x y z

x  y2  x
2
  2 xy  y  0

  A  â x (0)  (0) â y  (-2y   2 y ) â z

  A =0

7. Show that the vector fields A =  sec aˆ    tan aˆ  aˆ z and B =
 sec aˆ p   tan aˆ  aˆ z are everywhere perpendicular to each other.
Given:
A =  sec aˆ    tan aˆ  aˆ z and B =  sec aˆ p   tan aˆ  aˆ z
Solution:
A.B   secaˆ    tan aˆ  aˆ z   secaˆ p   tan aˆ  aˆ z 
=  2 sec 2    2 tan 2    2
 =  2 sec 2   tan 2   1
=  2 1  1
=0
So for any value of (ρ,, z) the dot product of A and B is always zero hence showing
that they are everywhere perpendicular.

CHAPTER 2

1. Obtain an expression for electric field field intensity at a point P(x, y, z) due to point
charge located at a point Q (x', y’, z’).
Solution:
Consider a point P(x, y, z) located in a xyz plane such that its distance from the origin
is r Further, a point charge located at a point Qx ' , y ' , z ' , whose distance from the
origin be r ' as shown in the figure. y
 The electric field intensity (E) at P due to Q is given by,
Q
E .a r V/m P
2 Q = r-r ‫׳‬
4 0 r  r ' (ρ,ф,z)
r‫׳‬
where, a r = Unit vector in the direction of E
r
E
1

r  r  '
(ρ,ф,z)
‫(׳‬ρ,ф,z)
r r' O x
2

4 0 r r '

[ Q  Po int ch arg e] z
r  r 
y y
'
E 3 V/m
4 0 r r '

Where,
r  r   x  x a
1 '
x  
 y  y ' a y  z  z ' az  
r  r'  x  x'2   y  y'2  ( z  z' ) 2
E
r  r '

4 0 (x  x'   y  y '  ( z  z ' ) 2 )

2 2 3
2

2. Point charges 1mC and -2mC are located at (3,2,-1) and (-1,-1,4 ) respectively.
Calculate the electric force on a 10nC charge located at (0,3,1) and the electric field
intensity at that point.
Solution:
We know that
Q 2 r  rk
F 
4 0 k 1
Qk
r  rk
3

10  10 9  
 3a x  a y  2a z 
a x  4a y  3a z  
 1  10 3  2  10 3 
4 0 
 
9 1 4
3
 1  16  9
3
  
 
  3a x  a y  2a z  10 3 
2a x  8a y  6a z  
 90  10 3 
 52.38 132.57 
  3 2   1 8   2 6 
 90 10 3. a x    ay    az   
  52.38 132.57   52.38 132.57   52.38 132.57 

 90  10 3.  0.0723a x  0.0413a y  0.0834a z 
 0.0065a x  0.0037a y  0.0075a z N .
F 0.0065 0.0037 0.0075
Also we know E   9
ax  9
ay  az
Q 10  10 10  10 10  10 9
 650a x  370a y  750a z KV / meter

3. If the electric field intensity is given by E = ( xa x  ya y  zaz ) volt/m, them calculate

the potential difference between X (2, 0, 0) and Y (1, 2, 3).
Given:
E = ( xa x  ya y  zaz ) volt/m
Points X (2, 0, 0) and Y (1, 2, 3)
Solution:
Given E = ( xa x  ya y  zaz )
V    E.dl
1 2 3
x2 y2 z2
V   ax   ay   az
2 2 2 0 2 0

V x  V y   2 2  12  0 2  2 2  0 2  3 2  = 5 Volts
1
2

4. A system of three electric charges lying in a straight line is in equilibrium. Two of the
charges are positive with magnitudes Q and 2Q, and are 50 cm apart. Determine the
position of the third charge.
Given:
Charges Q and 2Q are 50cm apart with +ve magnitude
Solution:
Let a charge q place between charges at distance x from charge Q,

Qq x
 F1 
4 0 x 2 x
2Qq (50  x)
 F2  .
4 0 (50  x) 50  x
2


Qq x 2Qq (50  x)
For equilibrium F1+F2=0  .   . =0
4 0 x x
2
4 0 (50  x) 50  x
2

1 2
 
x 2
(50  x) 2
 50  x
  2
x
50
x  20.71cm
2 1

5. Derive an expression for the electric field intensity due to finite length line charge
along the z-axis at an arbitrary point Q(x, y, z)
Solution:
Let us assume a line charge with uniform charge density,  L along z-axis
Then
dQ   L dl   L dz
Integrating on both sides, we get,
zB
 dQ   L
 dz Q    L dz
zA
The electric field intensity E at an arbitrary point Q(x, y, z) can be obtained by using
the following equation,
 dl
E   L 2 aR
4 0 R

dEz
dE
z
(0, 0, z) P dEp
2 
 1
B
(0, 0, z)
dl
A

0 y

From the figure, we can write

dl  dz '


R  xa x  ya y  z  z ' a z 

 R  a   ( z  z ' )a z
'

R 2   2  (z  z ' ) 2


aR

R



a   z  z ' a z 

R 2 R3  2  (z  z ' ) 2 3 / 2 
Now, equation for electric field becomes
  L  a   z  z a z 
'

E  dL
4 0   2  ( z  z ' ) 2 3 / 2 


R   2  (z  z ' ) 2 
1/ 2

 R   sec 
Z '  OP   tan 

 dz '    sec 2  d 
  sec 2  cos a  sin a d
 2

E  L 
z

4 0  2 sec 2 
 1

L
E 
4 0 
 sin  2  sin 1 a   cos  2  cos 1 a z 

6. What is the potential function at point P due to point charges Q1 and Q2 at distances
r1 and r2 respectively and a line charge of density  L C/m whose elemental charge
 L dl is assumed to be at distance r3 from P?
Solution:
Let the distance of P from the origin be r.
Given that,
Q1 is located at r1 , Q2 is located at r2 and line charge located at r3
Consider r , r1 , r2 , r3 as position vectors from the potential function, we have,
Q1 [Due to Q1]
V1 (r ) 
4 0 r  r1

Q2
V2 (r )  [Due to Q2]
4 0 r  r2
V3 (r ) is due to line charge whose element charge  2 dL is at r3
 2 (r3 )dL
V3 ( r )  
4 0 r  r3
Hence the potential at point P is
V (r )  V1 (r )  V2 (r )  V3 (r )
Q1 Q2  (r )dL
V (r )    2 3 volts
4 0 r  r1 4 0 r  r2 4 0 r  r3

7. The potential at a point A is 10V and at B is 15V.If a charge Q=10 µC is moved from
A to B, what is the work required to be done?
Solution:
Given that,
Potential at point A, V A = 10 V
Potential at point B, V B = 15 V
 Charge, Q  10 C  10  10 C
6

Then,
The potential 'V AB ' is obtained as,
V AB  VB  V A
 V AB  15  10  5V
Then, the work done to move a charge from ‘A’ to ‘B’ is obtained as,
W  V AB .Q
 W  5  10  10 6  50J

8. Find out electric flux density in free space if the electric field, E=
(6a x  2a y  3a z )V / m also find  v .
Given:
Electric field, E  (6ax  2a y  3az )V / m
Solution:
The relation between electric flux density (D) and electric field (E) is
D  E
We know that in free space,
   0 r  8.854  10 12  1F / m
 D  8.854  10 12 (6a x  2a y  3a z ) C / m 2
 (53.12a x  17.708a y  26.562a z )  10 12 C / m 2
Hence, the electric flux density is,
D  (53.12ax  17.708ay  26.562az ) PC / m2
The  v , volume charge density is defined as,
 v  .D
   
  a x  a y  a z   (53.12a x  17.71a y  26.56a z )
 x y z 
   
  53.12  17.71  26.56   10 12
 x y z 
[ a x . a x  a y . a y  a z . a z  1 and a x . a y  a y . a z  a z . a x  0]
 v  0
Hence, the volume charge density in free space with E  6a x  2a y  3a z is ‘0’.

9. What are the magnitudes of electric flux densities and polarization for a dielectric
material in which E=150kV/m. Electric susceptibility of the dielectric material is 4.75.
Given that,
E  150kV / m
 e  4.75
Solution:
1. The relation between polarization, electric field and susceptibility is given as,
Polarization,
 P  E 0  e
 150  10 3  8.854  10 12  4.75
P  6.308C / m 2
2. Electric flux density,
D  E
But ,    0  r
  0 (1   e )
 8.854  10 12 (1  4.75)
 8.854  10 12  5.75
  50.9  10 12 F / m
Electric flux density,
D  E
D  50.9  10 12  150  10 3
D  7.636C / m 2

10 In a cylindrical conductor of radius 2mm, the current density varies with distance
103 e 400r
from the axis according to J  A / m 2 . Find the total current.
r
Given:
Radius of cylindrical conductor, r = 2 mm =0.002 m
10 3 e 400r
Current density, J  A / m2
r
Solution:

We know that,
The total current is given by, I   Jds Amps
s
One resolving the integral in cylindrical coordinates, we get
2 0.002
I   J .rdr.d
 0 r 0
2 0.002

  .dr.d
 400r
I 10 .e 3

0 r 0
0.002
2  e  400r 
   .d
3
I  10
 0   400 0
 
2
10 3  0.8
I  . e  1 .d
 0  400
2
10 3
I  0.55  d
 400  0

I  1.3752 
I  8.64 Amps
11. Find the Capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with a dielectric, mica filled
between plates with  r  6 . The plates of the capacitor are square in shape with
0.254cm side. Separation between the two plates is 0.254 cm
Given:
r  6
Side of square=0.254cm
Separation between plates=0.254cm
Solution:
A   A 8.854  10 12  6  (0.254) 2  10 4
Capacitance=  0 r   13.49 pF
d d 0.254  10  2

12. Find the force on an electron Charge -1.602*10-19C which is 1nm from a perfectly
conducting plane. What is the electric field acting on the electron?
Solution:
Using the method of images the conducting plane is replaced by an image charge of
-1.602*10-19C, which is 1nm behind the position of the conducting plane.
The force acting on the electron is found using the inverse square law nothing but the
charges are 2nm apart
Q1Q2  (1.602  10 19 ) 2
F   57.7  10 12 N
4 o r 2
4  8.854  10  (2  10 )
12 9 2

The electric field acting on the electron

F  57.7  10 12
E  19
 360MVm 1
Q  1.602  10

13. Find E at the origin due to a point charge of 50nC located at (-4, 5, 3) m in Cartesian
coordinates.
Given:
E is located at origin  r  0aˆ x  0aˆ y  0aˆ z
Q = 50nC located at (-4,5,3) r1  4aˆ x  5aˆ y  3aˆ z
Solution:
r  r1  4aˆ x  5aˆ y  3aˆ z
r  r1  16  25  9  50

The electric field int ensity ( E ) is given by
Q r  r1
E (r )  .
4 o r  r1
2
r  r1
50  10 9 (4aˆ x  5aˆ y  3aˆ z )
 .
4  3.14  (8.854  10 12 )(50) 50
9
 (4aˆ x  5aˆ y  3aˆ z ) V / m
50
14. As shown below Figure, the plane у = 3 m contains a uniform charge distribution of
density ρs = 0.05×10-8 C/m2. Determine E at all points.
Given:
ρs = 0.05×10-8 C/m2
Solution:

For y > 3m: E  s an
2 0
0.05  10 8
 ay
2  8.854  10 12
= 0.003  104 a y
= 30 a y v/m
For y<3m: E= -30 a y v/m

15. Two uniform line charges of ρL= 4 nC/m each are parallel to the z-axis at x = 0, y
= ±4m. Determine the electric field E at (±4, 0, z) m. Z
Given:
ρL= 4 nC/m
Solution:
l
E ax
2 0 r
4  10 9 y
 ax -4 4
2    8.854  1012  4
= 18 a x v/m
The electric field E at (±4, 0, z) m is  18a x v/m
x

16. Given that D = 20x 𝑎x (C/m2), determine the flux crossing a 1-m2 area that is normal
to the x axis at x=2 m.
Solution:
Normal to the x axis is nothing but y and z-axis. Z

We know that    D.ds where ds  ax dydz

s
y  0.5 to +0.5 and
z  0.5 to +0.5
0.5 0.5
   20 xa x .dydzax 1m 1m y
Z

z  0.5 y  0.5
0.5 0.5
   20 xdydz
z  0.5 y  0.5 x

0.5 0.5
  20 x  z y
z  0.5 y  0.5
= 20x=40C
17. Given that D = 500e-0.1x аx, (µC/m2), find the flux Ψ crossing surfaces of area 1m2
normal to the x-axis and located at x = 1 m, x = 5 m, and x = 10 m.
Solution:
Given that D = 500e-0.1x аx, (µC/m2)
Area=1m2 normal to the x-axis
   D.ds and ds  ax dydz
s
0.5 0.5
   500e
- 0.1x
 10  6 a x .dydza x
z  0.5 y  0.5
0.5 0.5
6
  500e  10  y
- 0.1x
z
z  0.5 y  0.5

  500e-0.1x  106
At x=1m:   500e-0.11  106  500e-0.1  106  452C
At x=5m:   500e-0.15  106  500e-0.5  106  303C
At x=10m:   500e-0.110  106  500e-1  106  184C

19. An air-spaced transmission line consists of two parallel cylindrical conductors each
apart. Calculate the maximum potential difference which can be applied to the
conductors assuming that the electrical breakdown strength of air is 3MV/m.
Solution:
The diameters of wires are small compared with their separation. The two wires can
be represented by uniform line charges  q along their axes.
The electric field of either wire is calculated by
q 1
E r (r )  .
2 0 r
The electric field on the x-axis between the wires is found by superimposing the fields
of the two wires
q q
Ex  
1 1
2 0 ( d  x) 2 0 ( d  x)
2 2
a(d  a)
The maximum permissible change is given by q max  2 0 E max
d
The potential at points on the x-axis between the wires
 
q  q q 
2 0   1
v( x)    dx
 
( d  x)  d  x  
1
 2 2  

1 
q  2 d  x
 ln  c
2 0  1
d  x
 2 
Let c=0, so that the potential is zero at the origin.
The maximum permissible potential at A is obtained by substituting the qmax
 1
in v(x) and by setting x  ( d  a)
2
a(d  a) d  a
V A  Emax ln( )
d a
The potential at B is –VA. So the maximum potential difference between the wires is
2VA
On substituting the numbers, the maximum voltage between the wires is 5.9KV

20. For a line charge ρL= 0.5×10-9 C/m on the z-axis, find VAB, where A is (2 m, π/4, 0)
and В is (4 m, π/2, 10 m).
Given: line charge ρL= 0.5×10-9 C/m
Point A (2 m, π/4, 0) and
Point В (4 m, π/2, 10 m).
Solution:
B
V AB    E .dl
A

ρL
E aˆ R
2πε 0 R
B
ρL
V AB    dR
A
2πε 0 R
ρL 4
dR
V AB  
2πε 0 
2
R
- 0.5 *10 -9
= ln( R) 42
2 0
= 6.238V

21. Given the potential function V=2x+4y (V) in free space, find the stored energy in a 1
m3 volume centered at the origin. Examine other 1 m3 volumes.
Given:
Potential function V=2x+4y (V)
Solution:
 V V V 
Energy(E) =  V    ax  ay 
z 
az
 x y
 (2a x  4a y )(V / m)
This field is constant in magnitude (E= 20 v/m) and direction over all space, and so
the total stored energy is infinite.
1
stored energy (WE )    E 2 dv
2
Each time volume dv be assigned the energy content wdv,
1
Where w   E 2
2
1 10 8 J
 For the present field, the energy density is constant w  o (20) 
36 m
2
2
 10 8
So every 1-m3 Volume contains J of energy
36

22. Determine the value of E in a material for which the electric susceptibility is 3

and P  2.5  10 7 aˆ c / m 2 .
Given:

P  2.5 10 7 aˆ c / m 2 and  e  3
Solution:
P
We know that E 
 0 e
2.5 ×10 -7 â
=
8.854  10 -12  3
=9.41  103 â V/m

23. Find the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with a dielectric of  r =3

area=0.92m2 and separation 4.5 mm.
Given:  r =3, d=4.5mm and A=0.92m2
Solution:
A  0 r A
Capacitance C 
d d
8.854  10  3  0.92
-12
=
4.5  10 -3
=5.42nF

24. Find the force on a charge of -100mC located at P(2,0,5) in free space due to another
charge 300  C located at Q(1,2,3)
Given:
Q1=-100mC is located at P(2,0,5)  P  2a x + 5a z
Q2=300  C is located at Q(1,2,3)  Q  a x + 2a y  3a z
Solution:
R  Q  P  a x  2a y  2a z
R  12  2 2  2 2 =3

Q1Q2 Q1Q2 r
F aˆ R =
4 0 R 2
4 0 R 2 R
100  10 3  300  10 6
= (  a x  2a y  2a z )
10 9
4   27
36
=  10a x  20a y  20a z kN
25. For a uniformly charged sphere of radius R and charge density, what is the ratio of
magnitude of electric fields at distance R/2 and 2R from the center, that is,
E (r  R / 2)
E (r  2 R)
Solution:
Given the sphere of radius R with uniform surface charge density ρ C/m2. Magnitude
of the electric field at 2R from the center of the sphere can be obtained by using
Gauss’s Law

 D .dS  ch arg e enclosed
D(at r  2 R)  4 (2 R 2 )   4R 2

D(at r  2 R) 
4
D(at r  2 R) 1 
 E (at r  2 R)   .
  4
But D(at r  R / 2)  0 (or ) E (at r  R / 2)  0
Because no ch arg e is enclosed within the imaginary spherical Surface of radius R / 2
E (r  R / 2)
 0
E (r  2 R)

CHAPTER 3

1. A current distribution gives rise to the vector magnetic potential 𝐴 = x2y𝑎 x + y2x𝑎 y -
4xyz𝑎z Wb/m. Calculate
a. 𝐵 at (-1, 2, 5)
b. The flux through the surface defined by z =1, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, -1 ≤ y ≤ 4
Given:
Vector magnetic potential 𝐴 = x2y𝑎x + y2x𝑎y -4xyz𝑎z Wb/m
Solution:
 
a) Magnetic field, B    A
aˆ x aˆ y aˆ z
  

x y z
x y y x  4 xyz
2 2

       
 aˆ x   4 xyz    y 2 x   aˆ y   4 xyz   x 2 y   aˆ z   y 2 x   x 2 y 

 y z   x z   x y 
 4 xzaˆ x  4 yzaˆ y  ( y  x )aˆ z
2 2

B at (1, 2, 5)  20aˆ x  40aˆ y  3aˆ z Wb / m 2

b) Magnetic flux through a surface is defined as
 
 B   B.dS (in wb )
S

 Flux through the surface defined by

Z  1, 0  x  1,  1  y  4 is given by
  B   B .dS
S

B  4 xzaˆ x  4 yzaˆ y  ( y 2  x 2 )aˆ z

dS  dydzaˆ x  dxdzaˆ y  dxdyaˆ z
 B    4 xzdydz   4 yzdxdz   ( y 2  x 2 )dxdy
S S S

z 2
 z   y3   x3 
2
  4 xy    4 xy      x    y
 2  2  3   3
 B ( Z  1)  2 xy  2 xy  ( xy 3  x 3 y ) / 3


2

1 3
xy  x 3 y 
B 0  x  1,1  y  4 
1
3

(1  0)(4 3  (1) 3 )  (13  0)(4  (1)) 
1
 [65  5]  20Wb
3

2. A toroid of circular cross section whose center is at the origin and axis the same as the z-
axis has 1000 turns with ρ0 =10 cm, a = 1 cm. If the toroid carries a 100-mA current,
find│𝐻 │at
a. (3 cm,-4 cm, 0)
b. (6 cm, 9 cm, 0)
Given: A toroid of circular cross section with center at (0,0,0)
N=1000 turns
P0=10cm
a =1cm
NI
I=100 mA, H  for  0  a     0  a
2
Solution:

a) Find H at (3cm,4cm,0)
Given P (3cm,-4cm, 0)
‘P’ is the distance OP where ‘O’ is the origin
   3 2  4 2  0  5cm
 0  a  9cm,  0  a  11cm
0  a  
Hence H  0
b) P (6cm, 9cm, 0)
  6 2  9 2  0  36  81  10.816cm
Here  0  a     0  a
NI 1000  100  10 3
H   147.1A / m
2 2  10.816  10  2

3. Plane y = 1 carries current K= 50𝑎z m A/m. Find 𝐻 at

 a. (0, 0, 0)
b. (1, 5, -3)
Given:
Plane y=1 carries current K  50aˆ z mA / m
For an infinite sheet of current density KA/m
1
H  K  aˆ n
2
Where ân is a unit normal vector directed from current sheet to point of interest.
Solution:
a) To find 𝐻 at point P(0,0,0)
Here aˆ n  aˆ y
1
H   50 103 aˆ z  (aˆ y )  25aˆ x mA / m
2
b) To find 𝐻 at P (1,5,-3)
Here aˆ x  aˆ y
1
H   50  10 3  aˆ z  (aˆ y )  25aˆ x mA / m
2

4. Given the magnetic vector potential 𝐴 = -ρ2/4 𝑎z Wb/m, calculate the total magnetic flux
crossing the surface 𝜙 = 𝜋/2, 1 ≤ 𝜌 ≤ 2𝑚, 0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 5𝑚.
Given:
𝐴= -ρ2/4 𝑎z Wb/m
Solution:
A 
We know that Magnetic field B    A  z aˆ   aˆ 
 2
ds  ddzaˆ 
Magnetic flux crossing the surface is

 
5 2
1 1  2
 B   B .dS    ddZ   2  1 (5)  3.75Wb
2 z 0  1 4
5. The conducting triangular loop in Figure carries a current of 10 A. Find 𝐻 at (0, 0, 5) due
to side 1 of the loop.
y

3 2
10A
1
x
0
1 2

Given:
Current I =10 A
Solution:
Field due to a straight current carrying conductor of finite length is given by
I
H (cos  2  cos  1 )ˆ 
4
 Here  1 and  2 are the angles subtended by the upper and lower ends of the conductor at
point P, the point at which H is to be determined .
To find H at (0, 0, 5) due to side 1 of the loop, consider the following figure

z
5

p
l
1
0 10A 2 x

In the above figure, side1 is treated as straight conductor.

The point of interest (0, 0, 5) is joined to the beginning and end of the line current
Here cos 1 = cos90 o = 0
cos  1  cos 90   0
2
cos  2  and P=5
29
Also ˆ l  â x and ˆ   â z
 aˆ  aˆ x  aˆ z  aˆ y
I 10  2 
H (cos  2  cos  1 )ˆ     0(aˆ y )  59.1aˆ y mA / m
4 4  5  29 

6. A conductor 4 m long lies along the у axis with a current of 10.0 A in the 𝑎y direction.
Find the force on the conductor if the field in the regions is В = 0.05𝑎Z Т.
Given:
I=10A, dl = 4â y , B  0.05aˆ z T
Solution:
Force on a conductor in a region of magnetic field B is given by
F  I dl  B
 F  10(4â y )  (0.05aˆ z )  2â x N

7. Find the maximum torque on an 85-turn, rectangular coil, 0.2 m by 0.3 m, carrying a
current of 2.0 A in a field 𝐵 = 6.5 Т.
Given: No. of turns, N=85
Area of the coil=0.2*03=0.06m2
I=2A and B=6.5T
Solution: Maximum torque on the coil= NIAB  85  2  0.06  6.5  66.3N/m

8. Find the inductance per unit length of a coaxial conductor with an inner radius a = 2 mm
and an outer conductor at b = 9 mm. Assume μr = 1.
Given: a=2mm, b=9mm and μr = 1
 L 0 b
Solution: Inductance per unit length of a coaxial cable is  ln( )
l 2 a
L 9
 2 107 ln( )  0.301H / m
l 2
CHAPTER 4

1. If the electric field strength of a radio broadcast signal at a TV receiver is given by

E  5.0 cos(t  y)aˆ z v / m , V/m. Determine the displacement current density. If the
same field exists in a medium whose conductivity is given by 2.0x103(mho)/cm, find
the conduction current density.
Given:
Electric field strength broadcast by TV receiver, E  5.0 cos(t  y)aˆ z v / m
Solution:
D   o E  5.0 o cos(t  y)aˆ z v / m
D
Displacement current density , J D 
t
  5 o sin(t  y )aˆ z v / m 2
Conductivity of the medium ,   2.0  10 5 mho / m
Conduction current density , J C  E
10 6 cos(t  y )aˆ zV / m 2

5 x
2. A potential field is given as V  100e sin 3 y cos 4 z V. Let the point P (0.1,π/12,
π/24) be located at a conductor free space boundary. At point P, find the magnitudes
of,
a) V b) E c) Et d) EN e) D f) DN g) ρs
Given:
Potential field, V 100e 5 x sin 3 y cos 4 z V
Point, P = (0.1,  / 12,  / 24 )
Solution:
3 4
a) V at P 100e 5( 0.1) sin cos
12 24
 
 100e 0.5 sin cos
4 6
 37.142V
b)
E   V
  100(5)e 5 x sin 3 y cos 4 z aˆ x  100e 5 x (3 cos 3 y ) cos 4 z aˆ y 100e 5 x sin 3 y (4 sin 4 z )aˆ z
E at P  500e 0.5 sin  cos  aˆ x  300e 0.5 cos  cos  aˆ y  400e 0.5 sin  sin  aˆ z
4 6 4 6 4 6
 185.7aˆ x  111.42aˆ y  85.77aˆ z
E  232.92 v / m
 c) At conducto  free space boundary where the po int, P is located , Et  0  Et  0
and E n  E

d)
From (iii ) , En  E  232.92 v / m
e)
D  0E
1
 D  0 E   10 9  232.92  2.062nC / m 2
36

3. If D  6 x ax  2 y ay  k z az  C / m2 , find the value of k to satisfy the Maxwell’s equation for

region =0, ρv=0
Given:
D  6 x ax  2 y a y  k z az  C / m 2
=0, ρv=0
Solution:
For the above region
Dx Dy Dz
.D   v  0    0
x y z
 (6x)  (2y )  (kx)
   0
x x x
 6  2  k  0
 k  8

4. Consider the region defined by |x|, |y|, and |z| <1. Let Ɛr= 3,and σ = 0. If/displacement
current density Jd= 10cos(2× 108t − kx)ayμA/ m2(dc fields are zero);
Find D and E.
Given:
Displacement Current Density, JD=10cos(2× 108t − kx)ayμA/ m2
Solution:
D   J D dt  const
With no initial conditions mentioned,
D   J D dt
sin(2  10 8 t  kx)aˆ y 
 10
2  10 8
 5  10 14 sin(2  10 8 t  kx)aˆ y C / m 2
3
E  D
   o  r  3 o  1.883  10 sin(2  10 t  kx)a y v / m
D D 8
ˆ
 
5. A conducting circular loop of radius 20cms lies in z=0 plane in a field B =20cos 377t
uz wb/m2. Find the induced voltage in the loop.
Given:

B =20cos 377t uz wb/m2
Radius of circle loop = 20 cm
Solution:
 d d
Induced voltage in the loop EMF     B .ds
dt dt
S  r  ds  2rdr
2

2010 2 2010 2
d d  r2 
EMF  
dt 0 20 cos 377t Uˆ z (2rdr )   dt 

40 cos 377t 
2 0
1 
 40 sin 377t   0.04   377  947.5 sin 377t V
2 

6. Let H  2 cos(10 t  x)u z A/m , μ=3×10-5H/m , ε=1.2×10-10F/m and σ = 0
10

everywhere, find the electric flux density( D ).

Given:

H  2 cos(1010 t  x)u z A / m
μ=3×10-5H/m
ε=1.2×10-10F/m
σ=0
Solution:
D
To find D , we make use of   H 
t
U Uˆ
ˆ
x y Uˆ z
  
 H 
x y z
0 0 2 cos(1010 t  x)

  Uˆ y   
2 cos(1010 t  x)  
 x 
 2  sin(10 t  x)Uˆ
10
y

w 10  6 10
1
  ( v  )
v 10 8 
  600 rad / m
 2  600
D   (  H )dt  10
 
cos 1010 t  x Uˆ y C / m 2
10
 
  120 cos 1010 t  x Uˆ y nC / m 2


7. For the above problem calculate magnetic flux density B
Given:

H  2 cos(1010 t  x)u z A / m
μ=3×10-5H/m
 Solution:

Magnetic flux density , B  H  3  10 5  cos 1010 t  x U z 
 
 6  10 5 cos 1010 t  x U z

8. Homogenous material inside capacitor has parameter  =10-5 s/m and electric field

intensity E =(106/)cos(105t)aV/m Find J.
Given:

 =10-5 s/m, E =(106/)cos(105t)aV/m
Solution:
 
J  E  10 cos 10 5 t aˆ p A / m 2


CHAPTER 5
10 8
1. A lossy dielectric has μ  4π  10 9 H/m and ε  F/m, σ  2  10 8 S/m. The
36π
electric field intensity (E=200 sin ωtaz V/m) exists at a certain point in a dielectric. At
what frequencies conduction current density and displacement current density will
have equal magnitudes? At this frequency what is the instantaneous displacement
current density? What is the phase angle between conduction current and
displacement current?
Given:
  4  10 9 H / m
10 8
 F /m
36
  2  10 8 S / m
E  200 sin ta z V / m
Solution:
Jc 
1. The condition for magnitude to be equal is  1
JD 
 2  10 8  36
   72
 10 8
2f  72
f  36 Hz
D  
2. J D   ( E )   E 
t t t
 10 8

  200 sin wt 
t  36 
10 8
  200  (cos 72t )  72
36

 4(cos 72t )A / m 2

 3. J C  E  2  10 8  200 sin t  4  sin(72t )A / m 2

So from above equations the phase angle between J C and JD is =the phase angle
between cos(72πt) and sin(72 πt).
Which is nothing but 900

2. Find the skin depth at 1 MHz for nickel with conductivity σ=1.3 10 7 S/m and
μ r  100 .
Given:
  1.3 10 7 S / m
 r  100
f  1MHz

Solution:
2 2
   13.9m
 2 (1  10 )(4  10 7 )(100)(1.3  10 7 )
6

3. In free space, H  10cos(310 8 t  kx)a y A/m. Calculate k, wavelength and time

period of the wave.
Given:
H  10cos(3 108 t  kx)a y A/ m
Solution:
Free space velocity of EM wave is v  3 108 m / s
  3 108 rad / s

K   1 rad / m
v
c 3 108  2
   6.28m
f 3 108
t  1  2  20.9ns
f 3 108

4. Find the velocity of a plane wave in a lossless medium having a relative permittivity
of 5 and relative permeability of unity.
Given:
r  5 r  1
Solution:
1 1
Velocity of a plane wave v  
 4 10 7 1 8.854 10 12  5
v  1.34 108 m / s
5. If the electric field strength of a plane wave is 1 V/m, what is the strength of
magnetic field in free space?
Given:
E  1v / m
Solution:
E E 1
 H  
H  377
H  2.652mA / m

6. Find μ r and ε r for a material in which at 1 GHz, uniform plane wave has λ  3m
and η =150 ohm.
Given:
f =1 GHz
λ  3m
η  150 ohm
Solution:
 r o
 
 r o
r o
   2  (150) 2  22500
r o

 2 
v     0.66 
  
2 110 9
2 10 9
 v   30  108 m / s
0.66 0.66
1
v

1 1
  
v 30 108
   1.089 10 19

  1.089 10 19  22500

4.95 10 8
r   0.0394 H / m
4 10 7
1.089 10 19
 
4.95 10 8
o r  2.2 10 12
r  0.2484 A / m
 7. A travelling wave has two linearly polarized components Ex= 4cos t and Ey=3cos (

t  ) . Calculate (i) the axial ratio and (ii) the tilt angle of major axis of
2
polarization ellipse.
Given:
Ex= 4cos t

Ey=3cos ( t  )
2
Solution:
a) Axial ratio for Emx cos (wt) and Emy cos (wt+  ) is given by
Emy 3
  0.75
Emx 4
b) The tilt angle of major axis of polarization ellipse is the phase difference between
E x and E y
q=900

CHAPTER 6
1. A uniform plane wave of 400 MHz travelling in a free space impinges normally on a
large block of material having εr=2, µr=4. Calculate transmission and reflection
coefficients at the interface.
Given:
εr=2, µr=4, f=400 MHz
Solution:
For medium1, 1  377 (for free space)

 0 r 4  10 7  4
For medium2,  2     532.88
  0 r 8.854  2  10 12
2 2 2  532.88
Transmission Coefficient     1.17131
1   2 532.88  377
  1 532.88  377
Reflection Coefficient   2   0.1713
1   2 532.88  377

3. A plane wave travelling in free space has an average Poynting vector of 15 watt/m 2.
Find the average energy density
Given:
average Poynting vector = 15 watt/m2
Solution:
Poynting Vector = Energy Density  velocity of free space
15
E  50nJ / m 3
3  10 8
4. A Perpendicularly polarized wave is incident at an angle of 15 degrees. It is
propagating from a medium to free space, where εr1 = 8.5, µr1 =1 and σ1 =0.Determine
Hi,Hr and Ht if E, incident is 1.0 mV/m.
Given:
 i  150 ,  r1  8.5 ,  r1  1,  1  0
E=1mV/m
2 1
Solution:
0 r 4  10  7
1    0.01668  10 6  129.15
 0 r 12
8.854  10  8.5
 2  377 (Free Space)
Et 2 cos 1 2 cos 150 2  0.9659
  
Ei   1 0.9659 0.225
cos 1  2   sin 2 1 cos 150   sin 2 150
 1  8.5
Et  1.6221mV / m .
   1 
cos 1  2   sin 2 1 cos 150   2 0
  sin 15
Er  1   8.5  0.7404
    0.6221
Ei   cos 15 0 
1
 sin 2 150
1.1909
cos 1  2   sin 2 1
 1  8 .5

Ei Ei 1  10 3
 1  Hi    0.00774  10  3  7.75  10  3 mA / m
Hi 1 129.15

Et E
 4.31 10 3 mA / m
1.6221
2  H t  t 
Ht 2 377

Er 0.6221
 1  H r   4.82  10  3 mA / m
Hr 129.15

5. A plane wave of 2 MHz frequency is incident upon a conductor normally. The wave
has an electric field of E=2 mV/m. The conductor has εr1 = 8.5, µr1 =1 and σ1 =60 M
mho/m. Find out average power density absorbed by copper.
Given:
E=2 mV/m
εr1 = 8.5, µr1 =1 and σ1 =60 M mho/m
Solution:

0 r 4  10  7
2    0.01668  10 6  129.15
 0 r 12
8.854  10  8.5
  1  377
(Free Space)

2 2 2  129.15 258.3
   0.5103
 2  1 129.15  377 506.15
The electric field inside the conductor is Et    Ei

 Et  0.5103  2  1.0206mV / m

E
The magnetic field inside the conductor is H t  t  2.7mA / m
1
Average power density absorbed by conductor Pt  Et  H t  2.7Watt / m 2
6. Find the surface resistance of a copper conductor at 100 MHz, whose µr1 =100 and σ1
=58 M mho/m.
Given:
f=100MHz
µr1 =100 and
σ1 =58 M mho/m.
Solution:

Surface Impedance Z s 

For a conductor   j
j 
Zs  45 0
 
 
Z s  Rs  jX s   j
2 2
 2  100  10 6  4  10 7  100
Rs    26.08m
2 2  58  10 6

7. There is a boundary between two dielectrics of permittivity 12 and 3 and an EM wave

passes from 12 to 3. If the ray makes an angle of 60 degree with the normal, what is
the angle with the normal at second dielectric?
Given:
r1  12, r 2  3, 1  60 0
Solution
tan 1 r1 12
 
tan  2 r 2 3
tan 60 0
 4
tan  2
3
tan  2 
4
3
 2  tan 1 ( )  23.4 0
4
8. A glass sheet of relative permittivity =10 is placed in a uniform electric field of 88
Volts/m. An EM wave makes an angle of incidence of 450 . Find the electric field
intensity and flux density in air past the boundary and the angle made with normal
when entering air.
Given:
r1  10, r 2  1, E1  88V / m,1  450
Solution:
tan 1 r1

tan  2 r 2
tan 45 0
  10
tan  2
 tan  2  0.1
 2  tan 1 (0.1)  5.72 0
In order to find E2, the tangential components will be equated
 E1 Sin1  E 2 Sin 2
E1 Sin1
 E2 
Sin 2
88( Sin 45 0 )
  624.75V / m
Sin (5.72 0 )
Flux density D 0 E
 8.854  10 12  (624.75)
 0.005529  10 6 c / m 2

9. In a medium of a lossless dielectric, A uniform plane wave is propagating and it has

15
 r  4,  r  1 has electric field given by E  sin(t  3Z )a  V / m. Find the

Poynting vector and the total time average power crossing the surface z=4m, 3mm<
  6mm ,0<    .
15
Given:  r  4, r  1 and E  sin(t  3Z )a  V / m.

Solution:
0 r 1
  0  60
 0 r 4

a a 15
H  z  E  z  sin(t  3Z )a 
  

0.0796
 sin(t  3Z )a A / m


1.194
Poynting vector is E  H  sin 2 (t  3z )a z W/m2
 2
 1.194
Total time average power is given by Pavg  0.5 Re( E  H ) = az
2

PTOTavg   Pavg .dS

where dS  dda z

6 
1.194 1
PTOTavg   dd  1.194 d  d =2.6W
2 3
2
0

10. Find out the power that penetrates a material whose thickness is greater than its skin
depth, when a uniform plane wave is incident normally on it with 10 v/m electric
field. the material has a dielectric constant 9. (Answer 0.198W)
Given:
Ei=10v/m
Solution:
Air  0  120  1

0 1 
2  0  120  40  0
1 9 3

 
2 0 
2 2
    0.5
3

1   2  0
 0
3

Et   .E  o.5  10  5V / m

Et 5 5
Ht     0.0398 A / m
2 40 125.6

P  Et  H t  0.198W

12 A uniform plane wave from free space  r  5 is incident on a dielectric material d1

with  r  5 at an angle of 450. The transmitted wave from d1 is incident on another
dielectric d2 with  r  3 . Find out the angles of transmission.
Given:
r1  1, r 2  5, 1  450
Solution:
tan 1 r1 1
 
tan  2 r 2 5
tan 45 0 1
 
tan  2 5
 tan 2  5
  2  tan 1 (5)  78.7 0
For r1  5, r 2  3, 1  78.7 0
tan 1 r1 5
 
tan  2 r 2 3
tan 78.7 0 5
 
tan  2 3
tan  2  3
 2  71.6 0

CHAPTER 7
8. A wave is propagated in a parallel-plate waveguide with a frequency of 6 GHz and
the separation between the plates is 3 cm. Calculate cut-off frequency and guide
wavelength for the dominant-mode?
Given :
f = 6 GHz, d = 3 cm,   5cm
solution:
nc
Cut-off frequency f c  (n  1 for dominant mode)
2d
1  3  10 8
fc   5GHz
2  3  10 2

 5
g    9.04cm
2 2
f  5 
1   c  1   

 f  6 

9. Find the wave impedance of the TE2 mode for a parallel plate waveguide with a plate
separation of 2.5 cm, propagating a 4 cm wave in air.
Given:
d=2.5 cm, λ=4cm
solution:

Characteristic wave impedance zTE 
2
 fc 
1   
 f 
nc 2  3  10 8
fc    12GHz
2d 2  2.5  10 2
3  108
f   7.5GHz
4  10 2

377
zTE   301.84 j
2
 12 
1  
 7.5 
10. A parallel plate waveguide filled by a dielectric material operating in the TM2 mode
and the distance between the plates is 5 cm. Find the dielectric constant of the
dielectric material if the cutoff frequency of the guide is 2.45 GHz.
Given :
D = 5cm, fc=2.45GHz, n=2
Solution:
n n
fc  ( where    )
2d   2df c

2
r r  2
 0.8163  10 8
2  5  10  2.45  10 9

r  6.6634  10 17
  r  1 for dielectric material

CHAPTER 8
1. Consider a transmission line whose characteristic impedance is (40-j2) ohm at 8
MHz. The propagation constant is given as (0.01+j0.18) per meter. Find the primary
constants R, L, C, G.
Given:
characteristic impedance =(40-j2)Ω
f=8MHz and propagation constant is  = (0.01 + j0.18) per meter
Solution:
R  jL
We know Z0 
G  jC

  ( R  jL)(G  jC )
From the above two equations:

Z o  ( R  jL)

 ( R  jL)  40  j 20.01  j 0.18  0.76  j 7.18

Comparing real and imaginary parts
R=0.76Ω
ωL=7.18
7.18
L  0.142H
2  8  10 6

Similarly  G  jC
Zo
 0.01  j 0.18
 G  jC   2.494  10 5  j 4.501  10 3
40  j 2
Comparing real and imaginary parts

G= 2.494  10 5 mho

ωC= 4.501 10 3

4.501  10 3
C   89 pF
2  8  10 6

2. Find the propagation velocity V and the characteristics impedance of a lossless cable
with inductance L=0.50 µH/m and C=150 pF/m.
Given
L=0.50 µH/m , C=150 pF/m
Solution
L 0.5  10 6
For a lossless cable Z o    57.7
C 15  10 12
1 1
Propagation velocity V p    1.15  108 m / s
LC 0.5  50  10 12

3. A lossy coaxial cable, operated at a frequency of 500 MHz, has primary constants- R
of 2.25 ohm, L of 1  H/m, c of 100 pF/m and G of 0 mho/m. Determine the
propagation constant and attenuation constant.
Given
R=2.25Ω,L=1μH/m,C=100pF/m, G=0 mho/m and f=500 MHz
Solution:
propagation constant
  ( R  jL)(G  jC )
  (2.25  j 2  500  10 6  10 6 )(0  j 2  500  10 6  100  10 12 )
=0.0024+j314.519

Attenuation constant = real part of γ=  =0.0024

4. A transmission line of length 70 m is terminated with an impedance of Zl= 125+j48. If

the frequency is 3 MHz and the characteristic impedance is 230 ohm, find the sending
end impedance.
Given:
Zl=125+j48 , l=70m,f=3MHz,Zo=230Ω
Solution:
2 2 2  3  10 6
β=    6.28  10 2
 c/ f 3  10 8
  Z  Z 0 tan l 
Z in  Z 0  L 
 Z 0  Z L tan  l 

  
 125  j 48  230 tan 6.28  10 2  70
Z in  230

 230  j 125  j 48 tan 6.28  10  70
2

 125  j 65.68 
Z in  230   129.81  j 61.322
 1226  j9.609 

 Sending end impedance Z in  129.81  j 61.322

CHAPTER 9

1. A 100Ω lossless line connects a signal of 100 KHz to a load of 140Ω.The load
power is 100mW.Calculate
A) Voltage reflection coefficient
B) VSWR
Given
f=100 KHz, ZL=140Ω, Load power 100mW, Z0=100Ω
Solution
Z  Z 0 140  100
 L   0.167
ZL  Z0 240
1  L
VSWR   1.4
1  L

2. A distortion less line of 60Ω and attenuation constant of 20 mNp/m and velocity is
given as 60% of light velocity. Find the primary constants at 100MHz.
Given:
Z0=60Ω, α=20mNp/m, V=60% of c , f=100MHz
Solution:
R G
For a distortion less line 
L C
L C
  RG or G or R
C L
1
Vp  and
LC
L
Z0 
C
L  20  10 3
 G  G.Z 0  G    0.33  10 3
C Z0 60
So, G  0.333  10 3
 C R
R 
L Z0
R  Z 0  20  10 3  60
 R  102
60
Vp   3  10 8  18  10 7
100
1
V p. Z 0 
C
1 1
C   92.5 PF
V p .Z 0 18  10 7  60

Vp 1 Z 60
 L 0   0.33H / m
Z0 L V p 18  10 7

3. A 75Ω line is terminated by a load of (120+j80) Ω. Find the maximum and

minimum impedance over the line.
Given:
Z0=75Ω, ZL= (120+j80) Ω
Solution
Z  Z 0 (120 + j80) - 75 45  j80
 L  
Z L  Z 0 (120 + j80)  75 195  j80

45 2  80 2 91.787
L    0.435
195 2  80 2 210.77
1  L 1.435
VSWR    2.53
1  L 0.565
Z max  VSWR  Z 0  2.53  75  190.48
Z0 75
Z min    29.52
VSWR 2.53

4. Find the input impedance for a lossless line with characteristic impedance of
75Ω and termination impedance of 45+j60 Ω with the following
a) f = 50 MHz, length = 3 m
b) f = 15 MHz, length = 5 m
Given:
Z0=75Ω, ZL= (45+j60) Ω
Solution:
2 2  50  10 6 
Case i :      1.0466
 3  10 8 3
 Z  Z 0 tan l   (45 + j60 )  75 tan  
Z in  Z 0  L   75   45 + j60
 Z 0  Z L tan l   75  (45 + j60) tan  
 Case ii:

2 2  15  10 6 
  
 3  108 10
 Z  Z 0 tan l   (45 + j60 )  75 tan  / 2 
Z in  Z0  L   75   45 - j60
 Z 0  Z L tan l   75  (45 + j60) tan  / 2 

5. A low loss transmission line of 100Ω characteristics impedance is connected to a

load of 400Ω. Calculate the voltage standing wave ratio.
Given:
Z0=100Ω, ZL=400 Ω
Solution:
(1   )
VSWR 
(1   )
Z L  Z 0 400  100 3
  
Z L  Z 0 400  100 5
3
1
 5 8 4
3 2
1
5
CHAPTER 10

1. A rectangular waveguide has the following dimensions: a=5.1cm, b=2.4cm. a) Calculate

the cut-off frequency of the dominant mode. b) Calculate the lowest frequency and
determine the mode closest to the dominant mode.
Given:
Dimensions of a=5.1cm and b=2.4cm
Solution:
a) The Dominant mode is TE10 (where m=1 and n=0)
1
c  m   n  
2 2 2

Cut-off frequency f c       
2  a   b  
1
3 10   
2 2 2
 
8
1 0
fc      
2  5.110 2   2.4 10 2  
1.5
fc  1010  2.94GHz
5.1
b) for TE10:
1
3  108  1
2
  0  
2 2
f c10       =6.25GHz
2  5.1  10 2   2.4  10 2  
 for TE11:
1
3  10   
2 2 2
8
1   1
f c11       =6.91GHz
2  5.1  10 2   2.4  10 2  
 
for TE20:
1
3  10   
2 2 2
8
2   0
f c 20      
2  5.1  10 2   2.4  10 2  
 
3 10 8
fc   5.88GHz
5.110 2

So from above TE20 mode is closest to dominant mode

2. A wave of frequency 6GHz is propagated in a parallel plane waveguide separated by

3cm. Calculate a) the cut-off wavelength for the dominant mode. b) Wavelength in the
waveguide. c) the group and phase velocities. d) Characteristic wave impedance.
Given:
f = 6 GHz , d = 3 cm and o  5cm
Solution:
2d
a) Cut-off Wavelength c  (n  1 for dominant mode)
n
23
c   6cm
1
c 3 108
b) Wavelength in waveguide     5cm
f 6 109
c 3  108
c) V ( p)    5.427  108 m / s
2 2
  5 
1   o  1   
 c  6 

2
 
2
5
V ( g )  c 1   o   3 108 1     1.658 108 m / s
 c  6

d) Characteristic wave impedance zTE 
2
f 
1   c 
 f 
377
zTE   682.10
2
5
1  
6
3. A wave of frequency 10GHz is propagated in a circular waveguide of inner diameter
4cm. Calculate the cut-off wavelength, the guide wavelength and characteristic wave
impedance.
Given:
Frequency = 10 GHz
Inner diameter d = 4cm, Radius r = d/2
Solution:
TE11 is the dominant mode in Circular Waveguide
2 2r
c   1
n P nm
P 11  1.841
1

2  3.14  2
c   6.82cm
1.841
o
Guide Wavelength ( g ) 
2
 
1   o 
 c 
c 3  108
o    3  10 2  3cm
f 10  10 9

3
g  2
 3.34cm
 3 
1  
 6.82 

Characteristic wave impedance Z TE 
2
f 
1   c 
 f 
c 3 108
fc    4.3GHz
c 6.82 10 2

120  
zTE   417.36
 4.3  10 10  2
1  
 10  1010 
 
4. A circular waveguide with a radius of 4cm is used to propagate an electromagnetic wave
in the TM01 mode. Determine the wave impedance, phase velocity, group velocity of the
waveguide for the wavelength of 8cm.
Given Data:
Radius = 4cm
m=0, n= 1
λ = 8cm
Solution:
 c
Phase Velocity V ( p) 
2
 
1   o 
 c 
2
 
Group velocity V ( g )  c 1   o 
 c 
 
Wave impedance Z for TM mode  Z 0  o 
 g 
 
o
Guide Wavelength  g 
2
f 
1   c 
 f 
2r
Where c   10.44cm ( pnm  p10  2.405 )
Pnm
8 8
g    12.45cm
2 2
   8 
1    1  

 c  10 .44 
 8 
Z  377   242.24
 12.45 
c 3  108
V ( p)    4.66  108 m / s
2 2
   8 
1   o  1   
 c   10.44 
2 2
   8 
V ( g )  c 1   o   3 108 1     1.92 108 m / s
 c   10.44 

5. A rectangular waveguide with a width of 4 cm and height of 2 cm is used to propagate an

electromagnetic wave in the TE10 mode. Determine the wave impedance, phase velocity,
group velocity of the waveguide for the wavelength of 6 cm.
Given Data:
a= 4 cm TE10 mode
b= 2cm 0  6cm
Solution:

wave impedance: Z TE 
2
 o 
1   
 c 

Cut-off wavelength for rectangular wave guide is given by:

2ab 2 4 2
c   2
 8cm
m b n a
2 2 2 2
1(2) 2  0(4)
 377
Z TE   570
2
6 
1  
8 
 
Phase velocity:
c 3  108
V ( p)    4.54  108 m / s
2 2
  6
1   o  1  
 c  8
Group velocity:
2 2
  6 
V ( g )  c 1   o   3 108 1     1.98 108 m / s
 c  8
6. An air-filled rectangular waveguide has a cross section of 8  4 cm. Find the cut-off
frequency for the following modes TE10, TE20, TE11 and the rates of the guide velocity Vp
to the velocity in free space for each of these modes. f c  ( 2 ) f
3
Given:
a= 8 cm, b= 4 cm and f c  ( 2 ) f
3
Solution:
1
c  m   n  
2 2 2

Cut off frequency f c       

2  a   b  
1
 2
 
2 2
fc for TE10  3  10   
8
1 0
     1.875GHz
2  8  10 2   4  10 2
 


1
 2
 
2 2
fc for TE20  3  10   
8
2 0
     3.750GHz
2  8  10 2   4  10 2
 


1
 1  2  1  2  2
fc for TE11  3 10
8

 2 
 2  
 4.19GHz
2 8  10   4 10  
We know that phase velocity
c
V ( p) 
2
 o 
1   
 c 
 2
fc  (2 ) f  o 
3 c 3
V ( p) 1 1
    1.3362
c 2 2
 o  2 
1    1  
 c  3


