PIA TRAINING CENTRE (PTC) Module 7A – MAINTENANCE PRACTICES

Category– B2

MODULE 7A: MAINTENANCE PRACTICES

Sub Module 7.1 - SAFETY PRECAUTIONS – AIRCRAFT AND WORKSHOP
Sub Module 7.2 - WORKSHOP PRACTICES
Sub Module 7.3 – TOOLS
Sub Module 7.4 – AVIONIC GENERAL TEST EQUIPMENT
Sub Module 7.5 – ENGINEERING DRAWINGS, DIAGRAMS & STANDARDS
Sub Module 7.6 – FITS AND CLEARANCES
Sub Module 7.7 – ELECTRICAL WIRING INTERCONNECTION SYSTEM (EWIS)
Sub Module 7.15 – WELDING, BRAZING, SOLDERING AND BONDING
Sub Module 7.16 – AIRCRAFT WEIGHT AND BALANCE
Sub Module 7.17 – AIRCRAFT HANDLING AND STORAGE
Sub Module 7.18 – DISASSEMBLY, INSPECTION, REPAIR AND ASSEMBLY
Sub Module 7.19 – ABNORMAL EVENTS
Sub Module 7.20 – MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES

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Category– B2 Sub Module 7.1 – Safety Precautions – Aircraft and Workshop

List of Amendments

Sub-Module &
Amendment No. Issue Date: Date Inserted: Inserted By: Date Removed: Removed By:
Pages:

Issue 01, Rev-00 All 31 March 2014

Issue 01, Rev-01 All 30 Nov 2017

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Category– B2 Sub Module 7.1 – Safety Precautions – Aircraft and Workshop

MODULE 7A
Sub Module 7.1

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS – AIRCRAFT AND WORKSHOP

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Contents

INTRODUCTION ........................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

GENERAL SAFETY PRECAUTIONS ....... Error! Bookmark not
defined.
SAFETY WITH ELECTRICITY ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
SAFETY WITH GASES ...............................................................7
SAFETY WITH OXYGEN ............................................................9
SAFETY WITH OIL AND CHEMICALS .....................................14
SAFETY WITH FIRE .................................................................21
PRINCIPLES OF EXTINGUISHING FIRES ..............................27
INSTRUCTIONS INCASE OF FIRE ..........................................33

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INTRODUCTION
Most accidents are, in the main, caused by human carelessness
and accidents in the work place are among the main causes of
death and disability.
They are, additionally, the cause of a great loss of man-hours
and, thus, cost companies (and individuals) large amounts of
money.
All personnel should be aware, not only of the potential for
accidents and injury, wherever they work, but also of the
legislation and information that is available in an attempt to
prevent accidents actually happening.
While it is incumbent upon companies, to ensure that all
personnel receive adequate training in Health and Safety
matters, this Module contains a reminder of some of the general
safety precautions which are necessary, when working in the
aerospace industry.
The Module continues with further topics, which are concerned
with the practices recommended for the safe and efficient
maintenance of aircraft and aerospace components.
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Module 7A– MAINTENANCE PRACTICES
Sub Module 7.1 – Safety Precautions – Aircraft and Workshop
GENERAL SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
Aircraft, by their very nature and design, make for a dangerous
working environment. The danger is further increased by the
wide variety of machines, tools and materials required to
support and maintain aircraft.
 Technicians should only operate equipment with which
they are familiar and can operate safely.
 Hand tools should be kept in proper working order.
 Technicians should know the location of the first aid box
and emergency equipment.
 Good housekeeping in hangars, shops, and on the flight
line is essential to safe and efficient maintenance. The
highest standards of orderly work arrangements and
cleanliness should be observed while maintaining an
aircraft. When a maintenance task is complete, the
technician should remove and properly store
maintenance stands, hoses, electrical cords, hoists,
crates, boxes, and anything else used to perform the
work.
 Pedestrian lanes and fire lanes should be marked and
used as a safety measure to prevent accidents and to
keep pedestrian traffic out of work areas.
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 Power cords and air hoses should be straightened,
coiled, and properly stored when not in use.
 Oil, grease, and other substances spilled on hangar or
shop floors should be immediately cleaned or covered
with an absorbent material to prevent fire or personal
injury.
It is very important, that all personnel know the location of the
fixed points where firefighting equipment and First Aid treatment
are available. They must also be aware of the types of
emergency that can occur in the workplace (whether in the
workshop, hangar or on the ramp), and of the procedures to be
followed in any emergency.

 Under no circumstances should oil or cleaning fluid be

emptied into floor drains. Fumes from this type of
disposal may ignite and cause severe property damage.

 Gasoline spills on the hangar floor should be flushed

away with water. Sweeping these fuel spills with a dry
broom could cause static electricity that might ignite the
fuel.

 Aircraft finishes should be applied in a controlled

environment (paint room) whenever possible. A
technician should never do this type of work near an
open flame or in the presence of lights that are not
explosion proof. No other work should be done on an
aircraft while it is being painted.

 Never use unstable piles of boxes, inadequate

scaffolding, or un-secured ladders for working at heights.
Always use designated ladders, work stands,
maintenance steps that are equipped with appropriate
handholds, handrails and safety railing.

 Always walk and never run, and never hurry when

engaged in hazardous work.

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SAFETY WITH ELECTRICITY
The human body conducts electricity. Furthermore, electrical
current, passing through the body, disrupts the nervous system
and causes burns at the entry and exit points. The current, used
in domestic 220-240 volt, 50Hz ac electricity, is particularly
dangerous because it affects nerves in such a way that a
person, holding a current-carrying conductor, is unable to
release it. Table 1 shows some typical harmful values and
effects of both ac and dc electricity supplies.
Since water also conducts electricity, great care must be taken
to avoid handling electrical equipment of all kinds when
standing on a wet surface or when wearing wet shoes. The
water provides a path to earth and heightens the possibility of
electric shock. To ensure that equipment is safe, the minimum
requirement is through the use of three-core cable (which
includes an earth lead) and, possibly, a safety cut-out device.
In conjunction, more often than not, with ignorance or
carelessness, electrical hazards generally arise due to one or
more of the following factors:
 Inadequate or non-existent earthing
 Worn or damaged wiring, insulation, plugs, sockets and
other installations
 Bad wiring systems and the misuse of good systems
 Incorrect use of fuses
 Inadequate inspection and maintenance of power tools
and equipment
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All electrical equipment must be regularly checked and tested
for correct operation and electrical safety. To show that this has
been done, a dated label should be attached, showing when the
equipment was last tested and when the next inspection is due.
Any new item of equipment must have a test label attached.
The presence of a test label does not, however, absolve the
user from checking the equipment for any external signs of
damage, such as a frayed power cord (or missing safety
devices) before use.
In the event of a person witnessing another person receiving an
electric shock, the basic actions, to be followed by the witness,
are:
 Shout for help and ensure there is no danger of also
becoming a victim
 Switch off the electrical current or remove the victim from
the supply by means of insulated material
 If the victim has ceased breathing, initiate resuscitation
 Call for professional medical help
 If the victim is suffering from burns, exclude air from
wounds
 Treat for shock by keeping the victim warm
The approved methods of artificial resuscitation must, by law,
be displayed on wall charts in workplaces.
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Workshop electrical supply

Voltage/Current Possible Outcome
Every shop in which aircraft maintenance is performed depends
50V ac or 100V dc May give rise to dangerous shocks upon electrical power for its operation, and it is the responsibility
of every one that uses electrical power to be aware of the safety
1 mA Harmless tingle procedures associated with its use.

1 – 12 mA Painful, but can be released Single phase supply

12 – 20 mA Very painful, cannot be released Most shop equipment operating on 110/230-volt single-phase
alternating current is connected with a three-conductor cord.
20 – 50 mA Paralysis of respiration
Of the three conductors one wire carries the power and is
> 50 mA Heart stoppage referred to as the 'Live' wire. The second wire is the 'Neutral'
and is connected to the earth ground where the power enters
the building or at the transformer. The third wire is the ‘Earth’
equipment ground and connects the housing of the equipment
to the earth ground.

Single phase wire/connector identification

Live Wire - The live wire is connected to the right-hand

connector of the 'Plug Base'.

Neutral Wire - The neutral wire is connected to the left-hand

connector of the 'Plug Base'

Earth Wire - Earth wire is connected to the larger sized top

center connector of the 'Plug Base'

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The following table is a guide to different wire insulation color Three Phase Supply
combinations available for the above wires.
Three phase power supply may be available in certain
workshop to operate machinery that requires more power than
Insulator Color could be afforded by a single-phase supply or to repair and test
aircraft equipment.3-phase outlet is different in design to the
220V/240V 110V/120V single-phase outlet and will accept only compatible connectors.
Live Red Brown Black Safety issued regarding 3 phase supply is the same as for the
Neutral Black Blue White single-phase supply, the only difference being that a failure in
one phase will result in isolation of power for all phases
Earth Green Green/Yellow Green provided that proper protective equipment (such as 3 phase
circuit breakers) are installed.

110v Single-phase Plug Top

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Path of an electrical circuit

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SAFETY WITH GASES
Aircraft maintenance personnel are required to work with some
form of gas at one time or another. Therefore, a knowledge of
the hazards involved and the safety precautions to be taken
when working with such gases is mandatory.
Here the discussion will be on:
Compressed Air – Compressed air is primarily used as a power
source for maintenance equipment and tools in addition
compressed air is also used for painting, as a pressure source
for carrying out leak checks, for purging of blocked plumbing,
etc.
Oxygen – Oxygen is available in the compressed form as
Industrial Oxygen and Breathing oxygen. Industrial Oxygen is
primarily used for oxy-acetylene welding Breathing Oxygen is
used in the crew emergency oxygen system. On some aircraft,
breathing Oxygen is also used in the passenger emergency
oxygen system.
Nitrogen – Used to inflate aircraft wheel assemblies, pre-charge
accumulators, as a pressure source for testing of certain
equipment and systems and as a propellant.
Other gases – Gases such as Argon, Acetylene, Carbon
Dioxide, etc. have limited application in the aviation industry.
Argon and Acetylene is used in welding, CO2 as a fire
extinguishing agent and as a propellant.
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Compressed gas safety
Compressed gases are frequently used in the maintenance and
servicing of aircraft. Most shop compressed air is held in the
tanks and lines under a pressure of about 100psi. The use of
compressed gases requires a special set of safety measures.
The following rules apply for the use of compressed gases:
 Handle cylinders of compressed gases as you would
high- energy sources and therefore potential explosives.
 Always use safety eye-shields when handling and using
compressed gases.
 If a concentrated stream of compressed air is blown
across a cut in the skin, it is possible for air to enter the
bloodstream and cause severe injury. For this reason,
air-dusting guns are usually equipped with a restrictor
that reduces the pressure at their discharge to 30psi or
less.
 Be very careful when using compressed air that you do
not blow dirt or chips into the face of anyone standing
near by
 Do not use compressed air to clean hands or clothing as
pressure can force debris into the flesh leading to
infection.
 Never use a cylinder that cannot be positively identified
of its contents.
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 When storing or moving a cylinder, have the cap
securely in place to protect the valve stem.
 When large cylinders are moved, strap them to a
properly designed wheeled cart to ensure stability.
 Use the appropriate regulator on each gas cylinder.
Adapters or homemade modifications can be dangerous.
 Do not use compressed gas or compressed air to blow
away dust or dirt, since the resultant flying particles are
dangerous.
 Release compressed gas slowly; the rapid release of a
compressed gas will cause an unsecured gas hose to
whip dangerously and also may build up a static charge,
which could ignite a combustible gas.
 Inspect air hoses regularly for breaks and worn spots
and replace unsafe hoses immediately.
 All connections should be kept in a “no leak condition”
 Inline oilers, if installed, should be maintained in
operating conditions.
 The system should have water sumps/traps installed
and these should be drained regularly.
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 Air hoses should be straightened, coiled, and properly
stowed when not in use.
Moving cylinders
The majority of accidents involving gas cylinders occur while
moving them from one location to another. The following control
measures should be used to reduce the potential for an
accident:
 The use of purpose-built trolleys or other suitable
devices for gas cylinder transportation.
 Securing the gas cylinder’s valve, disconnecting and
removing associated distribution equipment.
 Shutting the cylinder’s valve, disconnecting and
removing associated distribution equipment.
 A requirement that only properly trained personnel are
permitted to move cylinders.
 Use properly designed lifting equipment for the
movement of larger gas cylinders.
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SAFETY WITH OXYGEN

Oxygen is a colorless, tasteless, and odorless gas. Gaseous

oxygen is chemically stable and is non-flammable; however,
combustible materials ignite more rapidly and burn with greater
intensity in Oxygen-rich atmosphere. In addition, oxygen
combines with oil, grease, or bituminous material to form a
highly explosive mixture, which is sensitive to impact.

Physical damage to, or failure of, Oxygen containers, valves, or

plumbing can result in explosive rupture, with danger to life and
property. It is imperative that the highest standard of
housekeeping is observed in handling oxygen and that only
authorized persons are permitted to service aircraft.

In addition to aggravating the fire hazard, liquid oxygen will

cause severe “burns” (frostbite) if it comes in contact with the
skin because of its low temperature. (Oxygen boils at -297° F.)

Oxygen is often found in aviation maintenance shops stored in

Fig. A – Compressed Gas Bottle with safety Cap fitted
steel cylinders under a pressure of around 2,000psi. These
cylinders have brass valves screwed into them, and if a cylinder
should be knocked over and the valve knocked off, the escaping
high-pressure gas will propel the tank like a rocket. Be sure that
all gas cylinders are properly supported, and that the cap is
screwed securely on any tank that is not connected into a
system to protect the valve from damage.

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Oxygen must never be allowed to come in contact with
petroleum products such as oil or grease as oxygen will cause
the oil to ignite spontaneously and burn. Never use an oily rigor
tools that are oily or greasy to install a fitting or a regulator on
an oxygen cylinder.
Only oxygen marked "Aviators Breathing Oxygen" which meets
Federal Specification BB-O-925a.Grade A or equivalent may be
used in aircraft breathing oxygen systems.
Before servicing any aircraft, consult the specific aircraft
maintenance manual to determine the proper type of servicing
equipment to be used.
Two persons are required to service an aircraft with gaseous
oxygen. One man should be stationed at the control valves of
the servicing equipment and one man stationed where he can
observe the pressure in the aircraft system. Communication
between the two men is required in case of an emergency.
Aircraft should not be serviced with oxygen during refueling, de-
fueling, or other maintenance work, which could provide a
source of ignition. Oxygen servicing of aircraft should be
accomplished outside hangars.
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Nitrogen and other gases
Nitrogen is a colorless, tasteless, odorless gas that is widely
used in the aviation industry as a compressed gas for pre-
charging all types of accumulators, pneumatic reservoirs of
standby systems and most importantly for inflating aircraft tires.
Nitrogen is also used to pre-charge the potable water tank in
aircraft equipped with potable water system in case of normal
pressure supply failure.
Nitrogen is usually supplied in compressed gaseous form in
steel cylinders pressurized up to 2500psi. Nitrogen is also
supplied as liquid Nitrogen in cryogenic cylinders that is to be
installed in special Nitrogen carts that convert liquid Nitrogen to
gaseous form for supply.
Nitrogen is used in place of compressed air mainly due to two
reasons.
a. Nitrogen is much cleaner than compressed air drawn
from pneumatic system or a cart as it does not contain
moisture or lubricants such as oil.
b. Nitrogen is benign to most materials and reduces the fire
hazard especially at elevated temperatures. This is the
main reason why Nitrogen is used for charging aircraft
tires.
An important hazard associated with Nitrogen is that it tends to
displace Oxygen (in an enclosed area) resulting in asphyxiation.
It also causes frostbites if it comes in contact with the skin.
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Carbon Dioxide, Argon, Acetylene are some of the other gases
that have various application in the aviation industry.
Carbon Dioxide is supplied in compressed form stored in steel
or aluminum cylinders and is used for inflating passenger life
jackets and Slide/Rafts.
Argon is used as the blanket medium in Tungsten Inert Gas
(TIG) Welding. Argon is used for this purpose as it is an inert
gas and does not react with any substance even at such high
temperatures.
Nitrogen and Argon are not toxic to humans but may displace
air if released in large quantities in to a poorly ventilated
enclosure.
Acetylene gas is a flammable, colorless gas that has a
distinctive, disagreeable odor, readily detectable even when
heavily diluted with air. Acetylene is used as the fuel that is
combined with Oxygen in oxyacetylene welding. Acetylene is
stable under low pressures and normal temperatures but
becomes dangerously unstable when compressed to a pressure
greater than 15psi. Acetylene is therefore supplied in cylinders
containing asbestos and charcoal that is saturated with acetone.
Since acetone is capable of absorbing approximately 25 times
its own volume of Acetylene gas, this mixture can be
pressurized up to 250psi.
When working with acetylene gas, take necessary precaution as
with a highly combustible gas and also ensure proper ventilation
to prevent displacement of air in an enclosure.
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Material safety data sheets
A material safety data sheet (MSDS) is a document provided by
the material manufacturer or subsequent material processor
that contains information related to the material hazard and
includes safe handling and disposal procedures.
The format of these sheets must be consistent with the
requirements of the Hazard Communications Standard. MSDSs
should be provided by the manufacturer for each hazardous
material supplied by them.
The Material Safety Data Sheet is the primary source of
information about hazardous chemicals used in your work site.
Your employer is required to have an MSDS for every
hazardous chemical used or stored at your work site, and to
make it available for review on request.
Material Safety Data Sheets repeat the hazard information
required on a product's label, however, MSDSs are also
required to specify other information such as emergency and
clean-up procedures, chemical names, and a phone number for
the manufacturer or importer.
The arrangement of information on the MSDSs may vary from
manufacturer to manufacturer, but all MSDS' must contain the
eight basic elements described on the following screens.
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Material safety data sheet data
A Material Safety Data Sheet is divided into nine (9) sections.
Section I – Product Identification: Section I lists information
used by the manufacturer to identify the following:
 Manufacturer’s name, address, contact number and
Emergency contact number
 Chemical name, Trade name, Chemical family, formula
Section II – Hazardous Ingredients: Section II describes the
various hazardous ingredients contained in the product that are
more than 1 percent (1%) of the total, their percentages, and
exposure limits.
Section III – Physical Data: Section III includes such important
physical properties as follows; Boiling point, Specific gravity,
Vapor pressure, Percent volatile, Vapor density, Evaporation
rate, Solubility in water, Appearance and odor.
Section IV – Fire and Explosive Data: Section IV describes the
nature of the fire and explosion hazard data. Based upon the
flash point and other fire and explosive data, the appropriate
extinguishing agent for fires involving each material is listed.
Section V – Reactivity Data: Section V describes the ability of
the material to react and release energy or heat under specific
conditions.
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Section VI - Health Hazard Information: Known health hazards
for the material are described in this section. Information is also
available to assist the user and the medical personnel to identify
overexposure and if so, the material involved, active ingredient
and known antidote. Emergency and First Aid procedures for
ingestion, skin contact, and eye contact.
Section VII – Spill Leak and Disposal Procedures: Section VII
lists the procedures, in a general sense, that are to be followed
in case of an accidental spill or release. The procedure normally
includes information regarding containment, evacuation
procedures, and disposal.
Section VIII – Special Protection: The required special safety
equipment when using the material is included in Section VIII.
The need for such equipment is dependent upon the exposure
incurred when using the material and the duration of use.
Section IX – Special Precautions: Special handling and storage
information are listed in the section IX.
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SAFETY WITH OIL AND CHEMICALS
The aviation maintenance technician frequently must work in
potentially dangerous environments. In many cases, particularly
when dealing with hazardous materials, the technician may not
easily recognize those hazards. Some of these dangerous
environments may be caused directly by the materials with
which the aviation maintenance technician must work. In
addition, exposures may be caused by other activities occurring
in the area that are not directly related to the technician's
activities.
Hazardous materials are typically grouped into three categories:
 Chemical agents
 Physical hazards
 Biological hazards
Chemical agents
A wide variety of oils and chemicals are used in the aviation
industry. Oils are mainly used as lubricants and hydraulic fluids.
Chemicals refer to myriad of categories from detergents to
sealants. Almost every process in aviation maintenance has
some involvement with at least one chemical. Therefore, it is
impossible to give detailed safety practices associated with their
use. Always refer the appropriate manuals (especially chemical
manufacturers’ manuals) for correct method of use and
necessary precautions to take.
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Chemicals are categorized into four classes based on their
properties.
1. Flammable
2. Corrosive
3. Toxic
4. Reactive
Flammable and reactive chemicals become hazardous primarily
after some outside event, condition, or substance interacts with
them. For example, the necessary components for a fire to
occur are fuel, oxygen, and heat. In that relationship,
flammables are the fuel, and heat and oxygen are the outside
agents. Reactive material when combined with certain other
materials, are capable of generating heat and/or gases, causing
an explosion.
Corrosives and toxins on the other hand, act directly on the
human body when exposure occurs. Exposing the skin, eyes,
and other mucous membranes (such as the nose) to these
elements can cause varying degrees of harm. Toxic agents
cause poisoning. Aviation maintenance technicians should be
particularly concerned when using toxic agents, because the
ultimate effects of toxic poisoning are frequently delayed. It may
take weeks, months, or even years for the poisoning to become
apparent; because the toxic materials are capable of using the
bloodstream to move through the body, the cause-and-effect
relationship may not be easily recognized.
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Flammables (and combustibles)
Flammables are materials that may easily ignite in the presence
of a catalyst such as heat, sparks, or flame. They may be in any
of the three physical forms: solid, liquid, or gas. Combustible
liquids are very similar to flammable liquids, but they are not as
easy to ignite.
Frequently found flammable or combustible materials in the
aviation industry include fuels, paint-related products, alcohols,
acetone, toluene, and some metal filings.
 Store flammable toxins and corrosive toxic materials
separately. The corrosive gases could attack the
flammable containers, eventually leading to a leak of
flammable materials.
Typical emergency procedures
 Turn off electrical equipment or any other potential
source of sparks.
 Attempt to close shutoff valve(s).

Generally recommended personal safety equipment  Remove container(s) from the area.

 Fire-retardant clothing  For large spills, leave the area immediately and notify
your supervisor.
 Fire extinguisher
 In case of direct contact with skin or eyes, rinse
Handling and Storage immediately with water.

 Limit access to open flames, sparks, hot surfaces, etc.  If toxic substances are inhaled, go to a fresh-air area.

 Note: Static electricity may produce sparks. To avoid  If contact is made through clothing, remove wet clothing
sparks, containers should be grounded. and store it in a proper container.

 Limit quantities to the minimum needed to accomplish  Do not attempt to remove the substance with
the desired task. compressed air.

 Store the materials in approved containers only and in

designated areas only

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Corrosives
Corrosive materials are materials that can react with metallic
surfaces and/or cause bumming of the skin.
Frequently found corrosives in the aviation industry include
acids and bases, such as battery acids and metal cleaning
solutions. Strong acids are most normally found in a liquid form,
whereas bases tend to come in powdered form.
Generally recommended personal safety equipment
 Gloves, aprons, respirator, face shield or goggles, and,
sometimes, protective footwear.
Handling and Storage
 Containers must be corrosive resistant.
 Eye (goggles and/or faces shields) and skin protection
(such as gloves) should always be worn.
 Never add water to acid.
 Acids and bases should be stored separately.
 Eye washes and showers should be easily accessible to
the work area.
 Flammable toxins and corrosive toxic materials should
be stored separately. The corrosive gases could attack
the flammable containers, eventually leading to a leak of
flammable materials.
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Typical emergency procedures
 Remove any corrosives that have come in contact with
your skin or eyes by rinsing with fresh water
(approximately 15 minutes).
 Remove any contaminated clothing-
 Go to an area with fresh air.
 Ventilate the area.
 Check safety equipment before attempting to stop the
flow of spillage by creating a darn.
If swallowed, DO NOT INDUCES VOMITING. Drink large
amounts of water. Seek medical attention immediately.
Toxins
Toxins are generally defined as any substance that can cause
an illness or injury. The effects of toxins may appear all at once,
(called acute effects) or may build up over time with additional
exposure (chronic effects). Some toxins may dissipate over time
when further exposure is eliminated, while others remain in a
human's system, even after death.
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Frequently found toxins in the aviation industry may be grouped Generally recommended personal safety equipment
into eight categories.
 Gloves, aprons, respirator, face shield or goggles, and,
1 Solvents and thinners, paints, ketones, and adhesives. sometimes, protective footwear are recommended.

2 Solids such as metal dust or asbestos.

 Be sure to use the environmental control systems that
3 Machine lubricants, cutting fluids, and oils. may already be in place, such as ventilation fans and
filters.
4 Gases such as carbon dioxide or nitrogen
Handling and Storage
5 Polymers, epoxies, and plastics. Although not normally
toxic  Minimize the release of toxic agents into the
6 in their final form, these materials possess toxic environment by capping all containers and storing them
properties during the fabrication process. in properly ventilated areas. When toxins are used in

7 Sensitizers, such as epoxy systems. Such materials open containers, such as dip tanks and trays, their
react with and may destroy portions of the body's surface areas should be kept to a minimum in order to
immune system. The effects of sensitizers may be reduce the rate of evaporation into the surrounding
cumulative, so minimal levels of exposure are environment.
recommended.
 Flammable toxins and corrosive toxic materials should
8 Carcinogens. Carcinogens may cause changes in the be stored separately. The corrosive gases could attack
genetic makeup of a human cell, resulting in cancer. the flammable containers, eventually leading to a leak of
flammable materials.
9 Reproductive hazards, such as carcinogens. These
hazards are rare in the aviation industry. Such materials
may either interfere with the reproductive process or
affect the developing process of the fetus.

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Typical emergency procedures
 If there is any doubt in your mind regarding the degree
of toxicity of the substance spilled, LEAVE THE AREA
IMMEDIATELY AND NOTIFY YOUR SUPERVISOR.
 Generally speaking, if the spillage is less than 1 gal, it
may be cleaned up by wiping it up with absorbent
materials.
Reactive agents
Reactive agents are those materials that react violently with
other materials (not necessarily solids). The reactions that may
take place range from violent explosions to the emission of heat
and/or gases.
The following reactive agents are frequently found in the
aviation industry:
Oxidizers, which add oxygen to situations where high
levels of heat and burning are present
a) Peroxides
b) Perchloric acid and chromic acid
c) Halogens, such as bromine and iodine
Water-reactive materials, such as lithium, react with
water and form hydrogen gases, which are very
explosive.
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Examples of incompatible reactive materials include
 Cyanides (frequently used in plating) and acids;
 Chloride bleach and ammonia (this combination forms
high toxic chlorine gas).
Generally recommended personal safety equipment
 Gloves, aprons, respirator, and face shield or goggles
are suggested.
 Be sure to use the environmental-control systems.
Handling and Storage
 Store reactive materials in a location separate from other
materials. Always review the MSDS (material safety data
sheet) for incompatible materials.
 Many reactive agents are both toxic and corrosive.
Typical emergency procedures
 Shut down electrical equipment whenever possible. If
there is any doubt in your mind regarding the degree of
reactivity and toxicity of the substances involved,
LEAVE THE AREA IMMEDIATELY AND NOTIFY YOUR
SUPERVISOR.
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Safety practices – chemical agents
Safety practices that are of general nature associated with the
use of oils and chemicals are given below.
 Identify the correct oil/chemical to be used. Improper
and Incorrect use may result in injury or damage as
certain chemicals when mixed together form highly
combustible explosive mixtures.
 Follow manufacturer’s instructions printed on the
container or leaflets accompanying the material.
 Check for conditions for use as some chemicals may be
forbidden from use unless certain conditions are met
(E.g. proper ventilation, temperature etc.).
 Use protective equipment such as gloves, goggles,
masks, etc. Avoid contact at all costs with material such
as sealants and lubrication compounds that are used in
the aviation industry as most of them are identified
carcinogens, which means exposure to such material
(inhalation, skin contact) can significantly increase the
chance of developing malignant cancers.
 After use make sure by-products and any leftover
material is disposed according to guidelines set by
manufacturer or local authority.
 Most of the oils and chemicals used in aviation are
considered to be combustible especially in the presence
of Oxygen. Therefore, special consideration should be
paid to working practices associated with such chemicals.
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 Always try to keep working area free from spills and
clean up as soon as possible if spills do occur. Also try
to keep the lids and caps closed of containers that hold
such chemicals at all times except when in use.
 If any combustible material is to be used then avoid
taking large quantities to the work area, this can reduce
the risk involved by trying to maintain a manageable
situation even if something does go wrong.
In an emergency – oil and chemicals
In case of a fire with oil or chemicals involved the type of
chemical involved will be a factor of how intense or how fast the
fire may spread and how much danger it may pose to the
personnel and property.
Most chemicals are likely to give off toxic fumes at elevated
temperatures, therefore it is most advisable to vacate and
isolate the area and let emergency services handle the
situation. Only try to extinguish such fires if personally not at risk
to do so and the fire is contained in a small area.
If material that can react violently (explode) are present: vacate
the area immediately and move to a location remote enough to
be considered safe, or to pre-designated assembly areas to be
used in case of such an emergency. Once assembled, a person
in charge or designated person should perform a ‘roll-call’ to
ensure all personnel have evacuated the area and that no one
is missing. If possible cut off supply of all other types of fluids
and de- energize the electrical system in the area of
emergency.
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Physical hazards
Physical hazards are those that are usually caused by the use
of some type of equipment not directly controllable by the
technician. Typically, this type of hazard is generated by the
operation of equipment that can be detected by the human
senses.
However, many physical hazards that fall into this classification
are not detectable by the human senses. These hazards include
X rays, microwaves, beta or gamma rays, invisible laser beams,
and high-frequency (ultrasonic) sound waves.
Compressed liquids and gases, such as welding oxygen and
acetylene, aviator's breathing oxygen, nitrogen, and hydraulic
accumulators, present another physical hazard to the aviation
maintenance technician. Although some of these substances by
themselves present hazards as chemical agents, placing them
under pressure may create another unique hazard.
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According to labor rules it is required that areas where such
exposure exists be clearly marked and that individuals exposed
to these hazards be provided with the proper safety equipment.
In many cases this is easily accomplished, but in the aerospace
industry particular concern should be paid to portable
equipment that generates these hazards. Such equipment
results in the potential for hazards to exist in areas where
exposure is not usually a concern. X ray of aircraft structural
parts is an example of such a situation.
The aviation maintenance technician should remain conscious
that potentially hazardous equipment is portable and remain
vigilant for possible exposure in the work area.
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SAFETY WITH FIRE
Fire is one of humanity’s greatest discoveries. For all its many
advantages, however, fire is capable of producing disaster in a
matter of seconds. Fires continue to take their toll even though
know how exists to prevent and retard fires.
The ‘fire triangle’
Fire results from the chemical reaction that occurs when oxygen
combines rapidly with fuel to produce heat, (and light). Three
essentials of this process form the ‘Fire Triangle’.
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As can be seen, a fire requires three components to burn, and
the removal of any one of these components will extinguish the
fire. The requirements of the three components, forming the
‘Fire Triangle’, are:
 Fuel: a combustible material, which may be a solid, liquid or
gas
 Oxygen: in sufficient volume to support the process of
combustion
 Heat: of sufficient intensity to raise the temperature of the
fuel to its ignition (or kindling) point.
Classes of Fire
Selection of Fire Extinguishers
There are a number of types of portable fire extinguishers. Each
type of extinguisher may be rated for one or more classes of
fire. In some cases, particular extinguishers are not only
considered ineffective against certain classes of fire, they can
be dangerous if used in those circumstances. The classes of
fire are:
Class A Ordinary Combustibles
Class B Flammable and combustible liquids
Class C Flammable gases
Class D Combustible metals
Class E electrically energized equipment
Class F Cooking oils and fats
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Portable fire extinguishers are distinguishable by their labels

and their coloring. In 1999 the standard colors of some portable
fire extinguishers were changed. It is therefore likely that you
may encounter two of the same type of extinguisher with
different colorings.

Spontaneous ignition

Aviation technicians need to be particularly aware of

spontaneous ignition caused by the lubricants and solvents that
are used in maintaining aircraft. Certain materials, such as rags
soaked with oil or solvents, are capable of generating sufficient
heat to cause combustion. These rags should be disposed of in
airtight cans.

1. Ordinary combustibles

"Ordinary combustible" fires are the most common type of fire,

and are designated Class A under both systems. These occur
when a solid, organic material such as wood, cloth, rubber, or
some plastics [1] become heated to their flash point and ignite.
At this point the material undergoes combustion and will
continue burning as long as the four components of the fire
tetrahedron (heat, fuel, oxygen, and the sustaining chemical
reaction) are available.

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This class of fire is commonly used in controlled circumstances,
such as a campfire, match or wood-burning stove. To use the
campfire as an example, it has a fire tetrahedron - the heat is
provided by another fire (such as a match or lighter), the fuel is
the wood, the oxygen is naturally available in the open-air
environment of a forest, and the chemical reaction links the
three other facets. This fire is not dangerous, because the fire is
contained to the wood alone and is usually isolated from other
flammable materials, for example by bare ground and rocks.
However, when a class-A fire burns in a less-restricted
environment the fire can quickly grow out of control and become
a wildfire. This is the case when firefighting and fire control
techniques are required.
This class of fire is fairly simple to fight and contain - by simply
removing the heat, oxygen, or fuel, or by suppressing the
underlying chemical reaction, the fire tetrahedron collapses and
the fire dies out. The most common way to do this is by
removing heat by spraying the burning material with water;
oxygen can be removed by smothering the fire with foam from a
fire; forest fires are often fought by removing fuel by back
burning; and an ammonium phosphate dry chemical powder fire
extinguisher (but not sodium bicarbonate or potassium
bicarbonate both of which are rated for B-class (fires) breaks
the fire's underlying chemical reaction.
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As these fires are the most commonly encountered, most fire
departments have equipment to handle them specifically. While
this is acceptable for most ordinary conditions, most firefighters
find themselves having to call for special equipment such as
foam in the case of other fires.
2. FLAMMABLE LIQUID AND GAS
A CO2 fire extinguisher rated for flammable liquids and gasses
Flammable or combustible liquid or gaseous fuels. The US
system designates all such fires "Class B". In the
European/Australian system, flammable liquids are designated
"Class B", while burning gases are separately designated
"Class C". These fires follow the same basic fire tetrahedron
(heat, fuel, oxygen, chemical reaction) as ordinary combustible
fires, except that the fuel in question is a flammable liquid such
as gasoline, or gas such as natural gas. A solid stream of water
should never be used to extinguish this type because it can
cause the fuel to scatter, spreading the flames. The most
effective way to extinguish a liquid or gas fueled fire is by
inhibiting the chemical chain reaction of the fire, which is done
by dry chemical and Halon extinguishing agents, although
smothering with CO2 or, for liquids, foam is also effective. Some
newer clean agents designed to replace Halon work by cooling
the liquid below its flash point, but these have limited class B
effectiveness.
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3. ELECTRICAL
Electrical fires are fires involving potentially energized electrical
equipment. The US system designates these "Class C"; the
European/Australian system designates them "Class E". This
sort of fire may be caused by, for example, short-circuiting
machinery or overloaded electrical cables. These fires can be a
severe hazard to firefighters using water or other conductive
agents: Electricity may be conducted from the fire, through
water, the firefighter's body, and then earth. Electrical shocks
have caused many firefighter deaths.
Electrical fire may be fought in the same way as an ordinary
combustible fire, but water, foam, and other conductive agents
are not to be used. While the fire is, or could possibly be
electrically energized, it can be fought with any extinguishing
agent rated for electrical fire. Carbon dioxide CO2, Halo and dry
chemical powder extinguishers such as PKP and even baking
soda are especially suited to extinguishing this sort of fire. Once
electricity is shut off to the equipment involved, it will generally
become an ordinary combustible fire.
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4. METAL
Certain metals are flammable or combustible. Fires involving
such are designated "Class D" in both systems. Examples of
such metals include sodium, titanium, magnesium, potassium,
steel, uranium, lithium, plutonium, and calcium. Magnesium and
titanium fires are common, and 2006-7 saw the recall of laptop
computer models containing lithium batteries susceptible to
spontaneous ignition. When one of these combustible metals
ignites, it can easily and rapidly spread to surrounding ordinary
combustible materials.
With the exception of the metals that burn in contact with air or
water (for example, sodium), masses of combustible metals do
not represent unusual fire risks because they have the ability to
conduct heat away from hot spots so efficiently that the heat of
combustion cannot be maintained - this means that it will
require a lot of heat to ignite a mass of combustible metal.
Generally, metal fire risks exist when sawdust, machine
shavings and other metal 'fines' are present. Generally, these
fires can be ignited by the same types of ignition sources that
would start other common fires.
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Water and other common firefighting materials can excite metal
fires and make them worse. The NFPA recommends that metal
fires be fought with 'dry powder' extinguishing agents. Dry
Powder agents work by smothering and heat absorption. The
most common of these agents are sodium chloride granules
and graphite powder. In recent years powdered copper has also
come into use.
Some extinguishers are labeled as containing dry chemical
extinguishing agents. This may be confused with dry powder.
The two are not the same. Using one of these extinguishers in
error, in place of dry powder, can be ineffective or actually
increase the intensity of a metal fire.
Metal fires represent a unique hazard because people are often
not aware of the characteristics of these fires and are not
properly prepared to fight them. Therefore, even a small metal
fire can spread and become a larger fire in the surrounding
ordinary combustible materials.
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5. Cooking oil
Laboratory simulation of a chip pan fire: a beaker containing
wax is heated until it catches fire. A small amount of water is
then poured into the beaker. The water sinks to the bottom and
vaporizes instantly, ejecting a plume of burning liquid wax into
the air.
Fires that involve cooking oils or fats are designated "Class K"
under the US system, and "Class F" under the
European/Australasian systems. Though such fires are
technically a subclass of the flammable liquid/gas class, the
special characteristics of these types of fires are considered
important enough to recognize separately. Saponification can
be used to extinguish such fires. Appropriate fire extinguishers
may also have hoods over them that help extinguish the fire.
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Fire Extinguisher

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PRINCIPLES OF EXTINGUISHING FIRES
Depending on the nature of a class of fire the best method for
suppression may be one of the following:
a. Cooling the fuel below its kindling point
b. Excluding the Oxygen supply
c. Separating the fuel from the Oxygen
These methods have led to the development of different types
of extinguishers for different types of fires.
Fire extinguishing agents
Class ‘A’ Agents – Class ‘A’ fire extinguishers are water or
water-type extinguishers as they are the most suited for
suppressing class A fires. These extinguishers cool the fuel
below combustion temperatures, which is the most effective
method in containing class A fires. Class B and C extinguishers
are effective but not equal to the wetting/cooling action of the
Class A extinguisher.
Class ‘B’ Agents – Class ‘B’ fires respond to carbon dioxide
(CO2), Halogenated hydrocarbons (halons), and dry chemicals,
all of which displace the oxygen in the air, thereby making
combustion impossible. Foam is effective, especially when used
in large quantities. Water is ineffective on Class B fires and in
fact will cause the fire to spread.
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Class ‘C’ Agents – Class ‘C’ fires are fires involving electrical
wiring and equipment, responds best to carbon dioxide
(CO2).CO2displaces the oxygen in the atmosphere, making
combustion impossible.
The CO2 extinguisher must be equipped with a nonmetallic horn
to be approved for use on electrical fires. Two reasons for this
requirement must be considered:
 The discharge of CO2through a metal horn can generate
static electricity. The static discharge could re-ignite the
fire.
 The metal horn, if in contact with the electric current,
would transmit that current to the extinguisher's
operator.
Halogenated hydrocarbons are very effective on Class C fires.
The vapor reacts chemically with the flame to extinguish the fire.
Dry chemicals are effective but have the disadvantage of
contaminating the local area with powder. Also, if used on wet
and energized electrical equipment, they may aggravate current
leakage. Water or foam are not acceptable agents for use on
electrical equipment, as they also may aggravate current
leakage.
Class ‘D’ Agents – Class ‘D’ fires respond to the application of
dry powder, which prevents oxidation and the resulting flame.
The application may be from an extinguisher, a scoop, or a
shovel.
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Special techniques are needed in combating fires involving
metal. Manufacturers' recommendations should be followed at
all times. Areas, which could be subjected to metal fires, should
have the proper protective equipment installed. Under no
conditions should a person use water on a metal fire. It will
cause the fire to burn more violently and can cause explosions.
The most common types of extinguishers are:
Water -solid red
Suitable for Class A fires. Not considered effective for Class
Band Class C fires, and dangerous if used for electrically
energized equipment or cooking oils or fats.
Foam -red with blue band or label (previously solid blue)
Suitable for Class A and Class B fires, with limited effectiveness
for Class F fires. Not considered effective for Class C fires, and
dangerous if used for electrically energized equipment.
Powder - red with a white band or label
These extinguishers are rated as either ABE or BE. ABE rated
extinguishers are considered suitable for Class A, Class B, and
Class C and Class E fires. They are not considered effective for
Class F fires. BE rated extinguishers are considered suitable for
Class B, Class C and Class E fires, and may be used with
limited effectiveness on Class F fires. They are considered
effective for Class A fires., or replacement, should be carried
out annually.
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Types of extinguishing agents
Dry chemical
Powder based agent that extinguishes by separating the four
parts of the fire tetrahedron. It prevents the chemical reaction
between heat, fuel and oxygen and halts the production of fire
sustaining "free-radicals", thus extinguishing the fire.
 Ammonium phosphate, also known as "tri-class",
"multipurpose" or "ABC" dry chemical, used on class A,
B, and C fires. It receives its class A rating from the
agent's ability to melt and flow at 177 °C (350 °F) to
smother the fire. More corrosive than other dry chemical
agents. Pale yellow in color.
 Sodium bicarbonate, "regular" or "ordinary" used on
class B and C fires, was the first of the dry chemical
agents developed. It interrupts the fire's chemical
reaction, and was very common in commercial kitchens
before the advent of wet chemical agents. White or blue
in color.
 Potassium bicarbonate , used on class B and C fires.
About two times as effective on class B fires as sodium
bicarbonate, it is the preferred dry chemical agent of the
oil and gas industry. The only dry chemical agent
certified for use in ARFF by the NFPA. Violet in color.
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 Potassium bicarbonate & Urea Complex used on Class
B and C fires. More effective than all other powders due
to its ability to decrepitate (where the powder breaks up
into smaller particles) in the flame zone creating a larger
surface area for free radical inhibition.
 Potassium Chloride, or Super-K dry chemical was
developed in an effort to create a high efficiency,
protein-foam compatible dry chemical. For B and C fires,
white in color.
 Foam-Compatible, which is a sodium bicarbonate (BC)
based dry chemical, was developed for use with protein
foams for fighting class B fires. Most dry chemicals
contain metal stearates to waterproof them, but these
will tend to destroy the foam blanket created by protein
(animal) based foams. Foam compatible type uses
silicone as a waterproofing agent, which does not harm
foam. Effectiveness is identical to regular dry chemical,
and it is light green in color. This agent is generally no
longer used since most modern dry chemicals are
considered compatible with synthetic foams such as
AFFF.
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Foams
Applied to fuel fires as either an aspirated (mixed & expanded
with air in a branch pipe) or non-aspirated form to form a frothy
blanket or seal over the fuel, preventing oxygen reaching it.
Unlike powder, foam can be used to progressively extinguish
fires without flashback.
 AFFF (aqueous film forming foam), used on A and B
fires and for vapor suppression. The most common type
in portable foam extinguishers. It contains fluoro ten
sides which can be accumulated in human body. The
long-term effects of this on the human body and
environment are unclear at this time.
 AR-AFFF (Alcohol-resistant aqueous film forming
foams), used on fuel fires containing alcohol. Forms a
membrane between the fuel and the foam preventing the
alcohol from breaking down the foam blanket.
 FFFP (film forming fluoroprotein) contains naturally
occurring proteins from animal by-products and synthetic
film-forming agents to create a foam blanket that is more
heat resistant than the strictly synthetic AFFF foams.
FFFP works well on alcohol-based liquids and is used
widely in motor sports.
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 CAFS (compressed air foam system) Any extinguisher
that is charged with a foam solution and pressurized with
compressed air. Generally used to extend a water
supply in wild land operations. Used on class A fires and
with very dry foam on class B for vapor suppression.
 Arctic Fire is a liquid fire extinguishing agent that
emulsifies and cools heated materials more quickly than
water or ordinary foam. It is used extensively in the steel
industry. Effective on classes A, B, and D.
 FireAde, a foaming agent that emulsifies burning liquids
and renders them non-flammable. It is able to cool
heated material and surfaces similar to CAFS. Used on
A and B (said to be effective on some class D hazards,
although not recommended due to the fact that fireade
still contains amounts of water which will react with
some metal fires).
Water
Cools burning material.
 APW (Air pressurized water) cools burning material by
absorbing heat from burning material. Effective on Class
A fires, it has the advantage of being inexpensive,
harmless, and relatively easy to clean up. In the United
States, APW units contain 2.5 gallons (9 litres) of water
in a tall, stainless steel cylinder. In Europe, they are
typically mild steel lined with polyethylene, painted red,
containing 6-9 liters (1.75-2.5 gallons) of water.
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 Water Mist uses a fine misting nozzle to break up a
stream of deionized water to the point of not conducting
electricity back to the operator. Class A and C rated. It is
used widely in hospitals for the reason that, unlike other
clean-agent suppressants, it is harmless and non-
contaminant. These extinguishers come in 1.75 and 2.5-
gallon units, painted white in the United States and red
in Europe.
Wet chemical and water additives
 Wet Chemical (potassium acetate, carbonate, or citrate)
extinguishes the fire by forming a soapy foam blanket
over the burning oil and by cooling the oil below its
ignition temperature. Generally, class A and F only,
although newer models are outfitted with misting nozzles
as those used on water mist units to give these
extinguishers class B and C firefighting capability.
 Wetting Agents Detergent based additives used to break
the surface tension of water and improve penetration of
Class A fires.
 Antifreeze Chemicals added to water to lower its
freezing point to about -40 degrees Fahrenheit. Has no
appreciable effect on extinguishing performance.
For Training Purpose Only
Rev. 01
Nov 2017
 PIA TRAINING CENTRE (PTC)
Category– B2
Clean agents and carbon dioxide
Agent displaces oxygen (CO2 or inert gases), removes heat
from the combustion zone (Halotron, FE-36) or inhibits chemical
chain reaction (Halons). They are labeled clean agents because
they do not leave any residue after discharge, which is ideal for
sensitive electronics and documents.
 Halo (including Halo 1211 and Halo 1301), a gaseous
agent that inhibits the chemical reaction of the fire.
Classes B: C for lower weight fire extinguishers (2.3 kg;
under 9 lbs.) and A: B:C for heavier weights (4.1-7.7 kg;
9-17 lbs.). Banned from new production, except for
military use, as its properties contribute to ozone
depletion and long atmospheric lifetime, usually 400
years. Halon 1301 and 1211 are being replaced with
new halocarbon agents which have no ozone depletion
properties and low atmospheric lifetimes, but are less
effective. Currently Halotron I, Halotron II, FE-36 Clean
guard and FM-200 are meant to be replacements with
significantly reduced ozone depletion potential.
 CO2, a clean gaseous agent that displaces oxygen.
Highest rating for 7.7 kg (20 pound) portable CO2
extinguishers is 10 B: C. Not intended for Class A fires,
as the high-pressure cloud of gas can scatter burning
materials. CO2 is not suitable for use on fires containing
their own oxygen source, metals or cooking media.
Although it can be rather successful on a person on fire,
its use should be avoided where possible as it can
cause frostbite and is dangerous to use as it may
displace the oxygen needed for breathing, causing
suffocation.
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Class D
There are several Class D fire extinguisher agents available,
some will handle multiple types of metals, others will not.
 Sodium Chloride contains sodium chloride salt and
thermoplastic additive. Plastic melts to form an oxygen-
excluding crust over the metal, and the salt dissipates
heat. Useful on most alkali metals including sodium and
potassium, and other metals including magnesium,
titanium, aluminum, and zirconium.
 Copper based powder developed by the U.S. Navy in
the 70s for hard-to-control lithium and lithium-alloy fires.
Powder smothers and acts as a heat sink to dissipate
heat, but also forms a copper-lithium alloy on the surface
which is non-combustible and cuts off the oxygen
supply. Will cling to a vertical surface-lithium only.
 Graphite based extinguisher contains dry graphite that
smothers burning metals. First type developed, designed
for magnesium, works on other metals as well. Unlike
sodium chloride powder extinguishers, the graphite
powder fire extinguishers can be used on very hot
burning metal fires such as lithium, but unlike copper
powder extinguishers will not stick to and extinguish
flowing or vertical lithium fires. Like copper
extinguishers, the graphite powder acts as a heat sink
as well as smothering the metal fire.
For Training Purpose Only
Rev. 01
Nov 2017
 PIA TRAINING CENTRE (PTC) Module 7A– MAINTENANCE PRACTICES
Category– B2 Sub Module 7.1 – Safety Precautions – Aircraft and Workshop

 Sodium carbonate based extinguisher used where

stainless-steel piping and equipment could be damaged
by sodium chloride based agents to control sodium,
potassium, and sodium-potassium alloy fires. Limited
use on other metals. Smothers and forms a crust.

 Some water based suppressants may be used on

certain class D fires, such as burning titanium and
magnesium. Examples include the Fire Blockade and
FireAde brands of suppressant. Some metals, such as
elemental Lithium, will react explosively with water,
therefore water-based chemicals should never be used
on such fires due to the possibility of a violent reaction.

Most Class D extinguishers will have a special low velocity

nozzle or discharge wand to gently apply the agent in large
volumes to avoid disrupting any finely divided burning materials.
Agents are also available in bulk and can be applied with a
scoop or shovel.

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 PIA TRAINING CENTRE (PTC)
Category– B2
INSTRUCTIONS INCASE OF FIRE
Action that an individual take in case of an emergency can
make the difference between life and death. Therefore, a
proper training program can avert a disaster as personnel can
take the right decisions and make the right actions to minimize
damages and save lives.
 In case of an emergency that requires the involvement
of emergency services (e.g. fire): always sound the
alarm first. This can either be by activating a fire alarm
lever/pushbutton or calling the emergency desk number
by phone. Give following details, Name, Location of
emergency, Type of emergency and number of people if
any involved.
 If danger exists of any physical harm to the people in the
area take necessary action to vacate the area.
 Isolate electrical, compressed air gas supply if continued
supply can aggravate the situation or endanger rescue
personnel.
 Identify the type of fire and the extent before taking any
action to extinguish the fire.
 Put on any protection clothing available in the area
provided for such purposes.
 When searching for fire source or survivors, stay low if
not wearing portable breathing equipment
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 Select the appropriate type of fire extinguisher, check for
contents and activate to check for proper operation.
 If compartments or enclosed spaces need to be checked
always use the back of the hand against the door to
sense the temperature of the door, this is to ensure that
a raging fire is not present within the compartment.
 Fire in an enclosed area can be in a state of hibernation
because of lack of oxygen within the compartment and
could instantly intensify if oxygen is reintroduced; this is
called ‘Flash back’. Therefore, it is advisable to open any
door slowly and just wide enough to get the extinguisher
nozzle in to extinguish any fire.
 When using an extinguisher aim at the base of the
flames, at the near edge and bottom of the fire first, and
then progress forward and upward. The discharge
nozzle should be moved rapidly with a side-to-side
sweeping motion. (Fig. B & D)
 In case of a fire on a person, smother flamed with a coat
or blanket, do not fan the flames and never use a fire
extinguisher on a person. Give medical attention
immediately.
 If you had been successful in extinguishing the fire,
maintain a vigil in case the fire re-ignites.
For Training Purpose Only
Rev. 01
Nov 2017
 PIA TRAINING CENTRE (PTC) Module 7A– MAINTENANCE PRACTICES
Category– B2 Sub Module 7.1 – Safety Precautions – Aircraft and Workshop

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Category– B2 Sub Module 7.1 – Safety Precautions – Aircraft and Workshop

 You can fight fire with your back to a safe escape route.

 Your extinguisher is rated for the type of fire you are

fighting, and is in good working order.

 You have had training in use of the extinguisher and are

confident that you can operate it effectively.

 If you have the slightest doubt about whether or not to

fight the fire- DON'T! Instead, get out, and close the door
behind you.

Do not fight a fire if:

 The fire is spreading beyond the immediate area where

it started, or is already a large fire.

 The fire could block your escape route.

 You are unsure of the proper operation of the

extinguisher.
Firefighter
 You are in doubt whether the extinguisher you are
holding is appropriate for the type of fire.
Fight a fire only if:

 The Fire Department has been called.

 If any of these conditions are true, leave immediately,
 Everyone has left or is leaving the building. close off the area, and leave the fire to the Fire
Department.
 The fire is small and confined to the immediate area
where it started.

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 PIA TRAINING CENTRE (PTC)
Category– B2
Inspection and maintenance
The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) sets the
standard for fire extinguishers in the regulation NFPA 10.
This section will briefly explain the inspection and maintenance
requirements for fire extinguishers.
Inspection
An inspection is a "quick check" that an extinguisher is available
and will operate. It is intended to give reasonable assurance
that the fire extinguisher is fully charged and operable. This is
done by verifying that it is in its designated place, that it has not
been actuated or tampered with, and that there is no obvious or
physical damage or condition to prevent its operation. Fire
extinguishers should be inspected when they are initially placed
in service and thereafter at 30-day intervals. They may require
more frequent inspections if circumstances dictate.
Inspection procedures:
a. Located in designated place
b. No obstruction to access or visibility
c. Operating instructions on nameplate legible and facing
outward
d. Safety seals and tampers indicators not broken or
missing.
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Module 7A– MAINTENANCE PRACTICES
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e. Fullness determined by weighing or "hefting".
f. Examination for obvious physical damage, corrosion,
leakage, or clogged nozzle.
g. Pressure gauge reading or indicator in the operable
range or position. Note: Internal pressure is affected by
temperature.
h. Condition of tires, wheels, carriage, hose, and nozzle
checked (for wheeled units).
Personnel making inspections should keep a record of
inspections, including those found to require corrective action.
The record should include the date the inspection was
performed, and the identity of the person conducting the
inspection.
Maintenance
Maintenance intervals begin on the date of manufacture, which
can usually be found on the extinguisher nameplate.
For Training Purpose Only
Rev. 01
Nov 2017
 PIA TRAINING CENTRE (PTC) Module 7A– MAINTENANCE PRACTICES
Category– B2 Sub Module 7.1 – Safety Precautions – Aircraft and Workshop

ISO 9001:2008 Certified For Training Purpose Only

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 PIA TRAINING CENTRE (PTC) Module 7A– MAINTENANCE PRACTICES
Category– B2 Sub Module 7.1 – Safety Precautions – Aircraft and Workshop

It's easy to remember how to use a fire extinguisher- simply

follow the steps- "P-A-S-S"

Pull the Pin: Pull the pin at the top of the extinguisher that
keeps the handle from being pressed. Break the plastic seal as
the pin is pulled.

Aim: Aim the nozzle or outlet toward the fire. Some hose
assemblies are clipped to the extinguisher body. Release the
hose and point.

Squeeze: Squeeze the handle to release the extinguishing

agent. The handle can be released to stop the discharge at any
time. Before approaching the fire, try a very short test burst to
ensure proper operation.

Sweep: Sweep from side to side at the base of the fire until it is
out. After the fire is out, watch for remaining smoldering hot
spots or possible re-flash of flammable liquids. Make sure the
fire is out.

ISO 9001:2008 Certified For Training Purpose Only

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