Access Network Design

Continued

David Tipper
Associate Professor
Department of Information Science and
Telecommunications
University of Pittsburgh
Slides 8
http://www.sis.pitt.edu/~dtipper/2110.html

Top Down Network Design Approach

A top down network design project

approach should follow three phases:
– Conceptual Model
• Objectives, Requirements, Constraints
– Logical Model
• Technology, network graph, node location, etc.
– Physical Model
• Specific hardware/software implementations
(e.g., wiring diagram, repeater locations, etc.)

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 Technology Choices

• Access Networks Technology Choices

• For circuit switched voice traffic
– STM, ATM – constant bit rate service (CBR), MPLS
CBR emulation
• For packet data traffic
– STM, ATM, SMDS, X.25, Frame Relay, Token Ring,
FIDDI, Ethernet, cable modem, dSL, wireless
technology, etc.
• Choice depends on cost and features needed
• Given technology selection and logical design –
create physical design (select equipment, etc)

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Example

• Consider a cellular network in a downtown urban environment as

shown below with distances in 1Km. The nodes represent base
stations and the hub node 0 a base station controller co-located with a
base station. We choose STM technology for connecting the nodes
with T1s or multiple of T1s
0 1 2
AUC EIR
1
HLR 4
VLR
IBM

3 5

MSC
1
Bay Ne tw ork s

P*8 x 5 0
OOO1 3 0
A O N
6
RST
E THER L INK RS2 3 2 C INS ACT AL M

PCC ARD
Centill ion 1400
SD
6 7 8
SD

Bay Ne tw ork s Centill ion1400

AL M
PWR AL
M
FAN0 FAN 1 PWR 0 P WR1

E THER L INK RS232C INS ACT AL M

P*8 x 5 0 RST
OOO1 3 0
A O N
6

BSC
PCC ARD

AL M
PWR AL
M
FAN0 FAN 1 PWR 0 P WR1

BSC
BSC
Bay Ne tw ork s

P*8 x 5 0
OOO1 3 0
A O N
6
RST

PWR
E THER

AL
M
L INK RS2 3 2 C

AL M
FAN0 FAN 1 PWR 0 P WR1
INS ACT AL M

PCC ARD
Centill ion 1400
SD

1 1
BSC

BS3

BS3 BS2 BS4

BS
BS2 BS4 BS1

BS1 BS7
BS5

BS7
BS5 BS6

BS6

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 Example

• If for example the cellular network uses GSM (Global System for
Mobile) technology with a frequency reuse cluster of 7 then six of the
base stations have 72 voice traffic channels and 1 base station has 64
traffic channels. (Nodes 0-5 have 72, Node 6, 64, Nodes 7 and 8 have
72 – part of a different reuse cluster)

0 1 2
1
3 4 5
1
6 7 8

1 1

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Example

Normalizing the weight of each individual node to a

T1 capacity (T1 can handle 24 traffic channels.
Nodes 0-5 and 7,8 have weight 72/24 = 3,
Node 6 has weight 64/24 = 2.667 .
Links are considered are 6T1 link => W = 6
Cost = 400 + 50 d.
Initial Design
Applying E-W algorithm
Initialize with every node having a direct
link cost 0 1 2
Ci0 = [450, 500, 450, 470.7, 511.8, 500, 511.8, 541.4] 1
3 4 5
1
6 7 8

1 1
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 Example
Tradeoff(i)=minj Cost(Ni,NJ) -Cost(Comp(Ni),Center)
Tradeoff(1) = 450 - 450 = 0
Tradeoff(2) = 450- 500 = -50
Tradeoff(3) = 450-450 = 0
Tradeoff(4) = 450 – 470.7 = -20.7
Tradeoff(5) = 450 - 512 = 62
Tradeoff(6) = 450 – 500 = -50
Tradeoff(7) = 450 – 512 = -62
Tradeoff(8) = 450 – 541 = -91
Pick 8 to merge with either 7 or 5
0 1 2
Pick 7 since 1
Checking capacity w7+w8 = 6 ≤ W = 6 4
3 5
1
6 7 8

1 1
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Example
Tradeoff(i)=minj Cost(Ni,NJ) -Cost(Comp(Ni),Center)
Tradeoff(1) = 450 - 450 = 0
Tradeoff(2) = 450- 500 = -50
Tradeoff(3) = 450-450 = 0
Tradeoff(4) = 450 – 470.7 = -20.7
Tradeoff(5) = 450 - 512 = 62
Tradeoff(6) = 450 – 500 = -50
Tradeoff(7) = 450 – 512 = -62 not allowed
Tradeoff(8) = 450 – 512 = -62 not allowed
Pick 5 to merge with either 2 or 4
0 1 2
Pick 4 1
Checking capacity w4+w5 = 6 ≤ W = 6 4
3 5
1
6 7 8

1 1
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 Example
Tradeoff(i)=minj Cost(Ni,NJ) -
Cost(Comp(Ni),Center)
Tradeoff(1) = 450 - 450 = 0
Tradeoff(2) = 450- 500 = -50
Tradeoff(3) = 450-450 = 0
Tradeoff(4) = 450 – 470.7 = -20.7 not allowed
Tradeoff(5) = 450 – 470.7 = -20.7 not
allowed
Tradeoff(6) = 450 – 500 = -50
Tradeoff(7) = 450 – 512 = -62 not allowed
Tradeoff(8) = 450 – 512 = -62 not allowed
Pick 2 to merge with 1 0 1 2
1
Checking capacity w2+w1 = 6 ≤ W = 6
3 4 5

Similarly will have 6 merge with 3 1

In next iteration w3+w6 = 5.66 ≤ W = 6 6 7 8

Final topology as shown

1 1
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Example
• Once topology known move to Alcatel BSC data sheet
physical design.
• Need to select equipment: BS,
BSC, interfaces, cables etc.
• Price vendor equipment and
link options from service
provider
– Equipment Vendors: Lucent,
Nortelnetworks, Siemens, Nokia,
Ericsson, Alcatel, etc.

• Service provider may

implement link as a Add/Drop
Multiplexer (ADM) drop off of
a higher capacity link

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 Technology Choices
• For Packet Data traffic
• Choice depends on distances
– Connect Pitt branch campuses and labs
(Johnstown, Bradford etc.) to main Pitt
campus computer center –
– options, Frame Relay, ATM, SMDS,
IP/STM, X.25, ISDN, etc.
– Connect hosts/servers in different locations
of a building to campus backbone
• Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Root
Ethernet,Token Ring, WiMAX, 802.11, etc.
• Need to factor in performance needs 2
and user requirements (e.g., lease vs. 1

buy, security etc.)

• Consider LAN physical design 3 4 5

6
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LAN Technology Choices

• Choices for LAN equipment

• Ethernet
• Token Ring
• FDDI
• Fast Ethernet
• Gigabit Ethernet
• ATM
• 802.11 (Wi-Fi), etc.
• Majority of installations today are Ethernet to the
desktop – growing interest in 802.11

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 Classical Ethernet

• IEEE 802.3 Standard 1983

• Bus topology LAN
• 10 Mbps
• CSMA/CD medium access
control protocol
• 10Base5 – coax cabling
– 10 Mbps
– 50-ohm coaxial cable bus
– Maximum segment length 500
meters – extend with
repeaters
• 10Base-T cabling (1987)
– Twisted pair, maximum length
100 meters
– Star topology (hub at central
point)

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Ethernet Evolution
• Ethernet Protocol so wide spread that evolution
rather than replacement
• Multiport Bridges and Switches to increase
throughput and extend configuration options
• Higher speed versions of Ethernet
– Fast Ethernet 100 Mbps Ethernet
• Called 100BaseTX
• IEEE 802.3u standard in 1995
• Uses Fiber or Cat5 UTP
– Gigabit Ethernet 1, 10 Gbps Ethernet
• IEEE 802.3z standard in 1998
• Full Duplex to build backbones or connect servers
• Fiber cabling and UTP
– IEEE 802.11 (Wireless Ethernet)

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 Current Ethernet Options
•Bus
•Transmission from a station
broadcast to all stations on the
bus
•Hub
Transmission from a station
received by central
hub and retransmitted on all
outgoing lines
Only one transmission at a time

•Layer 2 Switch
Incoming frame switched to one
outgoing line
Many transmissions at same
time

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Ethernet LAN Building Blocks

• Network Interface Card
– I/O device that interfaces
computer to network
– Frame transmission and
reception
• Repeater
– Physical Layer
– No Address review
– Broadcast Device
– Transparent to end devices
– Extends range of LAN
• Hub
– Multicast device - broadcasts
frame to all output ports
– Star Configuration
– Data Link Layer

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 LAN Building Blocks
• Media Converters,
– Connect different physical media
types together
– 100 Base Tx (UTP) connection to
100 Base Fx (Fiber)
• Bridge
– Connect different LAN segments
– Data Link Layer
– Stores frame examines MAC address
and Forwards valid frames
– Can bridge different speed/media
networks
• Switch
– Star Configuration
– Data Link Layer – Layer 2 Switch –
examines MAC address to determine
port to forward frame too
– Multiple ports can handle multiple
frames at a time.
– Can do cut through switching in
hardware
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LAN Building Blocks

• Layer 3 switch or Router
• Operates at the Network Layer
(layer 3) of OSI Model
– Uses protocol (IP) to determine
action
• Used to connect dissimilar LAN’s
– can covert frame from one type to
another, provide security, etc.
• Makes a decision to forward or drop
a frame
• Maintains routing tables that list
connected networks
– IP & MAC address of next relay
station
• Does not forward broadcast frames
(layer 2)

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 Typical Physical Topology
Often have a mix of speeds and hubs/switches in LAN

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LAN Wiring
Cables are connected to network devices and the computer
Most networks use a mixture of cable types

• Coaxial cable
– Known as Thin Net or T
base 2 or T-2
• Twisted-pair cable
– shielded (STP)
– unshielded (UTP)
– Five categories of UTP
• Fiber-optic cable
– single-mode,
– multi-mode, or graded-
index multi-mode
• Plenum Cable
– jackets are made of
nonflammable fluoro-
polymers (such as
Teflon).
– More expensive than non-
plenum jackets.
• Non-plenum cable
– uses less-expensive
material for jackets such
as polyethylene (PE) or
polyvinylchloride (PVC),
which will give off toxic
fumes in a fire

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 Medium Options for Ethernet

• Coax - .13/ft + 3.00 per

connector
• UTP category 5 -
– Plenum - .33/ft + 1.00 per
connector
– PVC - .13/ft + 1.00 per
connector
• Multi-mode Fiber - .35/ft +
15.00 per connector
• Single mode Fiber - .50/ft
+ 15.00 per connector

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Wiring Standards
• Large Number of Wiring Standards see
http://www.tia.org

• For example TIA/EIA-568

– Commercial Building Telecommunications
Cabling Standard
• Sets specific requirements for cable
– Impedance
– Signal Loss or Attenuation
– Termination Requirements
– Maximum Distances
– Other factors for correct use of cable and
wire in commercial environment

• TIA/EIA-568A covers 6 areas

1. Building Entrance
2. Equipment Room
3. Backbone Cabling
4. Telecommunications Closet
5. Horizontal Cabling
6. Work Area

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 Wiring Closet/Patch Panel

• Need to connect the numerous wires (could be

hundreds) to the electronics.
• A large cable bundle is very heavy and would
be hard to move around.
• We use wiring closet/patch panels to provide an
way to connect the wiring bundles to the
electronics.
• Location
– Accessibility & Security
– Environmental concerns (heating/cooling, power)

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Example

Backbone
Switch

Fiber Run Fiber Patch

Panel
Fiber Patch
Panel

PC
UTP P Panel

In Wall
Wiring
Switch Wall Jack

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 Summary

• Top Down Network Design

– Conceptual Model
– Objectives
• Business Goals – Technical Goals
– Requirements
• Business, Technical (availability, delay, bandwidth,
security, etc.,)
– Constraints
• Business (organizational, budget, etc.,) and
Technical

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