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Vowels (this sound-change is parallel to the previous, i.e. it applies at the same time)
b. Preh.OE [a:] → OE [æ:] → Mercian [ε:] e.g. *slāp, *dād, *strāt, *kāsi
Consonants
Loss of nasal consonants: [NAS] → Ø / V — [Vl. Fric.] with compensatory lengthening of short vowels
e.g. Preh.OE *fimf → OE fīf Preh.OE *gons → OE gōs (cf. German; Dutch)
Palatalization: velar consonants are palatalized when adjacent to and in the same syllable as a front vowel or [j]
! morphophonemic variation: e.g. Preh.OE [bb] ~ [ß] ~ [ß] ~ [ß] → OE [bb] ~ [f] ~ [v] ~ [v]
! OE hebban, hof, hofon, hafen (“heave”)
Stopping of voiced velar fricative
Vowel mutation or i-umlaut: Vowels harmonize to an [i] or [j] following them in the same word. This caused all back
vowels to front and all short front vowels (except, naturally, [i]) and diphthongs to raise
when an [i] or [j] followed in the next syllable.
The previous vocalic changes caused clustering of phonemes in the top-left corner of the vowel chart. This caused a series
of mergers resulting in a gradual monophtongisation process in West Saxon, as evidenced by spelling.
Pre-Cluster Lengthening: Short vowels are lengthened when followed by a liquid or nasal plus a homorganic C
(10thC) V → V: / — [mb, ld, rd, rl, rn, nd, ŋg] except if the sequence is followed by a third C.
e.g. ċild, feld, ald/eald, freond, feond, wind, lamb, comb, camb, climban
2. OE Sound-spelling correspondences
A stān scip horn tale lāre naman ēare heortan sunu dohtor fōt
G stānes scipes hornes tale lāre naman ēaran heortan suna dohtor fōtes
D stāne scipe horne tale lāre naman ēaran heortan suna dehter fēt
Pl
N/A stānas scipu horn tala/e lāra/e naman ēaran heortan suna dehter fēt
G stāna scipa horna tala lāra/ena namena ēarena heortena suna dohtra fōta
D stānum scipum hornum talum lārum namum ēarum heortum sunum dohtrum fōtum
Strong declension Weak declension Demonstrative of dist.
(Definite article)
short long
Sg
N M N F M N F M N F M N F
ADJECTIVES
A cwic cwic cwicu gōd gōd gōd gōda gōde gōde se ðæt sēo
G cwicne cwic cwice gōdne gōd gōde gōdan gōde gōdan ðone ðæt ðā
D cwices cwices cwicre gōdes gōdes gōdre gōdan gōdan gōdan ðæs ðæs ðǣre
I cwicum cwicum cwicre gōdum gōdum gōdre gōdan gōdan gōdan ðǣm ðǣm ðǣre
Pl cwice cwice cwicre gōde gōde gōdre gōdan gōdan gōdan ðȳ ðȳ ðǣre
N/A
G cwice cwicu cwice/a gōde gōd gōde gōdan gōdan gōdan ðā ðā ðā
D cwicra cwicra cwicra gōdra gōdra gōdra gōdra/ena gōdra/ena gōdra/ena ðāra ðāra ðāra
cwicum cwicum cwicum gōdum gōdum gōdum gōdum gōdum gōdum ðǣm ðǣm ðǣm
Personal Interrogative Demonstrative of prox.
1st sg 1st dual 1st pl 3rd M 3rd N 3rd F 3rd pl M/F N M N F
iċ wit wē hē hit hēo hīe Sg hwā hwæt ðes ðis ðēos
N mēċ unċit ūsiċ hine hit hīe hīe N hwone hwæt ðisne ðis ðās
A ūre A
PRONOUNS
mīn unċer his him his hiere hiera hwæs hwæs ðisses ðisses ðisse
G mē unċ ūs him hiere him G hwǣm hwǣm ðissum ðissum ðisse
D D hwȳ hwȳ ðȳs ðȳs ðisse
I
2nd sg 2nd dual 2nd pl Pl
N
D/A ðū ġit ġē N/A
G ðē inċ ēow G ðās ðās ðās
ðīn inċer ēower D ðissa ðissa ðissa
ðissum ðissum ðissum
STRONG WEAK I WEAK II ‘TO BE’
Indicative Subjunctive Indicative Subjunctive Indicative Subjunctive Indicative Subjunctive
Present Sg
1 binde binde fremme fremme lufi(ġ)e lufi(ġ)e eom bēo sīe bēo
2 bindest/bintst binde fremest fremme lufast lufi(ġ)e eart bist sīe bēo
3 bindeð/bint binde fremeð fremme lufað lufi(ġ)e is bið sīe bēo
Pl bindað binden fremmað fremmen lufiað lufi(ġ)en sind(on) bēoð sien bēon
Preterite Sg
1 band bunde fremede fremede lufode lufode wæs wǣre
2 bunde bunde fremedest fremede lufodest lufode wǣre wǣre
3 band bunde fremede fremede lufode lufode wæs wǣre
Pl bundon bunden fremedon fremeden lufodon lufoden wǣron wǣren