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Harbin : 1.3
Beijing : 0.8
Guangzhou: 13.9
• M/F : 2.75‐3 Hongkong: 12.8
Zhongshan : 25
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF NPC •
•
Low incidence : EBV‐
High Incidence : EBV+
Penang: 10.6
Chinese: 16.1
Malay: 4.2
• High among immigrant from
Indian: 1.8
Jajah Fachiroh incidence area
jajahfachiroh@ugm.ac.id
Dept. Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing UGM
Yogyakarta‐Indonesia
Asia holds the burden of NPC worldwide
Different pattern in endemic & non‐endemic
NPC Estimated Incidence and Mortality 2018‐2040, both sexes
incidence
129,079 – 180,376 pop (39.3%)
Asia : 109,221 ‐‐ 152,451 pop (39.6%)
mortality
72,987 – 109,362 pop. (49.9%)
Asia : 63,303 – 95,618 pop (54.65)
(Bray et al., 2008)
ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS
Tobacco smoking, dust & smoke (1)
NPC Pathogenesis • Consistent risk in endemic & non endemic NPC
• Risk increased by smoking intensity
Interplay between genetic
and environmental factors
Non viral?
Quit smoking reduced risk of NPC (Chang et al.,
2016; Fachiroh et al., 2012; Yong et al., 2017)
Singapore : OR 4.5 (2.61; 7.78) (Yong et al., 2017)
(Nakanishi et al., 2017) Indonesia (men): OR 1.27 (1.07; 1.51) (Fachiroh et al., in prep) Inconsistent results on passive smoking and
NPC risk (Chang et al., 2016; Fachiroh et al., in prep)
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Nasopharyngeal Cancer Workshop Epidemiology of NPC
25 – 26 January 2019 Dr Jajah Fachiroh
Smokes from: Salted vegetables/meat & fermented
• Kitchen wood‐fire vegetables/ meat (weekly‐daily)
• Incents China, Singapore, Thailand
Dust: Canned food
• Wood : OR ~2.5 (Yang et al., 2015; Ekburanawat et al., Singapore
2010; Fachiroh et al. In prep)
• Chalk : OR 7.9 (Fachiroh et al., in prep) Quaddid, taklia, harissa, Rancid butter & sheep
Fat : North Africa
Formaldehyde : OR ~ 1.5 (Yang et al., 2005) Protection effect: (~50%)
Consumption of Fresh vegetables/ fruits (daily)
Nitrosamin/ precursor reactivates EBV
Green tea, fresh fish (Hsu et al., 2017)
(Yang et al., 2005; Guo et al., 2009; Jia et al., 2010; Fachiroh et al., 2012; Yong et al., 2017; Fachiroh et al; in prep; )
(Gallicchio et al, 2007; Yong et al., 2017; Fachiroh et al, in prep; Hsu et al., 2017; Liu et al., 2012)
IgA‐EBV titer is higher among first degree
relatives and those with H&N complaints Genetic and Risk of NPC
(Hutajulu et al., 2017)
Risk increasing among family members – sharing genetic or sharing exposures?
No association found between IgA‐ EBV titer/ DNA load & smoking
(Chen et al., 2018)
Coghill et al. (2018) Taiwan multiplex NPC:
“family with affected member >3 carry NPC susceptible variant has 8x greater
possibility of elevated IgA‐EBV “
Gentic variant studies:
‐ Candidate gene approaches ‐‐ carcinogenesis pathway, carcinogens
No association found between IgA‐EBV titers and environmental metabolism pathway
exposures (He et al., 2018)
‐ GWAS (genome‐wide association study) (Ji et al., 2011)
Smoking‐associated gene studies
15q25 region ‐‐three cholinergic nicotine receptor genes
(CHRNA3, CHRNA5, and CHRNB4), encoding nicotinic
acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in neuronal and other
tissues. – smoking marker?
Modest association
between genetic variants
and non familial NPC risk
(Ji et al., 2014)
Others:
• GSTM1 (Gluthathion S Transferase M1) –detoxifying function
• TERT –telomerase – cancer marker?
(Schuller, 2009)
(Bei et al., 2012)
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Nasopharyngeal Cancer Workshop Epidemiology of NPC
25 – 26 January 2019 Dr Jajah Fachiroh
Conclusion remarks
• Despite decreased incidence of NPC, world burden remains in the “hotspot” of NPC
populations
• Tobacco smoking remains as common risk for NPC in endemic and non endemic
area
• In endemic area, consumption of preserved food remains population‐specific, but
the content of nitrosamine and its precursor may be used as reference
• Modest association showed by genetic and non viral environmental risks to NPC ‐‐
how to define “population at risk?”
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