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Kidney Cortex
Renal artery
Renal vein
Nephrons
Aorta
Cortex Medulla
Inferior
Renal
vena cava
pelvis Medulla
Collecting
Ureter duct
Bladder
Ureter
Urethra
a) The components of the urinary system. b) Internal structure of the kidney. c) The cortex and medulla of the kidney
are composed of numerous nephrons.
Efferent
arteriole from
Trace the glomerulus Distal
tubule
path of Branch of
renal vein Collecting
blood flow Descending duct
limb
through the
kidneys Loop of
Henle Ascending
limb Vasa
recta
Collecting duct
2
Tubular reabsorption:
Water, amino acids,
glucose, most ions
(including bicarbonate),
and some urea are
reabsorbed back into the
Artery Vein peritubular capillaries,
primarily in the proximal
tubule but also in other
nephron segments.
Urine
Afferent arteriole
Efferent arteriole
Filtrate
Animal Physiology: mechanisms and adaptations 4th ed. Randall, Burggren & French
Filtration: blood pressure in the glomerulus forces
protein free plasma through the pores in filtration
membrane into the capsular space
H+ NH3 K+ H+
CORTEX
Key Urea
NaCl H2O
Active transport
Passive transport
INNER
MEDULLA
Figure 44.14
Massive reabsorption occurs in the
proximal tubule
http://www.johnwiley.net.au/highered/interactions/medi
a/Balancing/content/Balancing/ur2a/bot.htm
Structure –Function: Proximal tubule
Figure 15.8
Tubular Reabsorption - PCT
Fig. 15.9
Formation of Urine: Tubular Reabsorption
Loop of Henle
• How do the permeability of
the two limbs of the loop of
Henle differ?
– Descending
– Ascending
H+ NH3 K+ H+
CORTEX
Key Urea
NaCl H2O
Active transport
Passive transport
INNER
MEDULLA
Figure 44.14
Distal tubule: Reabsorption & Secretion
• Cells of the DT lack
microvilli (why?
Structure-function)
• What is reabsorbed?
http://wps.pearsoncustom.com/wps/media/objects/3014/3087289/Web_Tutorials/2
8_A04.swf
Figure 44.16-3
Osmolarity
of interstitial
fluid
300 (mOsm/L)
How does the 300 100
300
concentration 100 300 300
of the filtrate H2O NaCl H2O
CORTEX
change as it
400 200 400 400
passes H2O NaCl H2O
NaCl
through the H2O NaCl H2O
renal tubule NaCl
(continued) As water and solutes are reabsorbed, the loop first concentrates the filtrate, then dilutes it.
Active transport
Passive transport
Water impermeable 300
300 100
Cortex 100
300 300
1 Filtrate entering the 5 Filtrate is at its most dilute as it
nephron loop is isosmotic to leaves the nephron loop. At
both blood plasma and 100 mOsm, it is hypo-osmotic
Osmolality of interstitial fluid (mOsm)
300
300
400
(a) The long nephron loops of
juxtamedullary nephrons create
the gradient. They act as 600
countercurrent multipliers.
The osmolality of the medullary
900 interstitial fluid progressively
increases from the 300 mOsm of
(b) The vasa recta preserve the normal body fluid to 1200 mOsm
gradient. They act as at the deepest part of the medulla.
countercurrent exchangers. 1200
ADH release from posterior pituitary ADH release from posterior pituitary
Number of aquaporins (H2O channels) in collecting duct Number of aquaporins (H2O channels) in collecting duct
H2O reabsorption from collecting duct H2O reabsorption from collecting duct
400
Urea
900 700 900 900 700 900 900
Urea Urea
Inner Inner
medulla medulla
1200 100 1200 1200
1200 1200
ADH
Collecting receptor LUMEN
duct COLLECTING
DUCT CELL
ADH
cAMP
Second-messenger
signaling molecule
Storage
vesicle
Exocytosis
Aquaporin
water H 2O
channel
H 2O
The counter current multiplier system in the nephrons of mammalian
kidneys allows the development of a concentration gradient of salt
and urea in the medullary fluid that is
Have you ever noticed the need for a drink after eating that
large bucket of popcorn at the movies? Or on television,
patients entering the ER with substantial blood loss are
immediately given intravenous fluids (an IV)? Both scenarios
relate to fluid and electrolyte balance.
Blood volume
Increase
Set point
Save water Decrease
Save
Kidneys salt
Kidneys
Adrenal
cortex
Angiotensin-
converting
enzyme
Lungs
Angiotensinogen
Vasoconstriction,
blood pressure
Liver
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 15.15
Homeostatic Regulation of the Kidney
• Heart
–Atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH)
• Helps regulate blood pressure by increasing rate of
sodium and water excretion in the urine
• Kidney
–Renin
• Stimulates aldosterone secretion and constricts blood
vessels
–Erythropoietin
• Stimulates production of erythrocytes
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Erythropoietin Stimulates Production of Red Blood Cells
• Decrease in amount of
oxygen is detected by
certain cells throughout the
kidney
• Kidney cells secrete
hormone, erythropoietin, in
response to decrease in
oxygen
• Erythropoietin triggers
increase in red blood cell
production in the bone
marrow
Refer to Fig 7.6
Figure 25.15 Summary of tubular reabsorption and secretion and hormones involved.
Cortex
Outer Regulated
medulla reabsorption
• H2O (by ADH)
• Na+ (by
aldosterone; Cl−
follows)
• Urea (increased
by ADH)
• Urea
Regulated
secretion
Inner • K+ (by
medulla aldosterone)
• Reabsorption or secretion
to maintain blood pH
involves H+, HCO3−,
and NH4+
Reabsorption
Secretion
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Kidneys Help Maintain Acid-Base Balance and Blood pH
(excreted
in urine)
Disease/Disorder Description
Incontinence
Glomerulonephritis
Cystitis
Pyelonephritis
Polycystic kidney
disease
Renal failure