Definition of Terms

1. Geometry - Geometry (Ancient Greek: geo- "earth", -metri "measurement") "Earth-measuring" is

a branch of mathematics concerned with questions of shape, size, relative position of figures, and
the properties of space.
2. Shape - Is the part of that space occupied by the object, as determined by its external boundary.
3. Dimension - is a topological measure of the size of its covering properties or it is the number of
coordinates needed to specify a point on the object.
4. Topology - Topology (from the Greek topo- “place”, and logy- “study”) is a major area of
mathematics concerned with spatial properties that are preserved under continuous deformations
of objects.

Shapes

Shape is all the geometrical information that remains when location, scale and rotational effects
are filtered out from an object. - David George Kendall

Types of Shapes:

A. Zero-dimensional
 Finite collections of objects are considered 0-dimensional.
 Example: points in space
B. One-dimensional
 Objects that are "dragged" versions of zero-dimensional objects are then called
one-dimensional. It has only one dimension which is length.
 Example: line
C. Two-dimensional
 Have only two dimensions, especially length and width.
D. Three-dimensional
  Is a geometric model of the physical universe in which we live. The three
dimensions are commonly called length, width, and depth (or height).
E. Four-dimensional
 In mathematics, it is an abstract concept derived by generalizing the rules of
three-dimensional space.
 The fourth dimension in this space was sometimes interpreted as time, but this is
no longer done in modern physics.
 (From left to right) The square, the cube, and the tesseract. The square is bounded by 1-
dimensional lines, the cube by 2-dimensional areas, and the tesseract by 3-dimensional volumes.

http://www.bgfl.org/bgfl/custom/resources_ftp/client_ftp/ks2/maths/3d/index.htm

What is 3D?

3D means three-dimensional, i.e. something that has width, length and depth (height).
Our physical environment is three-dimensional and we move around in 3D every day.

Humans are able to perceive the spatial relationship between objects just by looking at
them because we have 3D perception, also known as depth perception. As we look around, the
retina in each eye forms a two-dimensional image of our surroundings and our brain processes
these two images into a 3D visual experience.

Here are some of the tools which humans use for depth perception:

• Stereoscopic vision: Two eyes provide slightly separate images; closer objects appear more
separated than distant ones.

• Accommodation: As you focus on a close or distant object, the lenses in your eyes
physically change shape, providing a clue as to how far away the object is.
 • Parallax: As your head moves from side to side, closer objects appear to move more than
distant ones.

• Size familiarity: If you know the approximate size of an object, you can tell approximately
how far away it is based on how big it looks. Similarly, if you know that two objects are a
similar size to each other but one appears larger than the other, you will assume the larger
object is closer.

• Aerial perspective: Because light is scattered randomly by air, distant objects appear to have
less contrast than nearby objects. Distant objects also appear less color-saturated and have a
slight color tinge similar to the background (usually blue).

In order to represent the 3D world on a flat (2D) surface such as a display screen, it's
desirable to simulate as many of these perception tools as possible. Although there is currently
no way to simulate all of them at the same time, video does use a combination.
Of course the addition of stereoscopic images (a separate image for each eye) is a
significant improvement—so much so that most people think of stereoscopic films as being 3D,
and all others as being 2D.

3D Computer Graphics Software

3D computer graphics software refers to programs used to create 3D computer-generated

imagery.

 Uses:

 The medical industry uses them to create detailed models of organs.

 The movie industry uses them to create and manipulate characters and objects for
animated and real-life motion pictures.
 The video game industry uses them to create assets for video games.
 The science sector uses them to create highly detailed models of chemical
compounds.
 The architecture industry uses them to create models of proposed buildings and
landscapes.
 The engineering community uses them to design new devices, vehicles and
structures as well as a host of other uses.
 There are typically many stages in the "pipeline" that studios and manufacturers
use to create 3D objects for film, games, and production of hard goods and
structures.
Commercial Packages

 3ds Max (Autodesk),  Cobalt (CAD)  NX ( Siemens PLM

Software)
 AC3D (Inivis)  Houdini (Side Effects  Silo (Nevercenter)
Software)
 Aladdin4D (DiscreetFX  Inventor (Autodesk)  SketchUp Pro
(Google)
 Carrara (DAZ  LightWave 3D (NewTek)  Softimage (Autodesk)
Productions)
 Cinema 4D (MAXON)  MASSIVE  Solid Edge ( Siemens
PLM Software)
 CityEngine  Maya (Autodesk)  SolidWorks
(SolidWorks
Corporation)
 Electric Image  Modo (Luxology)  Swift 3D (Electric
Animation System (EI Rain)
Technology Group)
 form•Z (AutoDesSys,  ZBrush (Pixologic)  trueSpace (Caligari
Inc.) Corporation
 Vue (E-on Software)

Discover the advantages of teaching in 3D

“Three-dimensional classroom materials are thrilling both students and teachers with their
stirring visuals and powerful impact on comprehension and test scores.”

- By: Dan Gordon 10/01/10

It is no secret that students of today live in a multimedia world where they use video as
their primary form of engagement and communication. Teachers and administrators are looking
for ways to present information to students that will not only spark their interest, but also
encourage them to explore a subject more thoroughly. Meaningful exploration usually means
deeper understanding, which translates into higher student achievement, whether measured via
standardized tests or an increased graduation rate.

The advent of affordable 3D technology promises to bring into reality the dream of fully
engaged students.

3D in Nursing

The use of the 3D in teaching Nursing has been recently debated upon. In Western
countries, several researches have been made on using 3D materials as a tool for teaching
nursing.
Here are some 3D motion materials that are recently used as tools for teaching nursing:

I. VISIBLE BODY

Visible Body is a revolutionary 3D human anatomy visualization and learning

tool. This Web-delivered application offers an unparalleled understanding of human
anatomy.

Visible Body consists of highly detailed, anatomically accurate, 3D models of all

human body systems. The models were developed by an extensively trained team with
decades of experience in medical illustration and biomedical visualization. All
anatomical content has been reviewed for accuracy by several panel of experts, including
physicians and anatomists. The current release includes content covered in an
undergraduate-level Anatomy and Physiology course. Years of modelling and
enhancement made it the most sophisticated and complete 3D model of the human body
available.

Visible Body features:

 Complete, fully interactive, 3D human anatomy models

 2,400 anatomical structures, including all major organs and systems of the male
and female body
 Dynamic search capability
 Easy-to-use, 3D controls
 Seamless compatibility with most web browsers

What You Can Do

With Visible Body, you can:

 Search for and locate anatomical structures by name.

 Hide, rotate, see through, and explore human anatomy.
 Move the model in three-dimensional space, by either clicking directly on the
model or using the virtual joystick.
 Zoom in and out, using either the on-screen zoom slider or a mouse scroll wheel.
 Click on anatomical structures to reveal names.
 Select male or female anatomical model.