Abstract

Background: Fat has many role in the body. This body fat is used for energy
when needed, thus the changes of energy balance can affect the changes of fat
store in the body. There are several factors that affect the change of body fat
composition, such as physical activity and daily food intake. This study was
conducted to determine the association between these factors and the changes of
body fat.

Methods: This study was an analytical, experimental study with one group pre
and post-test design. This study started on October 2013 at PGRI Senior High
School in Jatinangor. The changes of body fat percentage (%BF) in 38 students
was assessed before and after a 45 minutes football exercise five times in one
week, measured with bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA) method by using
Digital Camry Body Fat Scale EF962-S34. Daily caloric intake was calculated
from a 24-hour food record for five days. The data from 38 students were
analyzed using Kolmogorov-Smirnov and paired sample t-test.

Results: Analysis result showed that from 38 students, most of students (21
students) had decreased in %BF, but mean of %BF changes was 0.05% increased
after football exercise. T-test from this result did not show a significant difference
to prove the change of %BF. From two groups caloric intake (<2400 kcal and
2400 kcal) revealed the same result that were no significant association with
%BF.

Conclusion: Overall, this study failed to prove the significant association. Thus,
this study suggested that inadequate duration and frequency of physical activity
and without any intervention in other factors, such as food intake, will not make
significant changes in body fat composition.

Keywords: Body fat percentage, caloric intake, physical activity of football.

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INTRODUCTION

In the modern people, low level of physical activity combined with

changes in eating habits are to be the main reasons for the increased prevalence of

overweight/obesity among adolescents.1 The prevalence of overweight in male

aged 16-18 years was 1.3% in 2010, and the prevalence of obesity among

adolescent was about 19.1% in 2011 based on Department of Health Republic of

Indonesia. In other hand, it can decrease or maintain body health.2 Body fat has

many role on human body system, such as backup source of energy (one gram of

fat has 9 kcal) to fuel workout when carbohydrates are not available, as a steroid

hormones synthesized for puberty, absorbs certain nutrients.3,4 The need of daily

fat in food intake is to support these functions. Several types of physical activities

can change fat percentage in the body. It depends on their level of intensity. On

young people, appropriate levels of physical activity (frequency, duration, and

type of exercise) include planned exercise provides fundamental health benefits,

such as healthy musculoskeletal tissues and cardiovascular system, neuromuscular

awareness, and maintenance of healthy body weight.5,6,7 Youth should accumulate

at least 20-60 minutes of aerobic moderate to vigorous-intensity physical activity

daily.6,8 Vigorous activity such as football (a mix of aerobic and anaerobic

activities) needs more than 7 kcal per minute.9,10 Unfortunately, there is no

accepted published body fat ranges exist for adolescence (10 to 20 years).11,12 A

study about body fat percentage for normal body fat in adolescence showed that

the percentage is about 12-20% of body weight.13

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 The purpose of this study was to analyze the association between

extracurricular physical activity football and caloric intake to the changes of body

fat composition (%BF) on male senior high school students in Jatinangor.

METHODS

The study was analytical, experimental study with one group pre and

post-test design and carried out from October to November 2013 in PGRI Senior

High School Jatinangor. Population target in this research is male senior high

school students in Jatinangor. Total study subjects were 38 students aged 15 to 17

years who had permission from parents by informed consent form, did not list in

extracurricular physical activity of football, did not have any chronic disease such

as abnormality of heart and were not on a diet program.

The changes of body fat percentage (%BF) before and after planned

exercise in 38 students were measured with bioelectrical impedance analysis

(BIA) method by using Digital Camry Body Fat Scale EF962-S34.16 The BIA

accuracy, if done correctly and properly on operating instrument, is approximately

± 3%.17

All students were measured for body fat percentage before doing football

exercise, and then they did football exercise program with duration 45 minutes per

session and frequency five times for one week at GOR Jati Universitas

Padjadjaran Jatinangor, it includes 15 minutes warming up (running around the

football field) and 30 minutes football exercise. After finished the last session of

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these football exercise programs, student’s body fat percentage was measured

again using BIA.

The assessment of student’s calorie food intake used 24-hour food record

form for 5 days to know what they ate and drunk in the 24 hours for the entire

program. After the last session of football program, student’s food record forms

were collected. The data of food intakes from all students were counted by using a

list of food composition table and food list change.14 And then, the results of

caloric intake count were divided into two groups, students with total caloric

intake less than 2400 kcal and caloric intake more than 2400 kcal based on

Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) in Indonesia.15

All statistical analysis were conducted by using SPSS version 16.0 for

Windows and Microsoft Excel 2010. The changes in %BF from 38 students were

made into table and statistically analyzed using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to

identify normal distribution of study subjects and paired sample t-test for

significance of 2-tailed hypothesis. The data from two groups of caloric intake

students (<2400 kcal and 2400 kcal) were analyzed using Kolmogorov-Smirnov

test, and parametric test by paired sample t-test. Statistically significant was

considered when p ≤ 0.05.18

RESULTS

Total of 38 students had agreed to be involved in this study and followed

physical activity of football exercise programs, body fat composition

measurements, and filled 5-day food record forms. There were 9 food records had

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missed after the last day of exercise. Thus there were 29 food record forms from

subject left. The characteristics of subject involved in this study could be seen in

table 1.

Table 1. Characteristics of the respondent of PGRI Senior High School students

Frequency Percentage
Characteristic
(n = 38) (%)
Gender
Male 38 100
Female 0 0

Age
15 years 9 23.68
16 years 14 36.84
17 years 15 39.48

BMI
Underweight 2 5.26
Normal 34 89.47
Overweight 2 5.26

Caloric
Intake
<2400kcal 23 60.53
2400kcal 6 15.79
Miss 9 23.68

Based on table 1, all of the study subjects were male. From 38

respondents, there were mostly in age of 17 years old. By BMI, there were mostly

in normal status and by food intake, there were more students with caloric intake

<2400 kcal than students with caloric intake 2400 kcal.

Analysis results from 38 students showed that 21 students had decreased

in %BF that was 0.82%, with mean %BF before exercise was 11.95% and mean

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%BF after exercise was 11.12%, while the remaining (17 students) had increased

in %BF that was 1.12%, with mean before exercise was 11.72% and mean after

exercise was 12.85%.

13.40% 13.27%
13.20%
13.00%
12.80% 12.70%
Percentage

12.60%
12.35% Mean of %BF before
12.40%
exercise
12.20% 12.07% Mean of %BF after
12.00% exercise
11.80%
11.60%
11.40%
Caloric intake Caloric intake
<2400 kkal >2400 kkal

Figure 3. The mean of body fat percentage (%BF) before and after football

activity according to two groups caloric intake.

The food record forms from 28 students showed that 23 students had

caloric intake less than 2400 kcal that was under the adequate nutritional intake

and 6 students had caloric intake more than 2400 kcal. Based on figure 3, Subjects

in the group with caloric intake less than 2400 kcal had average 0.35% decreased

in %BF. Whereas, in the group with caloric intake more than 2400 kcal, there

were average 1.2% increased in %BF.

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Tabel 2. The association between extracurricular physical activity football and
food intake to body fat composition on male senior high school students in
Jatinangor
Mean and standard deviation of
P–Value
No. Variable student’s body fat percentage (%)
(2-tailed)
Before exercise After exercise

1 Physical Activity 11.85 (4.13) 11.90 (4.19) 0.82

Caloric Intake
2
<2400 kcal 12.7 (4.35) 12.35 (4.37) 0.232

2400 kcal 12.07 (4.13) 13.27 (4.35) 0.051

Based on table 2, results of this study revealed that the mean for student’s

body fat percentage (%BF) before football exercise was lower than the mean after

football exercise. It showed that there was increased 0.05% in %BF. Group with

caloric intake less than 2400 kcal showed higher mean of %BF before and after

exercise than group with caloric intake more than 2400 kcal. Nevertheless, there

was no significant difference between physical activity of football exercise with

changes in %BF before and after exercise (p = 0.82). The same result was shown

for two group caloric intake that showed no significant difference in change of

%BF.

DISCUSSION

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 In this study, most of students (21 students) had decreased in %BF, but

mean of %BF changes was 0.05% increased after football exercise. Thus,

statistical analysis with paired sample t-test showed no significant association to

the changes of body fat composition on 38 male students after physical activity of

45 minutes football exercise 5 times in one week, p-value of this variable was

>0.05. The caloric intake showed the same results that there were no significant

association between food intake to the changes of body fat on male senior high

school students in Jatinangor, the p-value was >0.05.

The two groups of caloric intake (<2400 kcal and 2400 kcal) revealed

the same result that were no significant association with %BF. From 23 students

with caloric intake less than 2400 kcal have average 0.35% decreased in %BF,

whereas, in the group with caloric intake more than 2400 kcal (6 students), there

were average 1.2% increased in %BF. Similar study have reported that there was

no significant association between the changes in body fat before and after 8

weeks exercise with duration 45 minutes 3 times per week and diet intervention,

and suggested that there was required a longer time to make a changes in body

fat.19

The insignificant results from this study show that there are probabilities

of other factors which contribute to the changes in %BF. However, most of

physical activities have a contribution in body fat balance. The type of energy

used during physical activity depends largely on the level intensity of physical

activity. The most of energy is derived from carbohydrates during the first few

seconds or minutes of the exercise, but at the time of exhaustion, as much as 60 to

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85% of the energy is being derived from fats, especially in moderate to vigorous

intensity of exercise, rather than carbohydrates.3 Since exercise becomes

predominantly more aerobic and more prolonged, lipid provides an increasing

proportion of fuel. Therefore, vigorous intensities, such as football exercise,

promote fat substrate utilisation.3

Fat balance (fat oxidation equals fat intake) can be reachieved in several

ways. Firstly, if energy intake remains unchanged, fat balance can be reachieved

by a reduction in fat oxidation. This may occur subsequent to a decline in body fat

mass that occurs as a result of increase physical activity will increase total energy

expenditure and fat oxidation, thus, leading to negative fat and energy balances.

Secondly, when fat oxidation exceeds fat intake, this may eventually stimulate

food intake, and reestablish fat and energy balance. Finally, simultaneous declines

in fat oxidation (due to declining fat mass) and increases in energy intake could

reestablish fat and energy balances.20 However, the energy intake is important to

support the physical activity, especially at moderate or vigorous activity, such as

football activity.

Identifying appropriate timing for football exercise is important to be

considered when targeting the changes of body fat composition. This study is

conducted with short term duration (45 minutes) and frequency (five times for one

week) of exercise that is not adequate time to make a significant changes in body

fat because the minimum effective dose for changes in body fat composition is,

thus it can be the limitation of this study. Other limitation of this study is that

there is no intervention in food intake, whereas, the food intake is more important

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factor than physical activity,19 and difficult to find similar study because this

study did not involve the intervention of caloric intake and conducted only one

week football exercise program that was not enough to obtain its effects on body

fat changes.

Bias that could influence the results, such as individual variation (body

fat before exercise not in the same normal range for body fat percentage, that is

12-20%), measurement bias because wrong method when did the measurement

using BIA, all students did not abstain from drinking within 4 hours and did not

urinate before measuring body fat percentage, did not set indicator to ensure that

all students did the same intensity of football exercise such as measuring pulse

rate before and after football exercise to make sure that every student got the same

intensity of exercise, and sampling bias because error in selecting sample that

should be students with the same normal range of body fat percentage.

CONCLUSION

This study failed to prove the association between physical activity of

football exercise with duration 45 minutes and frequency five times in one week

and food intake to the changes in body fat composition on male senior high school

students. Inadequate duration and frequency of physical activity and without any

effective intervention in other factors such as food intake will not make a

significant change in body fat composition.19 Thus, effective food intake and

exercise interventions should be considered to change the body fat composition.

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