Table of Contents

1. Introduction 1
2. Scope and Objectives 2
2.1.Scope 2
2.2.Objectives 2
3. Details of the Community 2
3.1. Geographical Data 3
3.2. Population Characteristics 5
4. Demand Forecasting 6
4.1. Current Water Consumption 6
4.2. Future Demand 7
5. Technical Details Of Proposed Water Supply Scheme 7
5.1.Source 7
5.2.Proposed Conceptual Design Of The Water Treatment Unit Processes_____________9
5.3.Specifications Of Pipes In Transmission Main______________________________ 10
5.4.Pump Capacity Design_________________________________________________ 10
5.5. Storage Tank Design___________________________________________________10
6. Capital, Operational and Maintenance Costs 11
6.1.Capital Expenditure (CAPEX) 11
6.2.Operational Expenditure (OPEX) 11
7. Benefits Of Providing Water Supply 11
7.1.Economic Benefits 11
7.2.Social Benefits 12
8. Discussion on Sustainability Aspects 12
List of Tables

Table 1: Administration data of the village 2

Table 2: Climate data of the village 4

Table 3: Population data of the village 5

Table 4: Profession data of the village 5

Table 5: Age structure of the people in the village 6

Table 6: Existing water supply in the village 6

List of Figures

Figure 1. Pipe borne water coverage in Sri Lanka 1

Figure 2. Geographical view of the project area 3

Figure 3. Elevation map of the project location _ 3

Figure 4. Average monthly rain fall to Galle District 4

Figure 5. . Climate data of Baddegama area 4

Figure 6. Locations of the components in water supply scheme 9

Figure 7. Proposed water treatment process 9

1. INTRODUCTION

For each person it is a primary requirement to access to safe drinking water. However, currently
the water sources available are contaminated due to various natural activities and man-made
activities. Hence, water has to be treated before usage. To identify the treatment method raw water
quality has to be checked and it is not practical to each house to check their water source quality
and treat it up to the standards individually. So National Water Supply & Drainage Board is
established to ensure that people are having safe drinking water in Sri Lanka. But due to lack of
funds NWSDB is facing difficulties in achieving 100% pipe borne water supply in Sri Lanka.
Currently Sri Lanka has nearly 38% pipe borne water supply coverage by NWSDB projects and
nearly 9% coverage by community based organizations’ (CBO) water supply projects.

Figure 1. Pipe borne water coverage in Sri Lanka

However to increase the coverage of access to safe drinking water, community based projects are
proposed and implemented. Most of them are proposed with the help of NWSDB and it is a good
option to increase coverage since NWSDB is facing difficulties with lack of funds for large
projects.

In this project, I am proposing a new water supply scheme for Aluthpura, which is located near
Ginganga. In this village, people are commonly using dug wells and there are some common wells
to the village,but most of them are now contaminated, and out of usage. They have tend to share

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 wells with the neighbours since each family does not own their own dug wells. Some wells are
unprotected and some wells are contaminated. To increase their access to safe drinking water a
new project is proposed to supply pipe borne water to the villagers.

2. SCOPE AND OBJECTIVES

2.1. Scope

The project’s scope is to improve the living standards of the community in the village by supplying
quality drinking water with the current and future water demand, finally resulting improved sanitation
and reduction of health related problems due to water.

2.2. Objectives

Following factors have to be identified and analysed in the project to make it more reliable, safe and
cost effective.

 Selected source’s raw water quality and required water quality (Quality)
 Capability of the source quantity to supply required demand throughout the year (Quantity)
 Planning water within the easy reach (Accessibility)

3. DETAILS OF THE COMMUNITY

Table 1: Administration data of the village

Administration data
District Galle
Pradeshiya sabha Baddegama pradeshiya sabha
Grama Niladari Division Halpathota

Grama Niladari Mr. K.M.Upul Prajami

Village Aluthpura

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 3.1. Geographical Data

This community belongs to Baddegama Pradeshiya Sabhawa in Galle district. The area is a rolling
terrain, which varies elevation from 9m (nearly 30ft) to 21m (nearly 69ft) from mean sea level. The
following figure 1 shows geographical data of the source selected and the community selected.

Aluthpura village

Ginganga

Figure 2. Geographical view of the project area

Aluthpura village

Figure 3. Elevation map of the project location

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 Figure 4 Average monthly rain fall to Galle District

Figure 5. Climate data of Baddegama area

Table 2: Climate data of the village

Climate data

Average monthly rainfall Maximum - 108mm (November)

Minimum - 34mm (July)
Maximum temperature 95 Farenhite (March)
Minimum temperature 75 Farenhite (May)

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 3.2.Population Characteristics

Table 3: Population data of the village

Population data

Number of families 167

Total number of people 722

Religious places -

Schools/ Government institutions -

Domestic 167 houses with 722 people

Non domestic 1 resort with 15 number of people capacity

Growth rate 1.3%

Table 4: Profession data of the village

Profession data

Farmers 22%

Skilled laborers 8%

Unskilled laborers 21%

Government sector 5%

Private sector 12%

Self-Employment 6%

Other 26 %

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 Table 5: Age structure of the people in the village

Age structure

0-5 4%

6-15 13%

16-40 47%

41-60 28%

>60 8%

Table 6: Existing water supply in the village

Existing water supply

Public wells 44%

Private wells 56%

4. DEMAND FORECASTING

4.1. Current Water Consumption

Assumptions
Domestic consumption – 180l / person / day
Non-domestic consumption – 200l / person / day

Total consumption = 180 × 722 + 200 × 15

= 132960 l / day
= 132.9 m3 / day

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 4.2. Future Demand

Assumptions
Domestic consumption – 180l / person / day (not changed)
Non- domestic consumption – 200l / person / day (not changed)
Design period 10 years
Assume all the connections are house connections and no stand posts.
Growth rate 1.3%

Total demand in 10 years = current consumption (1 + Growth rate) Design years

= 132.9 (1 + 0.013) 10
= 151.22 m3 / day
Assuming Unaccounted For Water = 25 %
Total average demand = 151.22 ×1.25 = 190 m3 / day

5. TECHNICAL DETAILS OF PROPOSED WATER SUPPLY SCHEME

5.1.Source

5.1.1.TUBE WELLS
Tube wells are not present in the village currently. But a the water source it can be used and
ground water can be pumped to a storage tank and then can be distributed. Source water quality
is also good (low suspended solids, low colloidal solids, low microorganisms, high dissolved
gases and moderate dissolved solids). So the cost for treatment becomes low.
But the problem is in this village community face difficulties in the driest seasons. So it is not
reliable to pump a large amount of ground water in such situations. So I think it’s not suitable
to use tube wells when supplying large amount of water to the community.
5.1.2.GINGANGA
Ginganga is the nearest natural water resource for this village. The river being less
contaminated (due to low urbanization in this area) is capable of supplying required demand in
the dry season to the community since they are facing difficulties in driest seasons. Therefore,
I propose Ginganga as the reliable water source for the project.

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5.1.3.SOURCE WATER QUALITY
This source surrounding is not highly subjected to urbanization. Therefore, source quality
contains less number of industrial chemicals. But the surrounding area is mostly an agricultural
area. So the fertilizers, pesticides can be mixed with water. And this river contains suspended
solids, colloidal solids and variety of dissolved constituents. Further, we have to treat for
pathogens and harmful organisms, which may be present in water. In treatment, we have to
consider all these facts.
In addition to that here I’m not proposing aeration since this river flows through rocks in a wide
area in this place. So I assume dissolved oxygen is added and H2S, NH3, CH4 and CO2 is
occurred when the river flows naturally (Similar case in Kandana water treatment plant by
NWSDB).

5.1.4.LOCATIONS
Intake location was selected ensuring several factors such as no fast currents in the place, stable
ground near intake, approach free from obstacles.
Water treatment plant is located near the intake and purified water is pumped from water
treatment plant to the storage tank via transmission main, which will be laid along the roads.
Storage tank location was selected as the highest place in the village, which is 21m (69 feet)
height. So that it is convenient and economical to plan the distribution mains to flow under
gravity.

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 Storage tank

Transmission Main

Water treatment plant

Intake

Pump house

Figure 6. Locations of the components in water supply scheme

5.2. PROPOSED CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF THE WATER TREATMENT UNIT

PROCESSES

Nearly 99% of the purified water is used for domestic consumption in this project. And there are no
industries in non-domestic users. So additional treatments is not required.

Intake Coarse & fine Coagulation & Sedimentation

screen Flocculation

Storage tank Chlorination and pH Slow sand

correction filter

Figure 7. Proposed water treatment process

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5.3. SPECIFICATIONS OF PIPES IN TRANSMISSION MAIN

Assuming average daily peak factor = 1.4

Q = AV A = Q/V (лD2/4) = Q/V D = (4Q/πV)0.5
Assume velocity of the transmission main is 1.2 m/s
190 × 1.4⁄
𝐷=( 24 × 3600 × 4)0.5
1.2 л
= 0.057 m
= 60 mm
60 mm diameter pipes can be used for the transmission main.

190 × 1.4⁄
𝑉= 24 × 3600
𝜋 × 0.03 × 0.03
= 1.08 m/s

Q = 3.078 l/s
D = 60 mm
Assuming pipe C = 100, from nomograph, H/L = 0.045
Length of transmission main = 1270 m

5.4. PUMP CAPACITY DESIGN

Head loss due to friction = 0.045 × 1270
= 57.15 m
Total head to be provided by the pump = static head + head due to frictional losses
(Delivery head of the pump) = 10 m + 57.15 m
= 67.15 m
Two pumps have to be provided one working and one standby.

5.5. STORAGE TANK DESIGN

Volume of storage tank
Capacity = 190×1.4 + free board
Assume 20% of free board
Capacity = 332.5 m3/day

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6. CAPITAL, OPERATIONAL AND MAINTENANCE COSTS

6.1. Capital Expenditure (CAPEX)

Water treatment plant = Rs 8 million
Pump house = Rs. 0.5 million
Storage tank = Rs. 2 million
Transmission lines & Distribution lines = Rs. 12 million
Total Capital Expenditure = Rs. 20.5 million

6.2. Operational Expenditure (OPEX)

Cost for electricity = Rs. 15 000 / month

Cost for chlorine = Rs. 0.20 / m3 (Chlorine content of treated water ≈ 1ppm)
Maintenance cost = Rs. 18000 / month

7. BENEFITS OF PROVIDING WATER SUPPLY

7.1. Economic Benefits

 The surrounding area of the village is mainly and agricultural area. So the fertilizers,
pesticides may mixed with the water I the wells. When those wells are contaminated, they
are vulnerable to water borne diseases, which costs high to cure. When using treated water
that water is safe for drinking and save money for medicine.
 Since the ground water can be contaminated with the manure to the vegetation, the well
water cannot be assured as safe for drinking. So people in the village can use pipe borne
water for -+
 drinking and well water for washing purposes, which is economical. Further if such a
method is continued we can supply drinking water to another village and it’s economical
for both villagers.
 Pipe borne water is supplied throughout the year. So storage tanks is not required for
houses. This reduces the operational and maintenance cost of domestic storage methods.
And also it reduces the cost of pumping water from wells.

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  Time required to collect water manually is reduced with the high accessibility to safe
water. This saves time and saves indirectly money.

7.2. Social Benefits

 New employment will be created with the project operations

 Living standards of the people will be increased with safe and clean water, and increased
sanitation and hygiene. This leads to a reduction of risks due to serious water borne diseases
like cholera, typhoid fever etc.
 Those who have to share wells with others and those who use public wells will be facilitated
with the new pipe borne supply reducing their time for waiting and collection.

8. DISCUSSION ON SUSTAINABILITY ASPECTS

Sustainability is a new common concept in community based water supply projects. Rural
water supply schemes’ management should be cost effective when considering constraints on the
resource and the financial availability to express it as sustainable.
With these kind of projects, sustainable Development Goal 6 (Ensuring availability and sustainable
management of water and sanitation for all) can be achieved gradually. Since the project is
implemented in low budget those kind of projects are reliable. Further, with improved water supply
the health issues in the village will be minimized due to water and sanitation.

REFERENCES

 Lecture note on Water Supply – prof. Jagath Manathunga

 Lecture note on water treatment – Dr. Buddhika Gunawardane
 Details from Grama Niladari in Halpatota GND
 https://www.google.com/maps/@6.1722835,80.1620226,913m/data=!3m1!1e3

 http://www.statistics.gov.lk/Abstract2014/Pages/chap1.htm

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 https://www.google.lk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&
ved=2ahUKEwiN7JCYu5fdAhVKM48KHairA2YQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=http%3A%2F%2F
hikersbay.com%2Fclimate-conditions%2Fsrilanka%2Fgalle%2Fclimate-conditions-in-
galle.html%3Flang%3Den&psig=AOvVaw3lUCQ08kT4sMZKVnq1YkX5&ust=153581076
1795953

 http://projects.worldbank.org/P132173/india-rural-water-supply-sanitation-project-low-
income-states?lang=en

 http://www.waterboard.lk/

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