Internship Report ON 132Kv Grid Station New Sialkot: G E P C

GUJRANWALA ELECTRIC POWER COMPANY
INTERNSHIP REPORT
ON
132KV GRID STATION NEW SIALKOT
SUPERVISED BY:
Mr.Muhammad Asif (SSO)
Submitted By:
M.SUMAIR JAVED
UNIVERSITY OF SARGODHA
Date of submission:
09-08-2019
1
ISLAM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES, SIALKOT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, thanks to “Almighty ALLAH” who gave me the strength and will to go
out in search of knowledge and who is always our greatest well-wisher. I am thankful to
Mr.Wajahat Gill which belong from Human Resources department, especially Resident
Engineer Sir Mujahid for giving us guideline for internship in 132kv Grid station.
I would like to take this opportunity to express my profound gratitude and deep regard to
SSO. Sir Muhammad Asif for his exemplary guidance, valuable feedback and constant
encouragement throughout the duration of the internship. Working under him was an
extremely knowledgeable experience for me.
Besides his skills and knowledge about 132kv grid they are thoroughly a well-disciplined
personality. I would also like to give my sincere gratitude to all the friends and colleagues
who are there with me. I would always remember their ditch efforts to make me entangled in
discussions that ultimately proved to be very fruitful
I am very obliged to all the personalities who were always there whenever I asked for help.
It was really a very good experience to be at GEPCO.
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ABSTRACT
The report is about my internship tenure of 6 Weeks which made me learn the basics of a
power distribution and transmission in 132kv Grid Station. I did internship at 132kv New
Sialkot Grid Station.
This report is detailed about all the electronic devices which are there in grid and which are
working to step down 132kv to 11kv for distribution.
Above Grid Stations in which I did work and get experience, a very passionate management
and a highly skilled and disciplined man power and most importantly their mutual
coordination makes GEPCO known all.
3
Table of Contents
Chapter 01
Introduction……………………………………………………………..
….5
1.1
History………………………………………..…………………………5
1.2
WAPDA…………………………………………………………………6
1.2.1 WINGS OF WAPDA……………………………………………….7
1.2.2 PEPCO………………………………………………………………7
1.3 GEPCO………………………………………………………………….8
1.3.1 Distribution system of
GEPCO………………………………….....9
1.3.2 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
PLANNING…………………...……10
Chapter 02
Safety………………………………………………………....................11
2.1
Helmet……………………………………………………....................11
2.2
Overall………………………………………………………………...12
2.3
Gloves…………………………………………….................................12
2.4
Goggles……………………………………………………...................13
2.5Shoes………………………………………………………....................
13
Chapter 03
Transformer Protection
3.1 Isolator………………………………………………………..............14
3.2 Circuit Breaker……………………………………….……...............15
3.3 Lightening Arrester…….……………………………………………16
3.4.1 Function of Relay………………………………………………….17
3.4.2 Types of Relay……………………………………………………..17
3.5 Current Transformer (CT)……………………………………….....18
3.6 Potential Transformer (PT)………………………………................19
Chapter 04
4
Transformer……………………………………………………………………..
.20
4.1 Working
Principle…………………………………………………………...21
4.1.1 Faraday
Law……………………………………………..………………21
4.1.2 Voltage
Ratio……………………………………………………………..22
4.1.3 Turn
Ratio………………………………………………………………22
4.2 Construction of Transformer
4.2.1
Cores……………………………………………………….......................22
4.2.2
Winding…………………………………………………………………...23
4.2.4 Bushing
…………………………………………………….......................24
4.3 Types of
Transformer……………………………………………………….24
4.3.1 According to
Construction……………………………….........................25
4.3.2 According to
Function……………………………………........................25
4.3.2.1 Power
Transformer…………………………………………………….25
4.3.2.2 Special
Transformer……………………………………………………25
Chapter 05
Switch yard
5.1
Isolator…………………………………………………………......................26
5.2 Circuit
Breaker……………………………………………………………....27
5.3 Control
Switch…………………………………………………………….…28
5.4
Relay…………………………………………………….................................28
Chapter06
Battery
Room…………………………………………………………………….29
6.1 Working
5
Principle…………………………………………………………..30
6.2
Purpose……………………………………………………………………….31
Chapter 07
7.1
Neutral………………………………………………………………………..32
7.2
Ground………………………………………………………………………..32
Chapter 08
8.1 Electric
Substation…………………………………………………………..33
8.2 Grid
Station………………………………………………………………….33
8.3 132 KV OLD POWER HOUSE (OPH) Grid Station
GIS………………..34
8.4 Essential Parts of
OPH……………………………………………………...34
8.5 Single Line Diagram of
OPH……………………………………………….35
8.6 132 KV
Transformer………………………………………………………..36
8.7
Distribution…………………………………………………………………..37
Conclusion………………………………………………………….
6
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA). Water and Power Development
Authority was created through an Act in 1958 to provide Unified and coordinated
development of water and power resources of Pakistan.
At the time of creation WAPDA had following charter of duties:
o Generation, Transmission and Distribution of Power

o Irrigation, Water supply and Drainage
o Prevention of Water logging and Reclamation of Saline Lands
o Flood Control
o Inland Navigation
1.1 HISTORY
Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA) was established by an act of

parliament in 1958 to unify the maintenance of infrastructure previously overseen by
provincial agencies. Its Chairmen included outstanding civil servants like Ghulam Ishaq
Khan, Ghulam Faruque Khan and Aftab Ghulam Nabi Kazi who were subsequently President
of Pakistan, Minister for Commerce and Economic Adviser, respectively. In October 2007,
thermal power management was split into the newly formed Pakistan Electric Power
Company (PEPCO).
The Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA) is a government-owned public
utility maintaining power and water in Pakistan, although it does not manage thermal power.
WAPDA includes Tarbela and Mangla dams among its resources. Its headquarters are in
Lahore.
1.2WAPDA
WAPDA is an autonomous and statutory body under the administrative control of Federal
Government. WAPDA Authority consists of one Chairman, three Members (Water, Power &
Finance) and a Secretary. WAPDA was authorized to chalk out a comprehensive program for
generation of Hydro Electric (Hydel) and Thermal Power and installation of Transmission
and Distribution Lines besides construction of Grid Stations throughout the country except
Karachi and Azad Jammu & Kashmir.
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WAPDA, the Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority, was created in 1958
as a Semi-Autonomous Body for the purpose of coordinating and giving a unified direction to
the development of schemes in Water and Power Sectors, which were previously being dealt
with, by the respective Electricity and Irrigation Department of the Provinces.
Since October 2007, WAPDA has been divided into two distinct entities i.e. WAPDA and
Pakistan Electric Power Company (PEPCO).
 WAPDA is responsible for water and hydropower development
 PEPCO is vested with the responsibility of thermal power generation, transmission,
distribution and billing.
 PEPCO has been fully empowered and is responsible for the management of all the
affairs of corporatized eight Distribution Companies (DISCOs), four Generation
Companies (GENCOs) and a National Transmission Dispatch Company (NTDC).
These companies are working under independent Board of Directors (Chairman and
some Directors are from Private Sectors).
 The Companies are administratively autonomous and leading to financial autonomy
by restructuring their balance sheets by bringing their equity position to at least 20
percent, required to meet the prudential regulations and to facilitate financing from
commercial sector (approved by ECC).
 The Loan Liability Transfer Agreements (LLTA) have been signed with Corporate
Entities and execution of loan transfer is complete.
 All Entities have the physical possessions of all their operational assets.
 On 24th Feb. 2007 Ministry of Water & Power notified NEPRAapproved Tariff for
all Distribution Companies replacing unified WAPDA Tariff.
 Legal Agreements such as Business Transfer Agreements, Operation Development
Agreement, Energy Supply Agreement, Business Supplementary Agreement and Fuel
Supply Agreement etc. were executed between WAPDA and Corporate Entities to
facilitate commercial operations.
WAPDA has formulated a comprehensive $25–33 billion National Water Resource and
Hydropower Development Program, entitled Water Vision 2025. The Water Vision 2025
projects are expected to generate 16,000 MW of hydroelectricity. Other goals are to prevent
water shortages, limit drought and increase water storage for a growing population. Five
massive hydropower projects have been announced by the President of Pakistan; these are to
be completed by 2016, with a generation capacity of 9,500 MW. Two of the projects are
ready for construction, while three are in the stages of feasibility studies and preparation of
tender documents.
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1.2.1 WINGS OF WAPDA
 Power Wing
 Water Wing
POWER WING
Power wing is headed by Member (Power). After Re-structuring in
2007, Power Wing was split up into companies i.e. NTDC, DISCOs &GENCOs and
separated from WAPDA. Power wing now looks after Hydropower Generation only
Mandate of Residual WAPDA Power Wing
 Operation & maintenance of 19 Hydel Power Stations
 Rehabilitation of Existing old Hydel Power Stations
 Technical monitoring of E&M Works of new projects
 Training activities for Capacity Building under G.M (Training).
DISCO’s
Following are the nine distribution companies.

1. GEPCO
2. LESOC
3. FESCO
4. IESCO
5. MEPCO
6. PESCO
7. HESCO
8. QESCO
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WATER WING
Member (Water) heads the Water Wing of WAPDA for execution of projects in the entire
country. For execution of water sector and hydropower development projects General
Managers, Chief Engineers and Project Directors are responsible for their implementation
and execution. The projects located in Gilgit Baltistan and northern side of Pakistan are being
executed by General Manager (Northern Areas), Projects located in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
and Mangla Dam Raising Projects by General Manager (Projects) North, Neelum Jhelum
Hydropower Project located in Azad Jammu Kashmir by MD/CEO NJHPC, Projects located
in Punjab by General Manager (Central) Water, Projects located in Sindh and Balochistan by
General Manager (Projects) South. In addition, the Water Wing has a General Manager
(Coordination and Monitoring) Water for coordination between various WAPDA formations
with Ministry and other national and international formations, monitoring of WAPDA
ongoing, completed and proposed projects, career management and general administration of
water wing (Grade-1 to Grade-19). The Planning Division of Water Wing, headed by a
General Manager, looks after all planning activities on the water side. The activities of
hydropower development are handled by General Manager (Hydro) Planning. Central Design
Office is headed by General Manager (CDO) and the matters of land acquisition and
resettlement are looked after by General Manager (Land Acquisition and Resettlement). The
Environment cell and dam safety organization and other technical services are being headed
by General Manager (Technical Services). General Manager (Tarbela) controls the operation
and maintenance of Tarbela Dam while General Manager (Ghazi Barotha Hydropower
Project) looks after Ghazi Barotha Hydropower Project.
WAPDA Hydel
 Tarbela 3478 MW
 Mangla 1000 MW
 Ghazi – Barotha 1450 MW
 Warsak 243 MW
 Chashma 184 MW
 Dargai 20 MW
 Rasul 22 MW
 Shadi-Waal 18 MW
 Nandi pur 14 MW
 Kurram Garhi 4 MW
 Renala 1 MW
 Chitral 1 MW
 Jagran (AK) 30 MW
 Khankhwar 72 MW
 AllaiKhwar 121 MW
 Total Hydel 6,654 MW
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1.3 GEPCO
 GEPCO serves almost 2.454 million consumers, commercializing 6,220 GWh of

electric energy per year, with a peak demand of 1,813 MW.
 GEPCO has been setup over area of jurisdiction and network of former Area
Electricity Board, which was created in early eighties.
 GEPCO was incorporated on 25th April, 1998. It encompassed the areas of existing
06 Districts Gujranwala, Hafiz Abad, Sialkot, Narowal, Gujrat and Mandi Bahauddin
 It operates approximately 19,786 kilometers of medium voltage distribution line, and
16,726 kilometers of low voltage distribution circuits.
1.3.1 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM OF GEPCO
Brief Introduction
 GEPCO’S distribution network consist of 11 KV line at HT side and 415 V at LT
side.
 There are about 768 Nos. of 11 KV feeders in GEPCO with total length of about
23,956 KM. LT line has length of about 17917 KM.
 There are about 57217 Nos. of Distribution Transformers installed in GEPCO.
1.3.2 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM PLANNING
Brief Introduction
 Planning and Engineering (P&E) Section of GEPCO deals with the technical
study of 11 KV (HT) line network and 415 V (LT) line network.
 A Distribution network is selected for rehabilitation on the basis of certain
planning criteria such as voltage drop, power loss, equipment loading, and Low
power factor, accommodate future load growth, benefit/cost ratio, etc. For each
selected network, a planning proposal is prepared to achieve the desired benefits.
11
Rehabilitation Procedure of HT Distribution System Used in

GEPCO
SELECTION PROCDURE:
Rehabilitation of HT Distribution System Selection criteria for HT network to be
rehabilitated is on the basis of certain planning criteria such as high voltage drop, high power
loss, equipment loading, Low power factor, accommodate future load growth, benefit/cost
ratio, etc. For each selected network, a planning proposal is prepared to achieve the desired
benefits.
The required B/C(benefits/cost) for HT proposals > 2
Rehabilitation Procedure of LT Distribution System Used in

GEPCO
SELECTION PROCDURE:
For LT network rehabilitation higher priority is given to those areas where distribution
transformers are running beyond 80% loading or LT Line is lengthy, service to service
connections exist and consequently, the technical parameters (i.e. %Voltage Drop and
%Annual Energy Loss) exceed above permissible limits. Such LT proposals that give
maximum technical as well as financial benefits should be executed.
The required B/C(benefits/cost) for LT proposals > 1
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CHAPTER 2
SAFETY
The basic need of the safety is to prevent human being from any type of injury.
Security is first stage of safety.
When we working in the plant area we should use PPE’s (Personal Protection Equipment’s)
They are mention as below:
2.1 Helmet
It prevent us from the head injury.
2.2 Overall
It’s a special type of dress and this dress is fit to body. Loose dress may be cause of any
accident.
13
2.3 Gloves
Gloves protect and comfort hands against cold or heat, damage by friction, abrasion or
chemical, and disease; or in turn to provide a guard for what a bare hand should not touch.
They prevent us from hand injury.
2.4 Goggles
It is used to save our eyes from dust.
14
2.5 Shoes
They prevent us from slipping and if something fell down they can bear 25kg weight by its
toe and prevent us by feet injury.
15
Chapter 3
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
The high importance and cost of transformers make it crucial to maintain these assets. SEL
has developed a wide variety of advanced transformer protection relays for all your
transformer applications, providing top-of-the-line protection and control. Choose the relay
and other equipment that best suits your transformer needs.
3.1 ISOLATOR
In electrical engineering, isolator switch is used to make sure that an electrical circuit can be
completely de-energized for service or maintenance. Such switches are often found in
electricaldistribution and industrial applications where machinery must have its source of
driving power removed for adjustment or repair. High-voltage isolation switches are used in
electrical substations to allow isolation of apparatus such as circuit breakers and transformers,
and transmission lines, for maintenance. Often the isolation switch is not intended for normal
control of the circuit and is only used for isolation.
3.2 CIRCUIT BREAKER

A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an
electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to
detect a fault condition and interrupt current flow.
16
A circuit breaker in which the current carrying contacts operate in sulphur hexafluoride or
SF6 gas is known as an SF6 circuit breaker. SF6 has excellent insulating property. SF6 has
high electro-negativity. That means it has high affinity of absorbing free electron. Whenever
a free electron collides with the SF6 gas molecule, it is absorbed by that gas molecule and
forms a negative ion. The attachment of electron with SF6 gas molecules may occur in two
different ways,
These negative ions obviously much heavier than a free electron and therefore over all mobility of the
charged particle in the SF6 gas is much less as compared other common gases. We know that mobility
of charged particle is majorly responsible for conducting current through a gas.
3.3 LIGHTENING ARRESTER

A lightening arrester is a device to protect electrical equipment from over-voltage transients
caused by external (lightning) or internal (switching) events.
17
3.4 RELAY
Arelay is a device that “detects” the fault and “directs” the circuit breaker to isolate the faulty
part/equipment from the system. The first protective relays were electromagnetic devices, relying
on coils operating on moving parts to provide detection of abnormal operating conditions such as
over-current, over-voltage, reverse power flow, over-frequency, and under-frequency.[2]
Microprocessor-based digital protection relays now emulate the original devices, as well as providing
types of protection and supervision impractical with electromechanical relays. Electromechanical
relays provide only rudimentary indications of involved phase and zone targets.[3] In many cases a
single microprocessor relay provides functions that would take two or more electromechanical
devices. By combining several functions in one case, numerical relays also save capital cost and
maintenance cost over electromechanical relays.[4] However, due to their very long life span, tens of
thousands of these "silent sentinels"[5] are still protecting transmission lines and electrical apparatus all
over the world. Important transmission lines and generators have cubicles dedicated to protection,
with many individual electromechanical devices, or one or two microprocessor relays.
FUNCTION OF RELAY
A relay performs three functions.
 Sensing.
 Comparing.
 Tripping.
18
Types of Relay
3.4.1 BUCHHOLZ RELAY

In the field of electric power distribution and transmission, a Buchholz relay is a safety
device mounted on some oil-filled power transformers and reactors, equipped with an
external overhead oil reservoir called a "conservator". The Buchholz relay is used as a
protective device sensitive to the effects of dielectric failure inside the equipment.
3.5 CURRENT TRANSFORMER
19
A current transformer (CT) is used for measurement of alternating electric current. Current
transformers, together with(VT or PT), are known asmeasurement of alternating electric
voltage (or potential) transformers instrument transformers.
3.6 POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER

Potential transformers (PT) (alsocalled voltage transformers (VT)) are a parallel connected
type of instrumenttransformer. They are designed to present negligible load to the supply
beingmeasured and have an accurate voltage ratio and phase relationship to enable accurate
secondary connected metering.
20
CHAPTER 4
TRANSFORMER
A transformer is a static machine used for transforming power from one circuit to another
without changing frequency. This is very basic definition of transformer. A transformer is
an electrical device that transfers electrical energy between two or more circuits through
electromagnetic induction. Electromagnetic induction produces an electromotive force within
a conductor which is exposed to time varying magnetic fields. Transformers are used to
increase or decrease the alternating voltages in electric power applications.
A varying current in the transformer's primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the
transformer core and a varying field impinging on the transformer's secondary winding. This
varying magnetic field at the secondary winding induces a varying electromotive force
(EMF) or voltage in the secondary winding due to electromagnetic induction. Making use of
Faraday's Law (discovered in 1831) in conjunction with high magnetic permeability core
properties, transformers can be designed to efficiently change AC voltages from one voltage
level to another within power networks.
132kv to 11kv
21
4.1 WORKING PRINCIPLE
The working principle of transformer is very simple. It depends upon Faraday’s laws of
Electromagnetic Induction. Actually mutual induction between two or more winding is
responsible for transformation action in an electrical transformer. For simplification or
approximation purposes, it is very common to analyze the transformer as an ideal transformer
model as presented in the two images. An ideal transformer is a theoretical, linear transformer
that is lossless and perfectly coupled; that is, there are no energy losses and flux is completely
confined within the magnetic core. Perfect coupling implies infinitely high core magnetic
permeability and winding inductances and zero net magneto motive force.
A varying current in the transformer's primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the
core and a varying magnetic field impinging on the secondary winding. This varying
magnetic field at the secondary induces a varying electromotive force (EMF) or voltage in the
secondary winding. The primary and secondary windings are wrapped around a core of
infinitely high magnetic permeability so that all of the magnetic flux passes through both the
primary and secondary windings. With a voltage source connected to the primary winding
and load impedance connected to the secondary winding, the transformer currents flow in the
indicated directions.
4.1.1 FARADAY LAW

According to these Faraday’s laws,
"Rate of change of flux linkage with respect to time is directly proportional to the induced
EMF in a conductor or coil".
e= M dI
/dt where
e = Induced voltage
M = mutual inductance
dI = rete of change in the current dt
= rate of change in time
If the circuit of the second coil is closed, current flows in it and so in this way electric
22
energy is transferred from one coil to the coil. The first coil in which electric supply is
connected is called the primary coil and other coil to which the power is supplied is called
the secondary coil. In a brief transformer is a device that transfers electric power from one
circuit to the other.
4.1.2 VOLTAGE RATIO
This above said ratio is also known as voltage ratio of transformer if it

is expressed as ratio of the primary and secondary voltages of
transformer.
4.1.3 TURN RATIO
As the voltages in primary and secondary of transformer is directly proportional to

number of turns in the respective winding, the transformation ratio of transformer
is sometime expressed in ratio of turns and referred as turns ratio of transformer.
4.2 CONSTRUCTION OF TRANSFORMER
 Cores
 Windings
 Cooling
 Insulation drying
 Bushings
4.2.1 Cores
 Laminated steel cores
Transformers for use at power or audio frequencies typically have cores made of high
permeability silicon steel. The steel has a permeability many times that of free space and the
core thus serves to greatly reduce the magnetizing current and confine the flux to a path
which closely couples the windings. Early transformer developers soon realized that cores
constructed from solid iron resulted in prohibitive eddy current losses, and their designs
mitigated this effect with cores consisting of bundles of insulated iron wires. Later designs
constructed the core by stacking layers of thin steel laminations, a principle that has remained
in use. Each lamination is insulated from its neighbors by a thin non-conducting layer of
insulation. The universal transformer equation indicates a minimum cross-sectional area for
the core to avoid saturation.
23
 Solid cores
Powdered iron cores are used in circuits such as switch-mode power supplies that operate
above mains frequencies and up to a few tens of kilohertz. These materials combine high
magnetic permeability with high bulk electrical resistivity. For frequencies extending beyond
the VHF band, cores made from non-conductive magnetic ceramic materials called ferrites
are common. Some radio-frequency transformers also have movable cores (sometimes called
'slugs') which allow adjustment of the coupling coefficient (and bandwidth) of tuned radio-
frequency circuits.
 Toroidal cores
Toroidal transformers are built around a ring-shaped core, which, depending on operating
frequency, is made from a long strip of silicon steel or perm alloy wound into a coil,
powdered iron, or ferrite. A strip construction ensures that the grain boundaries are optimally
aligned, improving the transformer's efficiency by reducing the core's reluctance. The closed
ring shape eliminates air gaps inherent in the construction of an E-I core. The cross-section of
the ring is usually square or rectangular, but more expensive cores with circular cross-
sections are also available. The primary and secondary coils are often wound concentrically
to cover the entire surface of the core. This minimizes the length of wire needed and provides
screening to minimize the core's magnetic field from generating electromagnetic interference.
 Air cores
A physical core is not an absolute requisite and a functioning transformer can be produced
simply by placing the windings near each other, an arrangement termed an 'air-core'
transformer. The air which comprises the magnetic circuit is essentially lossless, and so an
air-core transformer eliminates loss due to hysteresis in the core material. The leakage
inductance is inevitably high, resulting in very poor regulation, and so such designs are
unsuitable for use in power distribution. They have however very high bandwidth, and are
frequently employed in radio-frequency applications, for which a satisfactory coupling
coefficient is maintained by carefully overlapping the primary and secondary windings.
They're also used for resonant transformers such as Tesla coils where they can achieve
reasonably low loss in spite of the high leakage inductance.
4.2.2 Winding
The conducting material used for the windings depends upon the application, but in all cases
the individual turns must be electrically insulated from each other to ensure that the current
travels throughout every turn. For small power and signal transformers, in which currents are
low and the potential difference between adjacent turns is small, the coils are often wound
from enameled magnet wire, such as Formvar wire. Larger power transformers operating at
high voltages may be wound with copper rectangular strip conductors insulated by oil-
impregnated paper and blocks of pressboard.
24
4.2.3 Cooling
Small dry-type and liquid-immersed transformers are often self-cooled by natural convection
and radiation heat dissipation. As power ratings increase, transformers are often cooled by
forced-air cooling, forced-oil cooling, water-cooling, or combinations of these. Large
transformers are filled with transformer oil that both cools and insulates the windings.
Transformer oil is a highly refined mineral oil that cools the windings and insulation by
circulating within the transformer tank. The mineral oil and paper insulation system has been
extensively studied and used for more than 100 years. It is estimated that 50% of power
transformers will survive 50 years of use that the average age of failure of power
transformers is about 10 to 15 years, and that about 30% of power transformer failures are
due to insulation and overloading failures.
4.2.4 Insulation Drying

Construction of oil-filled transformers requires that the insulation covering the windings be
thoroughly dried of residual moisture before the oil is introduced. Drying is carried out at the
factory, and may also be required as a field service. Drying may be done by circulating hot
air around the core, or by vapor-phase drying (VPD) where an evaporated solvent transfers
heat by condensation on the coil and core.
4.2.5 Bushing
Larger transformers are provided with high-voltage insulated bushings made of polymers or
porcelain. A large bushing can be a complex structure since it must provide careful control of
the electric field gradient without letting the transformer leak oil.
4. 3TYPES OF TRANSFORMER
In all types of transformer, the core is constructed of transformer sheets, steel laminations to
provide a continuous magnetic path with minimum air gap. Transformers are classified by
several means,
 According to Construction
 According to Function
 According to Consumer
 According to Connections
4.3.1 According to Construction

Construction ally, transformers are of two general types.
 Shell type.
 Core type.
25
4.3.2 According to functions
 Power transformers
4.3.2.1 Power transformer

 Two windings transformer
 Three windings transformer
 Auto transformer
4.3.2.2Special transformer
 Current Transformer
 Potential Transformer
26
CHAPTER 5
Switch Yard
5.1 Inside the switch yard:

Mainly there are different but most important things for the protection,
measurement, metering and for the other purposes.
 Circuit Breakers
 Isolators
 Insulator
 Current Transformer (CT)
 Potential Transformer (PT)
 Conductor
 Control Switch
 Relays
 Insulator Strings
 Bus Bar
There are different type of schemes are used but in our block III one and half scheme is
used.
5.1.1 ONE AND HALF SCHEME
The benefit of this scheme is that if for example any fault occurs on any bus bar
then the supply of the feeder will not disconnect. Then the supply will go to the
second bus bar without an interruption
5.1.2 CIRCUIT BREAKER
As we know circuit breaker is an on load device it means that it can do proper work
and do ON and OFF with safety due to supply. In these circuit breaker we used SF6
for arc quenching medium and these circuit breaker are air operated. And the air
pressure becomes 18 bar.
5.1.3 ISOLATERS
While isolators are off load device means that it just like work as a fuse it do work
only at off supply. Because it did not keep any arc quenching medium if we use at
an on load supply then it will become damage ,So every bay consists of six
isolators three circuit breaker and three current transformers, which measure the
27
current and give protection. One isolator is used for generator protection it
isinstalled in start of the bay. We also use the current transformer in Series of every
bay. There are five coils of CT and three basic purposes of using CT.
 Measurement of the current
 Protection of the relays and breakers etc. metering
 for the breaker failure
5.1.5 POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER

We also use the potential transformer in parallel of the bus bar. It is used to measure the
voltages and it has been installed with the bus bar to measure the voltage across the bus
bar.We are checking for high voltage and low voltage but carefully for the low voltage
because the auxiliaries which we are running from this voltage will draw very high
current if the voltage is very low and this can damage our equipment.So, we keep on
checking for the low voltage and the high voltage. We have to useP.T. because we can’t
design such a big voltmeter
5.1.6 BUS BAR

Now we discussed about the bus bars we are using two bus bars in GEPCO power plant, first
of all we will define bus bar
“Bus bar is a conducting piece of bar which connect among the source and the
distribution circuit”
It work as a medium between feeder and source. The bus bar voltages remain same. So the
six feeders go out from the GEPCO power plant of 220KV and the six are 132KV.
5.1.7 Relays
These are operated by taking information from C.T. and P.T. Each and every thing of the
system even in the switchyard is being protected by relays because they are made very much
sensitive for the faults. They sense every fault for which it has been designed and then some
other important devices are operated from the signal of the relay.
There are many types of the relays,
 Differential over current relay.

 Over current relay.
 Differential over current relay
28
CHAPTER 6
BATTERY ROOM
A battery room is a room in a facility used to house batteries for backup or uninterruptible
power systems. Battery rooms are found in telecommunication central offices, and to provide
standby power to computing equipment in datacenters. These are also used in grid station for
uninterruptible supply for control room and all the functions operating in the grid station
Batteries provide direct current(DC) electricity, which may be used directly by some types of
equipment, or which may be converted to alternating current (AC) by uninterruptible power
supply (UPS) equipment. The batteries may provide power for minutes, hours or days
depending on the electrical system design, although most commonly the batteries power the
UPS during brief electric utility outages lasting only seconds.
Battery rooms were used to segregate the fumes and corrosive chemicals of wet cell batteries
(often lead–acid) from the operating equipment; a separate room also allowed better control
of temperature and ventilation for the batteries. In 1890 the Western Union central telegraph
office in New York City had 20,000 wet cells, mostly primary zinc-copper type, in use.
29
6.1 WORKING PRINCIPLE
A battery is a device that converts chemical energy to electrical energy.
A battery consists of some number of voltaic cells. Each cell consists of two half-cells
connected in series by a conductive electrolyte containing anions and cations. One half-cell
includes electrolyte and the negative electrode, the electrode to which anions (negatively
charged ions) migrate; the other half-cell includes electrolyte and the positive electrode to
which cations (positively charged ions) migrate. Redox reactions power the battery. Cations
are reduced (electrons are added) at the cathode during charging, while anions are oxidized
(electrons are removed) at the anode during charging. During discharge, the process is
reversed. The electrodes do not touch each other, but are electrically connected by the
electrolyte. Some cells use different electrolytes for each half-cell. A separator allows ions to
flow between half-cells, but prevents mixing of the electrolytes. Each half-cell has an
electromotive force (or emf), determined by its ability to drive electric current from the
interior to the exterior of the cell.
The battery has been the most popular source of electricity in many daily life applications. In
our daily life, we generally use two types of battery; one of them is which can be used once
before it gets totally discharged. Another type of battery is rechargeable which means it can
be used multiple times by recharging it externally.
The former is called primary battery and the later is called secondary battery.
6.2 PURPOSE
The purpose of the station battery system is to provide a safe and reliable supply of power to
all primary functions. The system is almost independent of all other power supply systems
and ensures reliable executions of the control functions, both for selected normal operation
and during possible fault conditions. DC batteries shall be installed in the power house for
protection, emergency power, alarms and indications. The battery installations proposed for
this HPP are as follows:
Two sets of 220V batteries shall serve the whole power station. The batteries shall have
their own battery charger. Under normal conditions, DC supply shall be obtained by AC to
DC rectifier/converter and in case of failure of AC supplies; DC batteries shall be
automatically buffering the DC system.
The purpose of the battery room is to provide dc supplyneeded for the relay action (mostly
for protection purposes).
They are also source of excitation in case of blackout thud have vital use as dc backup
supply.
30
CHARGIING AND DISCHARGING
31
CHAPTER 7
NEUTRAL AND GROUND
7.1 NEUTRAL
Neutral is return path for an AC circuit which is supposed to carry current in normal
condition. This current may be because of many reasons, primarily because of phase current
imbalance and some time because 3rd and 5th harmonics also.
There may be others reasons too but the magnitude of this current is in fraction of phase
current and in few case it can be even double of phase current. So Neutral wire is always
assumed to be charged (in active circuit). This neutral wire is given to ground (by grounding)
to make the second terminal of neutral wire at zero potential.
7.2 GROUND
Ground is for safety concerns against leakage or residual currents on the system via least
resistance path. While phase and neutral is connected to main power wiring, earth may be
connected to body of equipment or to any system which in normal condition doesn’t carry
current but in case of some insulation failure, is supposed to carry some minor current.
This current is not directly coming from live or phase wire, but is from secondary links which
was not in touch with live system in normal condition. This current is usually much lesser
than main line current or phase current and mostly is in order of mA. But this leakage current
is good enough to kill someone or may risk fire. Such current are being provided a low
resistance path and sent to earth via earth wire.
32
Chapter 8
GRID STATION
8.1 Electrical Substation
A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and distribution system.

Substations transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse, or perform any of several
other important functions. Between the generating station and consumer, electric power may
flow through several substations at different voltage levels.
Substations may be owned and operated by an electrical utility, or may be owned by a large
industrial or commercial customer. Generally substations are unattended, relying on SCADA
for remote supervision and control.
8.2 Grid
A substation may include transformers to change voltage levels between high transmission
voltages and lower distribution voltages, or at the interconnection of two different
transmission voltages. The word substation comes from the days before the distribution
system became a grid.
As central generation stations became larger, smaller generating plants were converted to
distribution stations, receiving their energy supply from a larger plant instead of using their
own generators. The first substations were connected to only one power station, where the
generators were housed, and were subsidiaries of that power station.
33
8.3 132KV New Sialkot Grid Station Sialkot.
The 132KV New Sialkot Grid Station Sialkot is the grid station based on AIR INSULATED
SUBSTATION (AIS) Technology and was installed by Korean company in 1980’s.Two 66kv
grid stations MARALA and DASKA were also operated by this grid.Now these are upgraded
to 132kv and have their transmission line from SAHOWALA.
8.3.1 Description
Gas Insulated Substation uses Sulphur hexafluoride gas (SF6) which has a superior dielectric
property used at moderate pressure for phase to phase and phase to ground insulation.
In Gas Insulated Substation the high voltage conductors, circuit breaker interrupters,
switches, Current transformers, voltage transformers, power transformers and lightening
arresters are enclosed in SF6 gas inside grounded metal enclosures.
Gas Insulated Substations (GIS) is a compact, multicomponent assembly enclosed in a
ground metallic housing which the primary insulating medium is compressed Sulphur
hexafluoride (SF6) gas.
There are following purposes of Gas Insulated Substation
 It occupy small space as compare to AIS.
 Large dimensions due to statutory clearances and poor dielectric strength of air we
prefer GIS.
 As there is Insulation deterioration with ambient conditions and susceptibility to
pollutants so we prefer GIS.
 It is a seismic stable system.
 Small planning and execution time.
 No need of regularly (daily or weekly) maintenance of substation.
8.4 Essential parts of 132KV New Sialkot Grid

The essential parts of 132KV New Sialkot Grid are following
 Bus Bar
 Circuit Breaker
 Disconnectors (line or bus)
 Earthing Switch (line or bus)
 Current Transformers (feeder/bus)
 Potential Transformer
 Feeder Disconnector
 Feeder Earthing switch
 Lightening/Surge Arrester
34
8.6 132 KV Transformers
There are three 132 KV transformers in new Sialkot grid that are used to step down the
incoming 132KV into 11 KV for distribution to consumer
Transformer Capacity
 Transformer T2 20/26 MV
 Transformer T3 31.5/40MV
 Transformer T4 20/26 MV
These three transformers are in new Sialkot grid. Their maximum capacity is 20/26 MV. 26
MV is on that condition when we switch on the cooling system and 20 MV is on normal
position.
8.6.1 Load on Transformers/ Grid Station

Load on transformers are divided onto their capacity as division load on each transformer is
as following,
Transformers Load
 Transformer T2 350 Amperes
8.7 Distribution
The 132KV new sialkot is distributing to fourteen feeders depending upon their load and
capacity. The distribution of grid is on following feeders and their load is also mentioned
below
Feeders Load
 Iqbal town 160 Amperes Transformer 2
 muradpur 145 Amperes
 Model town 150 Amperes
 Abbot road 160 Amperes
 muzafarpur 75 Amperes
 Marala road 140 Amperes
 Nangal 130 Amperes
 Butter 90 Amperes Transformer 3
 Muslim town 110 Amperes
 Khokhar town 150 Amperes
 malkay kalan 190 Amperes
 kashmir road 200 Amperes
 Adalat garah 300 Amperes Transformer 3
35
8.8 Power Factor
For maintaining the power factor capacitor bank or shunt capacitors are used in grid station.
In new Sialkot capacitors are connected with Transformer T2 and Transformer T3 and T4.
As power factor is 0.9 hence for maintaining it we use capacitors.
Conclusion:
During my internship I learned working of 132kv grid station. it is one of oldest grid stations.
During my internship I developed technical skills for working in field. I learned about safety
precautions and rules which are essential for every electrical engineer working at any grid
station to minimize the losses. It was really a very technical and management seeking
experience working there.
To understand the purpose of Grid Station, Breakers,Relays, Switching, Transformer,
CT, PT,Batteries as well as many more things which used at the 132KV Grid Station. I
learned about control panel, safety and triping.
36

Internship Report ON 132Kv Grid Station New Sialkot: G E P C

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GUJRANWALA ELECTRIC POWER COMPANY

It was really a very good experience to be at GEPCO.

At the time of creation WAPDA had following charter of duties:

o Generation, Transmission and Distribution of Power

Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA) was established by an act of

1.2.1 WINGS OF WAPDA

Mandate of Residual WAPDA Power Wing

 Operation & maintenance of 19 Hydel Power Stations

 Rehabilitation of Existing old Hydel Power Stations

 Technical monitoring of E&M Works of new projects

 Training activities for Capacity Building under G.M (Training).

Following are the nine distribution companies.

 GEPCO serves almost 2.454 million consumers, commercializing 6,220 GWh of

1.3.1 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM OF GEPCO

1.3.2 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM PLANNING

Rehabilitation Procedure of HT Distribution System Used in

Rehabilitation Procedure of LT Distribution System Used in

It prevent us from the head injury.

It is used to save our eyes from dust.

3.2 CIRCUIT BREAKER

3.3 LIGHTENING ARRESTER

3.4.1 BUCHHOLZ RELAY

3.5 CURRENT TRANSFORMER

3.6 POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER

4.1.1 FARADAY LAW

4.1.2 VOLTAGE RATIO

This above said ratio is also known as voltage ratio of transformer if it

4.1.3 TURN RATIO

As the voltages in primary and secondary of transformer is directly proportional to

4.2 CONSTRUCTION OF TRANSFORMER

4.2.4 Insulation Drying

4.3.1 According to Construction

4.3.2.1 Power transformer

 Three windings transformer

5.1 Inside the switch yard:

5.1.1 ONE AND HALF SCHEME

5.1.2 CIRCUIT BREAKER

5.1.5 POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER

5.1.6 BUS BAR

 Differential over current relay.

A battery is a device that converts chemical energy to electrical energy.

CHARGIING AND DISCHARGING

8.1 Electrical Substation

A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and distribution system.

8.4 Essential parts of 132KV New Sialkot Grid

8.6.1 Load on Transformers/ Grid Station

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