Lovitt:

“Statistics is that which deals with the collection, classification and

tabulation of numerical facts as the basis for explanation, description and

comparison of phenomena.”

H. Sacrist:

“By statistics we mean aggregate of facts affected to a marked extent by

multiplicity of causes, numerically expressed, enumerated or estimated

according to reasonable standard of accuracy, collected in a systematic

manner for a predetermined purpose and placed in relation to each other.”

Prof. Boddington defined “It is the science of estimates and probabilities”

Components:
1. Collection of data
2. Presentation of data
3. Analysis of data
4. Interpretation of data

Effective (adj.) – Adequate to accomplish a purpose; producing the intended or expected result.
Efficient (adj.) – Performing or functioning in the best possible manner with the least waste of
time and effort.

The difference between effectiveness and efficiency can be summed up shortly, sweetly and
succinctly – Being effective is about doing the right things, while being efficient is about doing
things right.

Functions of Statistics:
1. To Present Facts in Definite Form:
We can represent the things in their true form with the help of figures. Without a
statistical study, our ideas would be vague and indefinite.
The facts are to be given in a definite form. If the results are given in numbers, then they
are more convincing than if the results are expressed on the basis of quality.

The statements like, there is lot of unemployment in India or population is increasing at

a faster rate are not in the definite form. The statements should be in definite form like
the population in 2004 would be 15% more as compared to 1990.

2. Reduces the Complexity of data:

Statistics simplifies the complexity of data. The raw data are unintelligible. We make
them simple and intelligible by using different statistical measures. Some such
commonly used measures are graphs, averages, dispersions, skewness, kurtosis,
correlation and regression etc. These measures help in interpretation and drawing
inferences. Therefore, statistics enables to enlarge the horizon of one’s knowledge.

2. Precision to the Facts:

The statistics are presented in a definite form so they also help in condensing the data
into important figures. So statistical methods present meaningful information. In other
words statistics helps in simplifying complex data to simple-to make them
understandable.

The data may be presented in the form of a graph, diagram or through an average, or
coefficients etc. For example, we cannot know the price position from individual prices
of all good, but we can know it, if we get the index of general level of prices.

3. Facilitates comparison:

After simplifying the data, it can be correlated as well as compared. The relationship
between the two groups is best represented by certain mathematical quantities like
average or coefficients etc. Comparison is one of the main functions of statistics as the
absolute figures convey a very less meaning. Comparison between different sets of
observation is an important function of statistics. Comparison is necessary to draw
conclusions as Professor Boddington rightly points out.” the object of statistics is to
enable comparison between past and present results to ascertain the reasons for
changes, which have taken place and the effect of such changes in future. So to
determine the efficiency of any measure comparison is necessary. Statistical devices like
averages, ratios, coefficients etc. are used for the purpose of comparison.

4. Formulation of Policies :
Statistics helps in formulating plans and policies in different fields. Statistical analysis of
data forms the beginning of policy formulations. Hence, statistics is essential for
planners, economists, scientists and administrators to prepare different plans and
programmes. With help of statistics we can frame favourable policies. How much food is
required to be imported in 2007? It depends on the food-production in 2007 and the
demand for food in 2007. Without knowing these factors we cannot estimate the
amount of imports. On the basis of forecast the government forms the policies about
food grains, housing etc. But if the forecasting is not correct, then the whole set up will
be affected. Example: RA 101

5. Forecasting:
Statistics is not only concerned with the above functions, but it also predicts the future
course of action of the phenomena. We can make future policies on the basis of
estimates made with the help of Statistics. We can predict the demand for goods in 2005
if we know the population in 2004 on the basis of growth rate of population in past.
Similarly a businessman can exploit the market situation in a successful manner if he
knows about the trends in the market. The statistics help in shaping future policies.

The future is uncertain. Statistics helps in forecasting the trend and tendencies.
Statistical techniques are used for predicting the future values of a variable. For example
a producer forecasts his future production on the basis of the present demand
conditions and his past experiences. Similarly, the planners can forecast the future
population etc. considering the present population trends.

6. It Enlarges Knowledge:
Whipple rightly remarks that “Statistics enables one to enlarge his horizon”. So when a
person goes through various procedures of statistics, it widens his knowledge pattern. It
also widens his thinking and reasoning power. It also helps him to reach to a rational
conclusion.

7. To Measure Uncertainty:
Future is uncertain, but statistics help the various authorities in all the phenomenon of
the world to make correct estimation by taking and analyzing the various data of the
part. So the uncertainty could be decreased. As we have to make a forecast we have also
to create trend behaviors of the past, for which we use techniques like regression,
interpolation and time series analysis.
6. Forecasting :
The future is uncertain. Statistics helps in forecasting the trend and tendencies.
Statistical techniques are used for predicting the future values of a variable. For example
a producer forecasts his future production on the basis of the present demand
conditions and his past experiences. Similarly, the planners can forecast the future
population etc. considering the present population trends.

7. Derives valid inferences :

Statistical methods mainly aim at deriving inferences from an enquiry. Statistical
techniques are often used by scholars planners and scientists to evaluate different
projects. These techniques are also used to draw inferences regarding population
parameters on the basis of sample information.

Limitations of Statistics
Statistics is a mathematical science pertaining to the collection, analysis,
interpretation or explanation, and presentation of data. Statisticians improve the
quality of data with the design of experiments and survey sampling.
1. Statistics does not deal with isolated measurement
2. Statistics deals with only quantitative characteristics
3. Statistics laws are true on average. Statistics are aggregates of facts. So single
observation is not a statistics, it deals with groups and aggregates only.
4. Statistical methods are best applicable on quantitative data.
5. Statistical cannot be applied to heterogeneous data.
6. It sufficient care is not exercised in collecting, analyzing and interpretation the
data, statistical results might be misleading.
7. Only a person who has an expert knowledge of statistics can handle statistical
data efficiently.
8. Some errors are possible in statistical decisions. Particularly the inferential
statistics involves certain errors. We do not know whether an error has been
committed or not.

Limitations of Statistics
1. Qualitative Aspect Ignored:
The statistical methods don’t study the nature of phenomenon which cannot be
expressed in quantitative terms.

Such phenomena cannot be a part of the study of statistics. These include health, riches,
intelligence etc. It needs conversion of qualitative data into quantitative data.
So experiments are being undertaken to measure the reactions of a man through data.
Now a days statistics is used in all the aspects of the life as well as universal activities.

2. It does not deal with individual items:

It is clear from the definition given by Prof. Horace Sacrist, “By statistics we mean
aggregates of facts…. and placed in relation to each other”, that statistics deals with only
aggregates of facts or items and it does not recognize any individual item. Thus,
individual terms as death of 6 persons in a accident, 85% results of a class of a school in
a particular year, will not amount to statistics as they are not placed in a group of similar
items. It does not deal with the individual items, however, important they may be.

3. It does not depict entire story of phenomenon:

When even phenomena happen, that is due to many causes, but all these causes can not
be expressed in terms of data. So we cannot reach at the correct conclusions.
Development of a group depends upon many social factors like, parents’ economic
condition, education, culture, region, administration by government etc. But all these
factors cannot be placed in data. So we analyse only that data we find quantitatively and
not qualitatively. So results or conclusion are not 100% correct because many aspects
are ignored.

4. It is liable to be miscued:
As W.I. King points out, “One of the short-comings of statistics is that do not bear on
their face the label of their quality.” So we can say that we can check the data and
procedures of its approaching to conclusions. But these data may have been collected by
inexperienced persons or they may have been dishonest or biased. As it is a delicate
science and can be easily misused by an unscrupulous person. So data must be used
with a caution. Otherwise results may prove to be disastrous.

5. Laws are not exact:

(i) Law of inertia of large numbers and

(ii) Law of statistical regularity, are not as good as their science laws.

They are based on probability. So these results will not always be as good as of scientific
laws. On the basis of probability or interpolation, we can only estimate the production of
paddy in 2008 but cannot make a claim that it would be exactly 100 %. Here only
approximations are made.
6. Results are true only on average:
As discussed above, here the results are interpolated for which time series or regression
or probability can be used. These are not absolutely true. If average of two sections of
students in statistics is same, it does not mean that all the 50 students is section A has
got same marks as in B. There may be much variation between the two. So we get
average results.

“Statistics largely deals with averages and these averages may be made up of individual
items radically different from each other.” —W.L King

7. To Many methods to study problems:

In this subject we use so many methods to find a single result. Variation can be found by
quartile deviation, mean deviation or standard deviations and results vary in each case.

ADVERTISEMENTS:

“It must not be assumed that the statistics is the only method to use in research, neither
should this method of considered the best attack for the problem.” —Croxten and
Cowden

8. Statistical results are not always beyond doubt:

“Statistics deals only with measurable aspects of things and therefore, can seldom give
the complete solution to problem. They provide a basis for judgement but not the whole
judgment.” —Prof. L.R. Connor. Although we use many laws and formulae in statistics
but still the results achieved are not final and conclusive. As they are unable to give
complete solution to a problem, the result must be taken and used with much wisdom.

1. SPSS
it was acquired by IBM in 2009. The current versions (2015) are named IBM SPSS
Statistics. SPSS Inc announced on July 28, 2009 that it was being acquired by IBM for
US$1.2 billion.[

2. MATLAB

EEGLAB is an interactive Matlab toolbox for processing continuous and event-related EEG, MEG and
other electrophysiological data incorporating independent component analysis (ICA), time/frequency
analysis, artifact rejection, event-related statistics, and several useful modes of visualization of the
averaged and single-trial data. EEGLAB runs under Linux, Unix, Windows, and Mac OS X.

3. MICROSOFT EXCEL
mac OS - Mac OS is the computer operating system for Apple
Computer's Macintosh line of personal computers and workstations. A
popular feature of its latest version, Mac OS X , is a desktop interface
with some 3-D appearance characteristics
iOS an operating system used for mobile devices manufactured by Apple Inc.
Pivot tables are used to summarize, sort, reorganize, group, count, total or average
data stored in a database. It allows its users to transform columns into rows and rows
into columns
4. SAS
The graphical user interface (GUI /ˈɡuːi/ gee-you-eye) is a form of user interface that
allows users to interact with electronic devices through graphical icons and visual
indicators such as secondary notation, instead of text-based user interfaces, typed
command labels or text navigation.

 Visual Basic for Applications is a computer programming language

developed and owned by Microsoft.
 With VBA you can create macros to automate repetitive word- and data-
processing functions, and generate custom forms, graphs, and reports.
 VBA functions within MS Office applications; it is not a standalone product.

Statistical surveys are collections of information about items in a population.

 Surveys can be grouped into numerical and categorical types. A numerical survey is to get
numbers as replies. For example:
 How many minutes, on average, do you spend eating breakfast?
 This survey question is used to generate numbers in minutes. An example of a categorical
question is:
 What is your favorite color?
 The categories for this would be yellow, green, purple, etc... which are not numbers.

CONCLUSION

There are a range of different software tools available, and each offers something slightly
different to the user – what you choose will depend on a range of factors, including your
research question, knowledge of statistics, and experience of coding.
STATISTICAL SURVEY
Statistical surveys are collections of information about items in a population.
Surveys can be grouped into numerical and categorical types. A numerical survey is to
get numbers as replies. For example:
How many minutes, on average, do you spend eating breakfast?
This survey question is used to generate numbers in minutes. An example of a
categorical question is:
What is your favorite color?
The categories for this would be yellow, green, purple, etc... which are not numbers.
Surveys of human populations and institutions are common in
political polling and government, health, social science and marketing research. A
survey may concentrate on opinions or factual information depending on its purpose.

Definition of Statistical Survey and Stages of Implementation Introduction

The statistical survey is defined as an organized statistical task that relies on scientific basis and
aims at providing statistical data on specific features of a statistical population. It is based on
the principle of including all units of the population or part of it, whether by selecting a sample
of the population through following the method of probabilistic sampling, or by including all
units of the population, which is known as the comprehensive survey or census. The
implementation of statistical survey arises from the need for information on special features in
a statistical population that currently are either unavailable or insufficient. Usually the entity
requesting the survey is targeting the analysis of an economic, social or demographic
phenomenon or issue. Either a statistical entity or governmental institution in Abu Dhabi, which
might be an official institution or a private one, may carry out the survey. Carrying out a survey
includes a series of technical procedures on top of which is planning, next is defining the main
objectives of implementing the survey, followed by setting the frame of the survey population,
sample design and drawing the sample, designing the statistical form, data collection and
processing,and data analysis and dissemination. Procedures for implementing a statistical
survey can be classified into various stages starting with the preparatory stage followed by the
design then implementation stages and finally the review and evaluation stages. In this chapter,
we will review the fundamental concepts and procedures for implementing a statistical survey,
which will be tackled in further detail in the following chapters. Steps of implementing a
statistical survey It might seem that implementing a statistical survey is an easy task, assuming
that all it takes is collecting data, then analyzing them hence, reaching the conclusions. A
statistical survey is implemented according to a series of steps each of which includes a specific
and defined set of formats and procedures.
While the first part of any experiment – the planning and execution – is critically
important, it is only half the battle. How the data is treated is just as important, and
analyzing good data in the right way can lead to groundbreaking findings and insights.

Data analysis is often seen as the most scary aspect of completing research, but it
doesn’t have to be that way. While you’ll need to understand what to do with the data,
and how to interpret the results, software that is designed for statistical analysis can
make this process as smooth and as easy as possible.