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Bulgaria
The MMWD – Making Migration Work for Development
is designed in the realm of the Europe 2020 Strategy to
support regional strategy-making for smart, sustainable
and inclusive growth. Its key assumption is that policy-
makers dealing with territorial development are in need
of a future-oriented and integrated vision of
development, that would help identify key regional and
local challenges and translate the targets and
objectives of Europe 2020 into territorial policy
priorities. The project foresees the development of a
Transnational Platform for Policy Dialogue and
Cooperation to support the governments of SEE
territories in adopting more effective services and
regulating the migration flows across the SEE area. In
order to foster the dialogue within the Platform, ad hoc
Migration Profiles (MPs) will be developed and will
integrate the information already known by each
partner country.
The current MP is related to Bulgaria and it focuses on
1. Resident foreign population by
five different topics: resident foreign population by
gender, age cohorts and citizenship; population flows gender, age cohorts and citizenship
(internal migration, emigration, immigration);
As of 1st February 2011, 36,677 persons with foreign
immigrants presence in the national labour market;
citizenship live in Bulgaria, representing 0.5% of the
foreign population by level of educational attainment;
country population. Among them, 8,444 (23.0%) are
remittances/transfers of money to country of origin.
European Union citizens, coming especially from the
These topics have been selected among MMWD
United Kingdom (2,605) and Greece (1,253), while the
indicators relevant to describe demographic and
majority comes from European countries outside the
migration trends and their socio-economic implications.
EU. In particular, the most represented countries of
origin are Russia (11,991 persons), Ukraine (3,064),
Background Information on Bulgaria Republic of Macedonia (1,091), Moldova (893) and
Serbia (569).
Capital: Sofia When looking, instead, at the gender dimension, it can
be noticed that 56.0% of resident foreign persons are
Official language: Bulgarian women and 44.0% are men.
2. Population flows
3. Immigrants presence in the Bulgarian While the number of work permits for self-employed
immigrants is practically non-existent, there are a
labour market
number of immigrant businessmen or investors who
From a general country perspective, employment growth operate as Bulgarian employers, having obtained a
has been negative since the beginning of the financial long-term residence permit. Their average number in
crisis in 2008, reaching -4.2% in 2011. The the period 2009–2011 was 1,100, with the biggest
unemployment rate has been growing steadily since share coming from Turkey, followed by Russia and
2008, when the lowest unemployment rate was recorded other countries in Eastern Europe, the US, Macedonia,
(5.6%), and rose to 11.3% in 2011. The highest drop in and China.
employment numbers in 2011 in comparison to 2010 is Unemployment is very low among immigrants, as data
in the sphere of construction work with a 23% decrease, from the Employment Agency since 2009 indicate. In
transportation with a 10% decrease, and trade and retail 2009 there were 1,510 third-country nationals
with a 6% decrease. Immigrants in Bulgaria do not figure registered as unemployed in the Employment bureaus,
in the general statistical data on employment rates. One which was 0.6 per cent of the overall unemployment
of the publicly accessible sources for labour migration is rate for the country. Since then, numbers dropped by a
the data provided by the Employment Agency on the third, to reach 1,018 in 2011.
number of work permits issued per year. As of 2008, the
number of issued work permits steadily decreased and
reached its lowest level in 2011, with only 595 issued
4. Foreign population by level of educational
permits (they had been 1476 in 2006). A closer look at attainment
the dynamics of work permits issued per country shows Specific data on foreign population by level of
that the most significant drop is observed for Turkish educational attainment are not fully available for
migrants. The drop is most clearly reflected in two Bulgaria. Therefore, some more general information
prevalent work categories: low-skilled and technical about the educational level of the whole Bulgaria
personnel. This can be explained through the population, with a detailed focus on the main ethnic
discontinued labour agreement for low-skilled workers’ groups in the country will be instead provided.
import in the industry, which was active only in 2008 and As of 1st February 2011 there are 1,348,700 persons
2009. Signs of ethno-stratification can be already with tertiary education (19.6% of total population). The
detected from these numbers: Russian and Ukrainian share of persons with tertiary education increases by
citizens with work permits tend to be engineers, US 5.5% compared to the previous Census (2001). With
citizens scholars or athletes, Indians consultants, and upper secondary education are instead 2,990,400
Serbians athletes. There are three large clusters of persons (43.4%) for an increase again close to 5% with
immigrant labour: highly skilled migrants, wage workers respect to 2001.
(mostly low-skilled or technical personnel) with work For the first time during the 2011 census the category
permits, and foreign businessmen and investors, with “school never visited” is included. The number of
long-term residence. With the exception of Russians and persons who have never visited school is 81,000 or
other immigrants from the post-Soviet countries, who are 1.2% of the population aged 7 and more. Generally, the
well integrated, the majority of migrant wage workers are education of male population is a little bit higher
mostly engaged in ethnically dominated enterprises. compared to female: the share of males with upper
Most migrant workers are employed in private secondary and higher education is 63.6% compared to
businesses within their community. 62.4% for females. However, the females complete
tertiary education more often than the males and at the
census moment there are 791,800 females with tertiary
education, compared to 556,900 males.
Work permits granted in 2006 by nationality: Considerable discrepancies are observed in the
Source: Ministry of Interior (2007) educational structure by place of residence: nearly 3/4
of the female population in urban areas (71.6%) has at
least upper secondary education completed, compared
Nationality N. to hardly 40.3% in the rural areas. Illiterate persons are
Turkey 211 112,778 persons, representing 1.7% of the population
aged 9 and over years of age. There are considerable
F.Y.R.O.M. 165
differences in the share of illiterate persons among the
Ukraine 125 three main ethnic groups. Among the Bulgarian ethnic
group the share of illiterate is 0.5%, among the Turkish
Italy 98
4.7% and amongst the Roma ethnic group 11.8%.
Germany 96
Greece 96
Total (all countries) 1476
page 3
Country Perspective Bulgaria
Figure 4: Remittances
Source: World Bank
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Migrant remittance
inflows (US$
million) 1.177 1.718 1.723 1.613 1.716 1.694 1.919 1.592 1.333 1.483 1.449
Migrant remittance
outflows (US$
million) 14 13 29 35 50 103 162 101 25 26 27
5. Remittances/transfers of money to
country of origin
The World Bank provides data on remittances and
transfers of money to the country of origin until 2012. In
2012 the total amount of inward remittance flows was
1,449 million USD (around 1,050 million Euros). The
total amount of the outward remittance flows was
instead 27 million USD (around 20 million Euros). A
similar evidence was recorded also for the previous
years 2011 and 2010, while in 2008 and 2009 both
migrant remittance inflows and outflows where actually
much higher (e.g. 1,919 and 162 million USD
respectively in 2008). The table above shows data for
remittance inflows and outflows across the decade
2002-2012.
6. Relevant links
• http://www.nsi.bg/en
• http://annakrasteva.wordpress.com/2010/01/03/
russian_identities_in_bg/
• http://www.worldbank.org
page 4
Country Perspective Bulgaria
Vratsa
The MMWD – Making Migration Work for Development
is designed in the realm of the Europe 2020 Strategy to
support regional strategy-making for smart, sustainable
and inclusive growth. Its key assumption is that policy-
makers dealing with territorial development are in need
of a future-oriented and integrated vision of
development, that would help identify key regional and
local challenges and translate the targets and
objectives of Europe 2020 into territorial policy
priorities. The project foresees the development of a
Transnational Platform for Policy Dialogue and
Cooperation to support the governments of SEE
territories in adopting more effective services and
regulating the migration flows across the SEE area. In
order to foster the dialogue within the Platform, ad hoc
Migration Profiles (MPs) will be developed and will
integrate the information already known by each
partner country. 1. Resident foreign population by
The current MP is related to the district of Vratsa, gender, age cohorts and citizenship
located in the north-western part of the country, and it
focuses on five different topics: resident foreign There is no available information regarding resident
population by gender, age cohorts and citizenship; foreign population in the district of Vratsa by gender,
population flows (internal migration, emigration, age cohorts and citizenship.
immigration); immigrants presence in the national
labour market; foreign population by level of
educational attainment; remittances/transfers of money
to country of origin. These topics have been selected
among the MMWD panel of indicators relevant to
describe demographic and migration trends as well as
to map their socio-economic implications.
page 5
Country Perspective Bulgaria
2. Population flows
page 6
Country Perspective Bulgaria
50
30
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
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Country Perspective Bulgaria
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Country Perspective Bulgaria
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Country Perspective Bulgaria
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Country Perspective Bulgaria
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Country Perspective Bulgaria
References
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Country Perspective Bulgaria
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