LEYTE NORMAL UNIVERSITY

Tacloban City

DEVELOPMENT
AND CHANGE
TRENDS AND ISSUES IN SOCIAL STUDIES

Submitted by:

LYNELL CABOS
MELANIE ENGCOY
ARVIE IBANO
ANGELA MARIELLE LABACLADO
JOHN MARK POLONIA
JANICE PORTUGAL
TYRONE SUPERABLE
LOVELY ROSE TISADO

BSED-SOCIAL STUDIES (SS22)

MTH 10:30-12:00
Forms of Development
Development
 is a process that creates growth, progress, positive change or the addition of
physical, economic, environmental, social and demographic components.
Types of Development
Economic Development:
 is the process by which emerging economies become advanced economies. In
other words, the process by which countries with low living standards become
nations with high living standards.
 Economic development also refers to the process by which the overall health, well-
being, and academic level the general population improves.
Difference between standard living and quality of life
 A standard of living generally refers to wealth, comfort, material goods and the
necessities of certain classes in certain areas — or more objective characteristics,
whereas a quality of life is more subjective and intangible.
 Standard of living and quality of life are often referred to in discussions about the
economic and social well-being of countries and their residents. But what is the
difference between the two? The definitions of these terms can be difficult to tease
apart and may overlap in some areas, depending on whom you ask. But the
difference between the two is more than just semantics; in fact, knowing the
difference between the two can affect how you evaluate a country where you might
be looking to invest.
Standard of Living
 refers to the level of wealth, comfort, material goods and necessities available to a
certain socioeconomic class in a certain geographic area.
Evaluation of standard of living includes:
*income *life expectancy
*poverty rate **cost of goods and services
*quality and affordability of housing (For national economic growth
related reading, see Mortgages: How Much *economic and political stability
Can You Afford? *political and religious freedom
*hours of work required to purchase *environmental quality
necessities *climate
*gross domestic product (GDP) (Gross *safety
National Product.) *quality and availability of education
 *inflation rate
*affordable access to quality healthcare
Quality of Life
 is more subjective and intangible.
Factors that may be used to measure quality of life include the following:
*freedom from slavery and torture *right to be treated equally without regard to
*Equal protection of the law *gender, race, language, religion, political
*freedom from discrimination beliefs, *nationality, socioeconomic status and

*freedom of movement more

*freedom of residence within one's home *right to privacy

country *freedom of thought

*presumption of innocence unless proved *freedom of religion

guilty *free choice of employment

*right to marry *right to fair pay

*right to have a family *equal pay for equal work

*right to vote
*right to rest and leisure
*right to education
*right to human dignity

 The main difference between standard of living and quality of life is that the former
is more objective, while the latter is more subjective. Standard of living factors, like
gross domestic product, poverty rate and environmental quality, can all be
measured and defined with numbers, while quality of life factors like equal
protection of the law, freedom from discrimination, and freedom of religion are
more difficult to measure and are particularly qualitative. Both indicators are
flawed, but they can help us get a general picture of what life is like in a particular
location at a particular time.
Characteristics of high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries:
High-Income: are those with a GNI per capita, calculated using the World Bank Atlas
method, of $12,736 or more.
Economic Characteristics:
 Lower levels of poverty, wife range of industries, opportunities for global trade, high
average incomes.
Social characteristics:
 Higher levels of gender equality, low birth rates and population growth, high employment
levels, high levels of education, developed social security systems, developed health
systems, access to technology, developed legal systems.

Environmental characteristics:
 Access to safe water and sanitation, food security, adequate housing, adequate
infrastructure, high levels of carbon dioxide emissions.

Middle-Income: are those with a GNI per capita, calculated using the World Bank Atlas method,
of more than $1,045 but less than $12,736. And it was categorized into two.

In 1951, sociologist C. Wright Mills conducted one of first major studies of the middle class
in America. According to his definition, the middle class consists of an upper-middle class, made
up of professionals distinguished by exceptionally high educational attainment and high
economic security; and a lower-middle class, consisting of semi-professionals. While the groups
overlap, differences between those at the center of both groups are considerable.

The Upper Middle Class

 The upper-middle class refers to people within the middle class that have high
educational attainment, high salaries, and high status jobs.
 Members of the upper-middle class have substantially less wealth and prestige than the
upper class, but a higher standard of living than the lower-middle class or working class.
 In addition to having autonomy in their work, above-average incomes, and advanced
educations, the upper middle class also tends to be powerful; members are influential in
setting trends and shaping public opinion.

The Lower Middle Class

 The lower-middle class are those with some education and comfortable salaries, but with
socioeconomic statuses below the upper-middle class.
 Individuals in the lower-middle class tend to hold low status professional or white collar
jobs, such as school teacher, nurse, or paralegal.
 The lower-middle class is among the largest social classes, rivaled only by the working
class, and it is thought to be growing.

In developed nations across the world, the lower-middle class is a sub-division of the middle
class that refers to households and individuals who are somewhat educated and usually stably
employed, but who have not attained the education, occupational prestige, or income of the
upper-middle class.

Individuals in the lower-middle class tend to hold low status professional or white collar jobs,
such as school teacher, nurse, or paralegal. These types of occupations usually require some
education but generally do not require a graduate degree. Lower-middle class occupations
usually provide comfortable salaries, but put individuals beneath the top third of incomes.

Low-income: are often associated with other characteristics: severe inequality, poor health care
and education, high unemployment, heavy reliance on agriculture, and rapid population growth.

The Lower Class

  The lower class consists of those at the bottom of the socioeconomic hierarchy who have
low education, low income, and low status jobs.
 Low educational attainment and disabilities are two of the main reasons individuals can
either struggle to find work or fall into the lower class.
 Generally, the term lower class describes individuals working easily-filled employment
positions. These positions typically have little prestige or economic compensation, and do
not require workers to have a high school education.
 Lower class households are at the greatest risk of falling below the poverty line if a job
holder suddenly becomes unemployed

When used by social scientists, the lower class is typically defined as service employees, low-
level manual laborers, and the unemployed. Those who are employed in lower class occupations
are often colloquially referred to as the working poor. Those who do not participate in the labor
force, and who rely on public assistance, such as food stamps and welfare checks, as their main
source of income, are commonly identified as members of the underclass, or, colloquially, the
poor. Generally, lower class individuals work easily-filled employment positions that have little
prestige or economic compensation. These individuals often lack a high school education.

Social development is about improving the well-being of every individual in society so they can
reach their full potential. The success of society is linked to the well-being of each and every
citizen. Social development means investing in people. It requires the removal of barriers so that
all citizens can journey toward their dreams with confidence and dignity. It is about refusing to
accept that people who live in poverty will always be poor. It is about helping people so they can
move forward on their path to self-sufficiency.
The Indices of Social Development focus on measuring the informal social institutions, how they
compare across countries, and how these changes over time. It does this by using existing
databases, around the world, and combining these to find the best possible match with our
definition of social development. Through an on-going process of expert discussion, and review
of existing databases, we have organized the Indices of Social Development into five groupings:

 Civic activism refers to the social norms, organizations, and practices which facilitate
greater citizen involvement in public policies and decisions. These include use of media,
access to civic associations, and involvement in activities such as nonviolent
demonstration or petition.

 Clubs and associations uses data on levels of engagement in local community groups,
time spent socializing in voluntary associations, and membership of developmental
organizations, to identify the extent to which people are part of social networks and
potentially supported by community ties.

 Inter-group cohesion refers to relations of cooperation and respect between groups in a

society; where this cooperation breaks down, there is the potential for conflict and acts
of terror and riots.

 Interpersonal safety and trust measures the level of trust and confidence between
individuals that do not know each other personally, specifically with regard to the
likelihood of criminal violence and other forms of trust violation, and combines this with
measures of rates of violence.
  Gender equality estimates the extent of discrimination against women, whether in the
labor market, education, healthcare, or in the home.

Environmental Development provides a future oriented, pro-active, authoritative source of

information and learning for researchers, postgraduate students, policymakers, and managers,
and bridges the gap between fundamental research and the application in management and
policy practices. It stimulates the exchange and coupling of traditional scientific knowledge on
the environment, with the experiential knowledge among decision makers and other
stakeholders and also connects natural sciences and social and behavioral sciences. It includes
and promotes scientific work from the non-western world, and also strengthens the
collaboration between the developed and developing world. Further it links environmental
research to broader issues of economic and social-cultural developments, and is intended to
shorten the delays between research and publication, while ensuring thorough peer review. And
also creates a forum for transnational communication, discussion and global action.
Some examples of environmental sustainability:

 Re-purposing/recycling or up-cycling products or materials

 Buying products from companies who use sustainable fabrics
 There this great blog post on why sustainable fabrics are so beneficial to our environment
https://mothererth.com/blogs/new...
 Using solar panels to power buildings or homes
 Refusing to purchase plastic bottles, K cups or other products that contribute to excessive
plastic pollution
 Purchasing smart cars
 Planting trees/organic farming

Technological Development

 This is a process of ensuring that adoption of technology in classroom instruction follows

sequentially from the stage of procurement of technology resources to acquisition
of technological skills and lastly utilization of such skills to achieve set goals.
 Relates to really anything in regards to inventions or innovations.
 Now and into the future, proactive ICT use will become even more necessary as a
competitive business tool to bring more efficiency, improve production and
management, and invigorate organizations in the fierce business environments of
modern times.

Advances of ICT and Medical Technology

 Information and Communication Technology (ICT) for health encompasses tools that facilitate
communication, processing and transmission of information by electronic means for the purpose
of improving health.1,2 It is a powerful tool and plays an important role in improving health
related access and quality of services for the community.
 Technological advances have introduced new procedures and methods for diagnosis
and treatment.
 Interventions in infection control, minor surgical techniques, advances in
reproductive technology, and gene therapy for cancer treatment, have increased the
longevity and improved the quality of life of many patients.
 Currently, internet is used by health workers to get access to the latest information in
their field, consult their colleagues, and communicate with patients and among patients
for accessing medical information, and sharing of their experiences.
 The growth of new health information technologies point towards delivering better
health care and encouraging pro-active health strategies in order to improve patient
safety, efficiency and data collection with minimum cost.
 Many healthcare providers lack motivation or expertise and are reluctant to learn new
technologies, especially the old doctors who work at the rural and geographically isolated
regions. Poor health infrastructure also contributes to hampering of information
technology. Majority of government hospitals still lack internet, computers and audio
visual aids facilities, therefore, webinar, video conferencing are not possible and still
require upgrading of services
 There is a strong need for strategies which can incorporate ICT into medical practice and
effectively minimize and remove barriers adversely impacting its usage.
References:
https://www.sid-israel.org/en/Development-Issues/What-is-Development
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/standard-of-living.asp
https://www.investopedia.com/articles/financial-theory/08/standard-of-living-quality-of-
life.asp
https://gillsocial10.weebly.com/uploads/1/1/2/0/112062845/quality_of_life_vs._standar
d_of_living.pdf
http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/high-income-countries/
https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/promoting-lean-innovation-for-smes/48985
https://staffwww.fullcoll.edu/fchan/Micro/4technological_development.htm
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51793957_Advances_in_Information_and_Communic
ation_Technology_ICT_Issues_Challenges_and_Opportunities_for_Health_Care_Professionals
international Institutions of Social Studies. (n.d.). Retrieved September 7, 2019, from
http://www.indsocdev.org/defining-social-development.html

New Nouvaeu. (n.d.). Retrieved September 4, 2019, from GNB.ca:

https://www2.gnb.ca/content/gnb/en/departments/esic/overview/content/what_is_social_develop
ment.html

QUORA. (n.d.). Retrieved September 5, 2019, from https://www.quora.com/What-are-some-

examples-of-environmental-sustainability
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

What is sustainable development?

Sustainable development refers to a development that meets the need of the present
without compromising the ability if future generations to meet their own needs. The concept of
needs goes beyond simply material needs and includes values, relationships, freedom to think,
act, and participate, all amounting to sustainable living, morally, and spiritually.

The three R’s of Sustainable Development

Reduce -Reuse- Recycle

At one point or another we’ve all heard about the “three R’s” of sustainability: reduce,
reuse and recycle. The goal of the three R’s is to prevent waste and conserve natural resources.
Implementing such “green” practices as the three R’s at a facility or corporate-wide level is an
excellent start at profitable corporate responsibility.

Reduce -to make something smaller or use less, resulting in smaller amount of waste. Source
reduction is reducing waste before you purchase it or by purchasing products that are not
wasteful in their packaging or use. A key part of waste reduction is conservation or using natural
resources wisely and using less than usual in order to avoid waste.

How to Reduce?

 buy products that can be reused

Reuse- To use again or more than once. Reuse materials and items so that they have longer life
spans and don’t get thrown away after the first use.

How to Reuse?

 Newspaper card board and bubble wrap. Make useful packaging material when moving
or to store items.
 Old clothes. Can be made into other textile items such as cushion covers.
 Scrap paper. Can be used to make notes and sketches.
 Rechargeable batteries. Can be reused many times before they need throwing away.

Recycle- means to convert materials or waste into reusable materials. It puts objects through a
process that allows them to be used again.

How to recycle?

 used plastic or metal objects can be sold it scraps where they can be recycled to create
new usable objects.

WASTE MANAGEMENT

Waste Management is commonly used term and defined as application of techniques to

ensure an orderly execution of various functions of collection, transport, processing, treatment
and disposal of waste. Waste management is about being more efficient with raw materials and
making the most of each stage of the production process. The most important reason for proper
waste management is to protect the environment and for the health and safety of the population.
Certain types of waste can be hazardous and can pollute the environment. Bad waste
management practices can also cause land and air pollution which can result in serious medical
conditions in humans and animals.

What are the methods of disposal?

Integrated Waste management. The goal of integrated waste management is to handle each
element of community's waste stream in the most effective efficient, safe and environmental
beneficial as is realistically practical. It involves the proper mix of several waste management
approaches depending upon the prevailing local economic and environmental conditions: source
reduction, composting-, incineration, recycling and landfills.

Landfills is an engineered method for land disposal of solid and hazardous waste. It is the term
used to describe the process by which solid waste is placed in the landfill. Landfill for individual
waste constituents such as combustion ash, asbestos and other similar waste as known as
monofils. Landfills for the disposal of hazardous waste are called secure landfills. Landfills is
carefully designed structure built into or on top of the ground in which trash is isolated from the
surrounding environment (groundwater, air, rain). This isolation is accomplished with a bottom
liner and daily covering of soil. A sanitary landfill uses a clay liner to isolate the trash from the
environment. A municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill uses a synthetic (plastic) liner to isolate the
trash from the environment. The purpose of a landfill is to bury the trash in such a way that it will
be isolated from groundwater, will be kept dry and will not be in contact with air. Under these
conditions, trash will not decompose much. A landfill is not like a compost pile, where the
purpose is to bury trash in such a way that it will decompose quickly.

Incineration it is a waste treatment technology which includes the combustion of waste for
recovering energy. It is coupled with high temperatures waste treatments are recognized as
thermal treatments. During the process of incineration, the waste material that is treated is
converted into IBM, gasses, particles and heat. These products are later used for generation of
electricity. The gasses, flue gasses are first treated for eradication of pollutants before going into
atmosphere.

What is Pollution?

Pollution is the process of making land, water, air or other parts of the environment dirty and not
safe or suitable to use. This can be done through the introduction of a contaminant into a natural
environment, but the contaminant doesn't need to be tangible. Things as simple as light, sound
and temperature can be considered pollutants when introduced artificially into an environment.
Pollution refers to the addition of contaminating substances to the natural environment resulting
in an adverse impact on the environment. Pollution can be of different types depending on the
part of the environment that is getting polluted

What are the forms of pollution?

Air Pollution refers to the release of pollutants like toxic gases, biological molecules, and
particulate matter into the atmosphere. The pollutants can be derived from several sources
including both natural processes and human activity. Volcanic eruptions, limnic eruptions,
automobile, and industrial effluents, etc., are some examples of air pollution sources. Carbon
monoxide, carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, aerosol sprays, etc., are some examples of air
pollutants. Such pollution can be highly detrimental to the health and well-being of all life forms
on earth.
Light Pollution. The pollution of the night environment by anthropogenic light is known as light
pollution. This type of pollution is caused by an excessive lighting of the streets, flood lights used
in stadiums, lights used in an industrial area, etc. The negative effects of light pollution include
the spoilage of the aesthetic environment of a place, creating disturbances in the ecosystem, and
also harming the health of living creatures.

Noise Pollution. When the environment is filled with unnecessary or unpleasant sounds that are
harmful to animals and plants, it is called noise pollution. Transport vehicles, machinery,
industries, loud music, people yelling, etc., are some of the most common sources of noise
pollution. This type of pollution on the long-term can give rise to chronic diseases like
cardiovascular diseases. The psychological health of people can also be affected by noise.

Plastic Pollution. As the name suggests, plastic pollution is caused by plastic accumulation in the
environment. Plastic, a non-biodegradable substance, is extremely harmful to all life on earth.
Every year, thousands of animals lose their lives due to plastic pollution. Ingestion of plastics or
entanglement in plastic objects kill these animals. Most of the plastic waste generated in the
world end up in the oceans where they cause great harm to the marine ecosystem.

Thermal Pollution. An induced change in the temperature of large volumes of water causes
thermal pollution. This type of pollution leads to the degradation of water quality as the warm
water does not provide ideal living conditions for aquatic flora and fauna. For example, when
water used as a coolant in power plants or that used in industries is released into a natural water
body, the warm or hot water mixes with the rest of the water to raise the overall temperature of
the aquatic ecosystem. Higher temperatures also alter the composition of dissolved elements in
water. The flora and fauna living in the area that was earlier adapted to a particular temperature
range can be killed by this abrupt change in the water temperature. Thus, aquatic life experiences
a thermal shock due to thermal pollution.

Visual Pollution -Everyone loves to see clean and green spaces and beautiful vistas. When human
activity installs ugly barriers to this vision of open and clutter-free landscapes, it is called visual
pollution. The installation of billboards, open storage of trash, networks of electric wires
crisscrossing each other above

the street, etc., create visual pollution. This type of pollution generates distraction, eye fatigues,
diversity in opinions, and other psychological problems.

Water Pollution -In simple terms, the contamination of water bodies likes lakes, rivers, ponds,
aquifers, etc., by pollutants is called water pollution. Like air pollution, water pollution is one of
the most harmful types of pollution. It can have extremely disastrous consequences for all living
beings using the contaminated water. A major volume of the all the pollutants produced on land
end up in water bodies. Toxic wastes released by industries, pathogens released in sewage,
harmful chemicals present in agricultural runoffs, etc., are some of the top water pollutants. The
contamination of water can lead to epidemics and even pandemics that can wipe out the
population of an entire species or even more than one species. Thus, water pollution has a highly
adverse impact on the environment, society, and economy of a place.

Radioactive Contamination. When radioactive substances are present in areas where their
presence is undesirable or unintended, it results in a type of pollution called radioactive
contamination. Such substances are highly toxic to all life on earth. Radioactive substances trigger
mutations in the genetic material of living organisms, leading to different types of cancers.
Exposure to such toxins can also adversely impact the different systems of the body. Death or
disfiguration are common effects of exposure to radioactive waste. Irresponsible management
of such wastes or radioactive disasters are the common causes of radioactive contamination.

Soil Contamination. When the soil of an area is contaminated, it leads to soil pollution or land
degradation. The soil is essential to the growth of all plants including crops. Thus, a degradation
in the soil quality translates to lower yields and poor health of crops grown on such soil. Industrial
and agricultural chemicals are the common pollutants contaminating the soil.

The sources and causes of environmental pollution include the following:

Industrial activities: The industries all over the world that brought prosperity and affluence,
made inroads in the biosphere and disturbed the ecological balances. The improper disposals of
industrial wastes are the sources of soil and water pollution. Chemical waste resulting from
industry can pollute lakes, rivers and seas and soil too as well as releasing fumes.

Fuel emissions: The smoke emitted by vehicles using petrol and diesel and the cooking coal also
pollutes the environment. The multiplication of vehicles, emitting black smoke that, being free
and unfettered, spreads out and mixes with the air we breathe.

Rapid urbanization and industrialization: The urbanization and the rapid growth of
industrialization are causing environmental pollution the greatest harm to the plant life, which in
turn causing harm to the animal kingdom and the human lives.

Population overgrowth: Due to the increase in population, particularly in developing countries,

there has been surge in demand for basic food, occupation and shelter.

Environmental management is not easy to define. As Barrow (2005) has acknowledged, it can
refer to a goal or vision, to attempts to steer a process, to the application of a set of tools, to a
philosophical exercise seeking to establish new perspectives towards the environment and
human societies, and to much more besides. Environmental management therefore involves
many stakeholders and requires a multidisciplinary perspective. It involves many spatial scales,
ranging from the local to the global. It also involves many, diverse goals, including the desires to
control the direction and pace of development, to optimize resource use, to minimize
environmental degradation and to avoid environmental disaster.

Natural Resources Depletion

Natural resource depletion refers to the decreasing amount of resources left on the
Planet Earth. It occurs when we use the resources at a rate faster than their renewal. It is indeed
a very grave problem nowadays.

Why is Natural Resource Depletion a Problem?

In ancient times, human life was very close to nature. But with the establishment of large
and heavy industries after the Industrial Revolution, indiscriminate exploitation of Nature started
taking place to meet the need for raw materials for the industries. With the help of science and
technology, man has grossly abused natural resources to meet the increasing needs of population
and violated the laws of nature. The over-exploitation of natural resources has posed a big threat
to the survival of mankind. Due to large-scale industrial waste, natural resources such as water
and air have to face the pandemic of pollution too. As a result of the implementation of big
projects related to developmental activities, environment-related problems in the present era
have acquired alarming proportions. In the race for development, we seem to forget that all-
natural resources such as water, air, minerals, forests, oils etc. are available in limited quantities.
There is a need for conservation of natural resources which are becoming scarce with the passage
of time. Their use exceeds the speed of their natural replenishment. Increasing pollution, global
warming, industrialization and other processes have accentuated the depletion of natural
resources.

A natural resource can be defined as anything that is obtained from the natural
environment and which is of use to people. Some of the examples include air, water, wood, oil,
wind energy, iron, coal etc. These are obtained directly from the environment. Other resources
like refined oil and hydro-electric energy do not count in natural resources because they are not
directly obtained from the environment. There are basically two types of natural resources
namely, renewable resources and non-renewable resources.

A renewable resource is a resource which can be used again and again. These can renew
themselves and are never depleted. Take for instance soil, sunlight, water. However, in some
situations, even these are not easily renewed. Water is not easily renewable in some
circumstances. Soil, is also not easy to renew if it blows away.

A non-renewable resource is a resource which does not grow back, or a resource that
usually takes a very long time to renew. These resources when exhausted once cannot be
renewed. For example, coal. It is a non-renewable resource. When we use coal, lesser coal is left
in the environment for future use. Although renewable resources may seem like they will last
forever, most of these natural resources are limited, meaning they will eventually be finished.
Whether the resource is able to be recycled, and whether there is availability of substitutes for
the material are major factors affecting supply of resources. Non-renewable resources like fossil
fuels (coal, oil and gas) cannot be recycled. The problem of resource depletion arises here. When
the resources are consumed at a rate faster than they can be replenished, it is termed as resource
depletion. This includes the use of either of the renewable and non-renewable forms of
resources. With increasing population and increasing demands of consumers, resources are
being over-exploited and being depleted day by day. This is a serious problem as without these
resources, humans cannot survive. We use natural resources like water, fossil fuels, and minerals
on a daily basis and thus we need to conserve them too for future. The gravity of the problem
can be seen from the facts and figures which show that major resources like coal, natural gas etc.
are being depleted at an alarming rate. Problems like food and water scarcity arise when
resources aren’t available. Pollution and global warming are added consequences of this
problem, which need to be taken care of for the harmony of human life on Earth.

Gravity of Natural Resources Depletion

Natural Resources are depleted when they are being used at a rate faster than they can
replenish themselves. The problem began from the time of Industrial Revolution. As our culture
advanced and humans invented many things that make our day-to-day lives easier, the demand
for raw materials increased at a substantial rate. The problem is, we’re consuming a lot without
caring about the depletion of these resources. If this trend continues, soon we will have to lead
a life devoid of many substances which means resources like fossil fuels will longer be available.
This is surely a scary scenario since our daily lives without these resources are unimaginable.
Moreover, problems like water scarcity and food shortage arise when there is colossal waste of
resources available with us. Also, if there is shortage of fossil fuels, there will be less
transportation, smaller economies and higher prices of commodities. Deforestation or cutting
down of forests; results in a major loss of resources like wood, paper etc. It also causes global
warming and rise in pollution levels. In addition to this, many species become extinct.

Causes of Natural Resources Depletion

Overpopulation – With increasing population, demands of the country increase which further
results in depletion of resources.

Over-consumption and waste – As the standards of living of people improves, they tend to
consume more and waste even more.

Deforestation and the destruction of ecosystems – Forests are cut annually, to make space for
multiplexes, residential complexes etc. This not only destroys trees (and wood as a resource) but
also destroys home of thousands of species of animals.

Mining – Mining of Minerals and Oil-Minerals and metals are in high demand in today’s world.
This is a very big problem as ores are being depleted day by day.

Technological and industrial development – Technology advances and so the need of resources
increases.

Soil erosion – Because of deforestation, soil erosion takes place. Thus, soil gets devoid of
important minerals and resources.

Pollution and contamination of resources– Water pollution, soil pollution is increasing at an

alarming rate today due to negligent attitude of people towards the environment. Pollution has
a direct effect on contamination of resources available in nature.

Effects of Natural Resources Depletion

The depletion of natural resources has widespread consequences not only on the human life but
the environment too. Some of these are as listed below:

Resource Scarcity: Resources like fossil fuels, timber, water and arable land become scarce
because of over-consumption and degradation, mostly in the areas of tremendous population
growth.

Rising Prices: When natural resources become scarce, food, fuel and energy prices rise. Even the
price of renewable resources increases if they need to be shipped to reach areas where these
have been depleted.

Water Shortages: When infrastructure development and population growth increase, water
shortages occur. As of today, almost 1 billion people lack access to clean water.
What is Global Warming?

Global warming is the slow increase in the average temperature of the earth’s
atmosphere because an increased amount of the energy (heat) striking the earth from the sun is
being trapped in the atmosphere and not radiated out into space. The earth’s atmosphere has
always acted like a greenhouse to capture the sun’s heat, ensuring that the earth has enjoyed
temperatures that permitted the emergence of life forms as we know them, including humans.
Without our atmospheric greenhouse the earth would be very cold. Global warming, however, is
the equivalent of a greenhouse with high efficiency reflective glass installed the wrong way
around. Ironically, the best evidence of this may come from a terrible cooling event that took
place some 1,500 years ago. Today, we have the opposite problem. Today, the problem is not
that too little sun warmth is reaching the earth, but that too much is being trapped in our
atmosphere. So much heat is being kept inside greenhouse earth that the temperature of the
earth is going up faster than at any previous time in history. NASA provides an excellent course
module on the science of global warming.

What Causes Global Warming?

Global warming occurs when carbon dioxide (CO2) and other air pollutants and
greenhouse gases collect in the atmosphere and absorb sunlight and solar radiation that have
bounced off the earth’s surface. Normally, this radiation would escape into space—but these
pollutants, which can last for years to centuries in the atmosphere, trap the heat and cause the
planet to get hotter. That's what's known as the greenhouse effect. There are three positions on
global warming: (1) that global warming is not occurring and so neither is climate change; (2) that
global warming and climate change are occurring, but these are natural, cyclic events unrelated
to human activity; and (3) that global warming is occurring as a result primarily of human activity
and so climate change is also the result of human activity. The claim that nothing is happening is
very hard to defend in the face or masses of visual, land-based and satellite data that clearly
shows rising average sea and land temperatures and shrinking ice masses.

Effects of Global Warming

 Melting glaciers, early snowmelt, and severe droughts will cause more dramatic water
shortages and increase the risk of wildfires in the American West.
 Rising sea levels will lead to coastal flooding on the Eastern Seaboard, especially in Florida,
and in other areas such as the Gulf of Mexico.
 Forests, farms, and cities will face troublesome new pests, heat waves, heavy downpours,
and increased flooding. All those factors will damage or destroy agriculture and fisheries.
 Disruption of habitats such as coral reefs and Alpine meadows could drive many plant and
animal species to extinction.
 Allergies, asthma, and infectious disease outbreaks will become more common due to
increased growth of pollen-producing ragweed, higher levels of air

Efforts to Control Global Warming

Greater use of public transport

With the uptick of urban mobility increasing to more than 2.7 billion trips on U.S. public
transportation in the second quarter of 2014, the transport sector plays a pivotal role in fighting
climate change. Currently, public transportation contributes about one quarter of energy-related
global greenhouse gas emissions and about one fifth of energy use, according to the United
Nations. Various U.S. federal programs focused on State of Good Repair initiatives at bus and rail
transit properties are helping drive transportation agencies to address their maintenance issues
through mandating performance benchmarks. Investments in more efficient transportation
machinery will include green options that will support a healthier environment. According to the
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), a shift to sustainable, low-carbon transportation by
the middle of the century could save governments, companies and individuals up to $70 trillion,
which is extremely high when compared to the U.S. national debt of $17.6 trillion. Additionally,
the UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said a shift could prevent greenhouse gas
emissions by transport from doubling by the middle of the century and could achieve the
internationally agreed goal of a maximum 2 degrees Celsius rise in global average temperature.
There are a lot of opportunities to build sustainable public transportation systems for transit
agencies today with advanced technology. As urban populations spike, members of the millennial
generation are discovering that they prefer to get around a city by public transportation, biking
or walking. Millennials are known for being digital natives and rapid adopters of new technology.
Therefore, many cities have begun integrating smart technologies into their transport
infrastructure. Examples of transit agencies embracing a more modern approach to meet the
new federal performance benchmarks through green options include: Hybrid Electric Buses.

Renewable energy is one of the most effective tools we have in the fight against climate change,
and there is every reason to believe it will succeed. A recent New York Times column seems to
imply that renewable energy investments set back efforts to address climate change—nothing
could be further from the truth. What’s more, renewable technologies can increasingly save
customers money as they displace emissions from fossil fuels. Wind and solar energy have
experienced remarkable growth and huge cost improvements over the past decade with no signs
of slowing down. Prices are declining rapidly, and renewable energy is becoming increasingly
competitive with fossil fuels all around the country. In some places, new renewable energy is
already cheaper than continuing to operate old, inefficient and dirty fossil fuel-fired or nuclear
power plants. In fact, the investment firm Lazard estimates that the cost of generating electricity
from wind and solar has declined by 58 percent and 78 percent, respectively, since 2009. Those
cost trends are expected to continue, and coupled with the recent extension of federal tax credits
for renewable energy, wind and solar growth is widely expected to accelerate over the next
several years, with capacity projected to double from 2015 levels by 2021. With careful planning,
renewable energy and clean energy options like increased energy efficiency and storing energy
for use later will help pave the way.

Proper maintenance of vehicles. If your car is not maintained properly: it will increase global
warming by emitting a huge amount of carbon dioxide. So, make sure you are maintaining your
car according to the manual. Maintenance will also increase the efficiency of your car as well as
save the environment from harmful emissions. Hybrid cars are the great way to reduce carbon
dioxide emissions by 50%. The hybrid car concept based on the use of combo power sources like
fuel injection and electricity but when a hybrid car stops it consumes electricity. Once your car
picks up the speed, it gradually reduces its reliance on fuel and on electric power. Many hybrid
automobiles stored energy by recharging batteries. Many other hybrid vehicles utilize electricity
during city driving at low speed. But increase fuel consumption gradually when they pick up high
speed like when driving on a highway. If your vehicle is not hybrid then you can adopt some
alternative to control the carbon dioxide emission. For instance, you can use energy boosters like
the HH0 water fuel conversions are easily accessible in markets and can be installed easily into
any kind of vehicle it reduces up to 40% gas mileage so these HHO water fuel conversions are
very useful for controlling carbon dioxide emission.

Malta’s Contribution to Global Warming Control

The Maltese Archipelago (Malta, Gozo and Comino) covers a total land area of
approximately 320 km2 and a 140 km coastline. Malta, which is the largest of the three islands,
has an area of 245 km2 (and a coastline of approximately 100 km), while Gozo and Comino have
an area of 67 km2 and 3 km2 respectively. The climate of the Maltese Archipelago is typically
Mediterranean, with distinct winter and summer season i.e. mild, rainy winters and dry, hot
summers. High pressure conditions dominate during most of the time especially in the summer
season. The mean monthly temperature for the summer season was 35°C over the past century.
The hottest month is July with the highest monthly average temperature ever recorded being
36°C. It is not unusual for the temperature to exceed this value for short periods during the
hottest month. Temperatures have never reached freezing point. The lowest monthly average
temperature for the past century was 11°C, in the winter months (January and February). There
were instances when air temperatures dropped below 11°C, but only for short periods of time.
Exceptional extremes of 1.4°C and 43.8°C have been recorded. On average, for the past century,
air temperature has tended to increase.

On the 10th August 1988, in a letter to the Editor of the Times (London), David Attard,
professor of International law at the University of Malta and legal adviser to the Prime Minister
of Malta, suggested that there is the need of “a comprehensive global strategy to protect the
weather and climate as part of an effort to ensure that our planet remains fit to sustain human
life.” He proposed that such a strategy should commence by a UN resolution declaring climate to
be part of the common heritage of mankind and which, should go on to establish the adequate
mechanism to protect this natural resource.

This letter, entitled “Weather as a World Heritage”, may be regarded as the first step of
a remarkable initiative taken by Malta, which brought to the attention of the world community
the urgent need to conserve climate in the interests of present and future generations of
mankind.

Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

The Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(Kyoto Protocol) was adopted on 11 December 1997 in Kyoto, Japan, and entered into force on
16 February 2005. 191 Parties of the UNFCCC have ratified the Protocol to date. Malta signed the
Kyoto Protocol on 17 April 1998 and ratified it on 11 November 2001. The major feature of the
Kyoto Protocol is that it sets legally-binding targets for 37 Annex I Parties and the European
Community for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. These targets amount to an average
of five per cent against 1990 levels over the five-year period 2008-2012 (also known as the First
Commitment Period).

The major distinction between the Kyoto Protocol and UNFCCC is that while the latter
encouraged industrialised countries to stabilise their GHG emissions, the former commits them
to do so.

Recognising that developed countries are principally responsible for the current high
levels of GHG emissions in the atmosphere as a result of more than 150 years of industrial activity,
the Kyoto Protocol places the burden for emission reductions on developed (Annex I) countries.
The detailed rules for the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol were adopted at COP 7 in
Marrakech in 2001, the “Marrakech Accords”. The Kyoto Protocol provides additional means
through which developed countries may meet their targets by way of three market-based
mechanisms. The mechanisms under the Kyoto Protocol are:

• Emissions trading (“the carbon market”);

• Clean development mechanism (CDM); and

• Joint implementation (JI).

The mechanisms stimulate green investment and help Parties meet their emission targets
in a cost-effective manner. Under the Kyoto Protocol, countries’ are obliged to monitor actual
emissions and to keep precise records of the trades carried out. Registry systems track and record
transactions by Parties under the mechanisms. The UN Climate Change Secretariat, based in
Bonn, Germany, keeps an international transaction log to verify that transactions are consistent
with the rules of the Protocol. Reporting is done by Parties by way of submitting annual emission
inventories and national reports under the Kyoto Protocol at regular intervals.

The Kyoto Protocol, like UNFCCC, is also designed to assist countries in adapting to the
adverse effects of climate change. It facilitates the development and deployment of techniques
that can help increase resilience to the impacts of climate change.

The Adaptation Fund was established to finance adaptation projects and programmes in
developing countries that are Parties to the Kyoto Protocol. The Fund is financed mainly with a
share of proceeds from CDM project activities.

Malta’s status under the Convention and the Kyoto Protocol

Malta original status under the UNFCCC was that of a Party not in Annex I. Consequently
Malta did not take on any emission reduction target under Annex B of the Kyoto Protocol for the
First Commitment Period (2008-2012). In 2009 Malta submitted a formal application for an
amendment which would insert Malta in the list of Annex I Parties to the Convention. This
amendment was accepted by COP-15 in Copenhagen in December 2009 and formally came into
force in October 2010. Therefore Malta is currently an Annex I Party under the Convention
(however not in Annex II), but does not have an emission reduction target under the Kyoto
Protocol as it is not listed in Annex B.

As a Party to the UNFCCC and the KP Malta has taken various measures on a national
level. In the recent years, Malta has adopted a number of strategies aimed at achieving its
greenhouse gas emission reduction commitments and in adapting to climate change. In 2009,
the Government adopted a “National Strategy for Policy and Abatement Measures Relating to
the Reduction of Greenhouse Gases” containing mitigation measures aimed at reducing
greenhouse gas emissions and including the implementation of renewable energy sources,
electricity efficiency and conservation. The Government commenced the implementation of
these measures including schemes for the promotion of solar water heaters, photovoltaic panels,
and energy saving appliances and energy-saving light-bulbs distributed to each and every
household according to the size of the family.

Malta also adopted its National Renewable Energy Action Plan which has also been
submitted to the Commission. Malta’s renewable energy options are currently focused on
onshore and offshore wind energy, solar photovoltaic and solar thermal energy, as well as energy
from waste.

The current National Energy Efficiency Action Plan, developed in line with the Energy
Services Directive, envisages end use savings aimed at achieving the stipulated energy savings
target of 9% (in final energy consumption). In 2011 the government also launched The Strategy
on Adaptation to Climate Change for Malta, which focuses on certain sectors vulnerability to
climate change and proposes various recommendations to ensure their resilience to its effects.
Malta has also commitments to assist developing States in meeting with the challenges of climate
change under the Fast-start finance pledge. Malta has made a €800,000 total pledge over the
years 2010 to 2012. Funds are directed towards projects in Africa. The Selected Projects seek to
improve environmental living conditions and to create adaptation strategies in African states.

Millennium Development Goals

The United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are the eight goals set by the
189 UN member states in September 2000 and agreed to be achieved by the year 2015. The
Millennium Declaration was signed at the September global summit held at the UN headquarters
in New York and the 149 international leaders in attendance committed to combating disease,
hunger, poverty, illiteracy, discrimination against women and environmental degradation. The
MDGs were derived from this Declaration, and specific indicators and targets were attached to
them.

The following are the eight Millennium Development Goals:

1. to eliminate extreme poverty and hunger;

 Millennium Development Goal 1 has three targets:
 To halve the proportion of people whose daily income is less than $1.25
 To achieve full and productive employment, as well as decent work for all,
including young people and women
 To halve the proportion of individuals suffering from hunger in the period
between 1990 and 2015.
2. to achieve global primary education;
 To ensure that children universally – including both boys and girls – will be able
to complete a full course of primary education by 2015.
3. to empower women and promote gender equality;
 To eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education by 2005, and
in all levels of education by 2015
4. to reduce child mortality;
 To reduce the under-five mortality rate by two-thirds in the period between 1990
and 20155.
5. to promote maternal health;
 To reduce the maternal mortality ratio by 75 percent
 To achieve universal access to reproductive health
6. to fight malaria, HIV/AIDS, and other diseases;
 to halt by 2015 and have started to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS
 To achieve global access to treatment for HIV/AIDS for those who need it by 2010
 To have ceased and started reversal of the incidence of malaria and other major
diseases by 2015
7. to promote environmental sustainability
 To integrate the principles of sustainable development into every nation’s policies and
programmes, and also reverse the depletion of environmental resources
 To reduce biodiversity loss and achieve a substantial reduction in the rate of loss by
2010
 To halve the proportion of the universal population without sustainable access to
clean and safe drinking water and basic sanitation by 2015
 To achieve substantial improvement in the lives of a minimum of 100 million slum
dwellers by 2020.
8. to develop a universal partnership for development.
 To further develop an open, predictable, rule-based, non-discriminatory trading
and economic system
 To address the special needs of the least developed countries
 To address the special needs of small island developing States and landlocked
developing countries
 To deal exhaustively with the debt problems of developing nations
 To provide access to affordable essential drugs in the developing world – in
collaboration with pharmaceutical companies
 To avail benefits of new technologies, especially information and
communications, in collaboration with the private sector
References

CATEGORY: MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS. https://-www.mdgmonitor.org/-millennium-

developmen-t- goals/-?fbclid=I wAR1erp5JTgc- 4LeNGv7Dcn3YqW6r3MST-
RJMxdMikGMRmLyNcWL00-3Z5MAq6g. Retrieved On: September 7, 2019.
Change Climate Change. Retrieved From:https://mra.org.mt/-climate-change/-climate-change-
introd-uction/-?fbclid=IwAR0XuoSlW9g-xGF5OMdbQCDWpRyAlcBO-zJ56IIOT8Bjb8-
JvWipy-yOc6bzOA. Retrieved On: September 7, 2019Retrieved On: September 7, 2019.
ENSURE ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY. Retrieved from: https://- www .mdgmonitor .org /
-mdg-7-ensure -environm-ental-sustainability-/-?fbclid=IwAR0C4sepLz2-bAW-
TInV6XLkw5OJYguV- T0aif8y24aXVhejD7GOh-__o4qEl8. Retrieved On: September 7,
2019.
Environmental Pollution and Health. Retrieved from: https://- pollution. conferences- eries.
com/-events-list/-pollution-sources-eff-ects?fbclid=IwAR2Elz-8-t04HslUwO HOgd fJP65-
D5TlaQ rFrO5 xGeOFBbpb-j5t5wiIxWkqo8. Retrieved On: September 8, 2019.
Oishimaya Sen Nag. October 9,2018. How Many Types Of Pollution Are There?. Retrived
From:https://-www.worldatlas.com/-articles/-how-many-types-of-pol-lution-are
there.htm-l?fbclid=IwAR3KYxuSU-d7BlOwj9rLqCjBU3ODM7-6XnV17vLf1OYKoSsB9IJ
-t2ddxnQdvU. Retrieved On: September 7, 2019.
Population
In sociology, population refers to a collection of humans. Demography is a social science
which entails the statistical study of human populations. Population in simpler terms is the
number of people in a city or town, region, country or world: population is usually determined
by a process called census (a process of collecting, analyzing, compiling and publishing data).
Demography
The study of statistics such as births, deaths, income, or the incidence of disease, which
illustrate the changing structure of human populations.
Patterns in Birth rate and Death rate
World population has grown very rapidly after the first billion was reached in 1825. After
that, as shown in text-fig1, it took 100 years to add the second billion (1825 – 1930), 30 years to
add the third billion (1930 – 1960), 15 years to add the fourth one (1960 – 1975), 12 years to add
the fifth one (1975 – 1987), 12 years to add the sixth billion (1987 – 1999). Currently, the world
population number equals to 6,5 billion people. Global population is growing rapidly: last year it
grew by almost 80 billion people, while 3 billion people are entering in their reproductive years.
Up to 95 % of population growth is taking place in LEDCs. However, the world population growth
is going to stabilize at 9,1 billion by around 2050 – 2080. This big and rapid increase in population
number will create many challenges to the world: in fact, it will create a great pressure on
governments that have to provide for their people, issues to the environment because more
cities and industries will be needed, the risk of famine and malnutrition will increase. Highest
growth rate are found in Africa, while lowest growth rate are found in Europe and North America.

Currently, developing countries have higher birth rates than developed countries; this is
one of the reasons why the world population is located mainly in LEDCs. Developing countries
have higher birth rates because of:
A greater population base:

 Many parents will decide to have many children because of the infant mortality rate
 Workers are needed in the farms and children represent a source cultural and religious
factors
On the other hand, developed countries have lower birth rates because of:

 it's expensive to look after large families

 More women decide to concentrate on their job
 Young people use to get marry later
 There is more information about sexuality and contraceptives are more used
 Fertility rates are high in regions belonging to Africa (such as Niger, 51.6 births per 1000
women per year, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 42.63,Kenya 33,64), Middle East (such
as Afghanistan, 45.46, Oman, 35.26, Iraq, 30.27).
Conversely, almost all the European countries, except Albania and Iceland, have below -
replacement fertility rate. This phenomenon occurs when birth rates are lower than birth rate.
Italy (8.36 births per 1000 population), Germany (8.18), Spain (9, 28) may be considered as
examples. The same phenomenon occurs is Asia in countries such as China (13, 71 births per 1000
population, 1.8 children per woman), where the government has intervened through particular
laws to reduce the population number, or Japan (7,87 births per 1000 population, 1.7 children
per woman).

Text – fig. 2: Map showing birth rates in each country of the world (approximately, how many
children are born per woman).
At the global scale, mortality rate in MEDCs is much lower than the mortality rate of
LEDCs, as well as life expectancy. This is a consequence of better nutrition, healthcare, another
kind of culture, environmental conditions. For example, the United Kingdom has a death rate of
10.09 deaths per 1000 persons or Spain has a mortality rate of 8.72 deaths per 1000 persons. The
improvements in food supplies, water and sanitation the birth rate still remain high in the
developing countries. Furthermore, infectious diseases are more likely to be found in LEDCs, such
as cholera and gastroenteritis (waterborne) or river blindness and malaria (vector-borne). These
disease may be fatal in countries in which healthcare has not improved that much and where
hospital are inefficient. The ten countries with the highest death rate, according to the 2009 CIA
World Fact book, Swaziland (Africa, 30.83 death per 1000 persons), Angola (Africa, 24.08),
Lesotho (Africa, 22.20), Sierra Leone (Africa, 21.91), Zambia (Africa, 21.24), Liberia (Africa, 20.73),
Mozambique (Africa, 20.07), Afghanistan (Asia, 19.18), Djibouti (Africa, 19.10) and Central African
Republic (Africa, 17.84).
The 8 causes of death more diffuse are, according the World Health Organization (2002):

 Ischemic heart disease

 Cerebrovascular disease
 HIV/AIDS
 Tuberculosis
 Trachea/bronchus/lung cancers
 Malaria
 Malnutrition
 Text-figure 3: Map
showing death rates in
each country of the world
(approximately, how many
people die per 1000
persons).

Infant Mortality rate (IMR) indicates the number of children death under one year of age
per 1000 live births. In the past, IMR reached levels really high, but rates have declined a lot,
especially in the West part of the world. Currently, high IMR are found only in the poorest
countries, such as Angola (180 baby’s death per 1000 live births), Sierra Leone (154), and
Afghanistan (152).
The Life Expectancy of a country is linked to its birth rate. Obviously, MEDCs have a
higher life expectancy. It varies from over 80 years of life in rich countries (such as Japan, Sweden,
and France) to under 40 years in countries as Zambia, Angola or Swaziland (32 years!). The reason
for a low life expectancy in many of these African countries is the presence of fatal diseases, such
as HIV/AIDS. Developing countries would expect to see a higher life expectancy in the future
thanks to better food supplies, clean water and healthy houses. However, many countries’ life
expectancy fall down between 1970 and 2005, such as Zambia (from 50 to 39 years) while in most
of the countries life expectancy shoot up (e.g. Myanmar, from 53 to 60 years).

Historically, while at first countries belonging to the developed and developing part of
the world had the same life expectancy (24 years, 1000 AD), later, the western part of the world
developed in many fronts and the gap between life expectancy in MEDCs and LEDCs became
enormous, especially at the beginning of the 20th century, when LEDCs’ life expectancy was still
similar to the initial one (26 years)
Natural increase and population growth
Natural increase. Put simply, natural increase is the difference between the numbers
of births and deaths in a population; the rate of natural increase is the difference between the
birthrate and the death rate. Given the fertility and mortality characteristics of the human species
(excluding incidents of catastrophic mortality), the range of possible rates of natural increase is
rather narrow. For a nation, it has rarely exceeded 4 percent per year; the highest known rate for
a national population—arising from the conjunction of a very high birthrate and a quite low death
rate—is that experienced in Kenya during the 1980s, in which the natural increase of the
population approximated 4.1 percent per annum. Rates of natural increase in other developing
countries generally are lower; these countries averaged about 2.5 percent per annum during the
same period. Meanwhile the rates of natural increase in industrialized countries are very low: the
highest is approximately 1 percent, most are in the neighborhood of several tenths of 1 percent,
and some are slightly negative (that is, their populations are slowly decreasing).
Population growth
The rate of population growth is the rate of natural increase combined with the effects
of migration. Thus a high rate of natural increase can be offset by a large net out-migration, and
a low rate of natural increase can be countered by a high level of net in-migration. Generally
speaking, however, these migration effects on population growth rates are far smaller than the
effects of changes in fertility and mortality.
Population “momentum”
An important and often misunderstood characteristic of human populations is the
tendency of a highly fertile population that has been increasing rapidly in size to continue to do
so for decades after the onset of even a substantial decline in fertility. This results from the
youthful age structure of such a population, as discussed below. These populations contain large
numbers of children who have still to grow into adulthood and the years of reproduction. Thus
even a dramatic decline in fertility, which affects only the numbers at age zero, cannot prevent
the continuing growth of the number of adults of childbearing age for at least two or three
decades.
Eventually, of course, as these large groups pass through the childbearing years to
middle and older age, the smaller numbers of children resulting from the fertility decline lead to
a moderation in the rate of population growth. But the delays are lengthy, allowing very
substantial additional population growth after fertility has declined. This phenomenon gives rise
to the term population momentum, which is of great significance to developing countries with
rapid population growth and limited natural resources. The nature of population growth means
that the metaphor of a “population bomb” used by some lay analysts of population trends in the
1960s was really quite inaccurate. Bombs explode with tremendous force, but such force is
rapidly spent. A more appropriate metaphor for rapid population growth is that of a glacier, since
a glacier moves at a slow pace but with enormous effects wherever it goes and with a long-term
momentum that is unstoppable.
Importance of population census
The importance of performing a population census includes many elements. The most critical of
them are:
Knowing the size of the population

 The population census is helpful in obtaining a number of people who live in the country
and the structure of the society
Determining the taxable adults

 Helps in the determining the number of people who can pay taxes which helps to estimate
the amount of revenue that can be obtained from the sector.
Forecasting the possible economic needs
  Population census helps to forecast the country’s economic needs, for example,
electricity, housing, food, etc.
Determining the number of unemployed and the standard of living of the citizens in the country.
Revealing the level of manpower

 Population census helps to reveal the level of manpower, that is, people who are working.
If it is high, the economic development of the country is assured. It draws the attention
of the international agencies and governments in giving aids and other assistance to a
country
Formulating economic policies

 for example, revenue formula can be based on population figures

Estimating the number of emigrants and immigrants

 It can also be obtained from the figures obtained from the population census
Determining the population density

 Population census plays an essential role in giving detailed information on the region with
a high or low density of population resource distribution. The information obtained from
the population census assists the government to distribute resources, for example, areas
densely populated get, as a rule, more resources than areas of the low number of
population. For example, such areas of the high population like Lagos and Kano usually
get more resources than regions of low population
Providing social amenities

 Population census data gives an idea of what kind of social amenities should be provided
to the particular families and areas, for example, hospitals, housing, water, electricity and
others.
Giving of aids

 Population census assists the government and international agencies in helping the
country.
Population Explosion in The 20th-21st Century and its Effects on Developed and Developing
Countries
The 20th century experienced the highest population growth in all human history that
according to current projections, there won't be another singular century that will double its
population at least not in the next 150 years. What happened in the 20th century, and are there
correlations between population with economics and politics in today's world
During the 20th century alone, the population in the world has grown from 1.65 billion
to 6 billion. In 1970, there were roughly half as many people in the world as there are now.
Because of declining growth rates, it will now take over 200 years to double again. Population in
the world is currently growing at a rate of around 1.13% per year. The current average population
change is estimated at around 80 million per year. According to the most recent United Nations
estimates, the human population of the world is expected to reach 8 billion people in the spring
of 2024. Annual growth rate reached its peak in the late 1960s, when it was at 2% and above.
The rate of increase has therefore almost halved since its peak of 2.19 percent, which was
reached in 1963.
 The annual growth rate is currently declining and is projected to continue to decline in
the coming years. Currently, it is estimated that it will become less than 1% by 2020 and less than
0.5% by 2050.
This means that world population will continue to grow in the 21st century, but at a
slower rate compared to the recent past. World population has doubled (100% increase) in 40
years from 1959 (3 billion) to 1999 (6 billion). It is now estimated that it will take a further 39
years to increase by another 50%, to become 9 billion by 2038. Before our minds feed us wrong
information, we should be aware of child survival is close to 100% in the developing world,
meaning large families will remain like that for a while. The work of The Gates Foundation is
where is again recognized, they play a major role in this facet. Secondly, family planning comes
into play, it might be that developed countries highly consider family planning than their
counterparts in emerging markets.
The number of people leaving in dare poverty and child mortality has been decreasing
more quickly than ever before in history. Life expectancy has increased, AIDS infection is not
spreading as quick as it used to be, and more importantly it is manageable than before.
Population is increasing, but jobs are being eliminated by automation and technology, but
productivity is at an all-time high. Let's highlight this important aspect of society, as it relates to
religion, Christianity is leading with 31%, followed by Muslims 23%, No Religion affiliation 16%,
Hindus 15%, Buddhists 7% etc, but lastly there are Jews at 0,2%.
As it relates to economics and politics, more numbers don't guarantee political stability,
nor do they ensure that all top 10 to 20, are developed economies, as most in the top 20 are
emerging economies.
A snapshot at the top two countries by population, and the bottom two; China and India
are the only countries with over a billion people each, their average age is 37 years in China and
27 years in India, while their urban population being 57.9 % and 32.4 % respectively. Now, the
bottom two, I'm only acknowledging their population, Tokelau with 1,276 and Holy See with 801
total population.
A crucial trend in developed countries, is that the middle class has rapidly grown, as the
middle class is the bedrock of any economy, because of their spending power and level of
education; and for any emerging economy to fast track their growth, they need to increase their
middle class pool. Spending disparities between the lower class and high class are widening, the
lower class spend 100% of their income and a bit more in debt from financiers, the higher class
would spend a small fraction of their multiple income streams; there is an imbalance not only
from a capitalistic perspective, but from various fronts.
There is this statement with a negative connotation to it, it states that, 'The rich keep
making more money while the poor keep making more babies'. As sarcastic as it sounds, there is
a level of truth in it.
Urbanization has been one of the major movements in the last century. Politicians
should consider slowing migration to cities by urbanizing those rural under developed regions,
and bring technological development, industrialize them to create jobs where they are, because
one of the key motivating factors to move to cities, is employment and pursuit of a better life.
Wellness of our countries should be measured by GNH (Gross National Happiness), than GDP;
what good it is to have a large economy in air polluted areas like some parts of China, terrorist
threatened regions like some countries in Europe, the analogy continues. The conundrum is,
there is a correlation between poor countries having an exponential population growth, not
through migration like other developed countries such as USA; but poorer countries increase
population rapidly than developed economies such as Japan with an aging population
UN reported, with the highest rate of population growth, Africa is expected to account
for more than half of the world's population growth between 2015 and 2050. One may ask, how
many human beings ever existed? It has been estimated that a total of approximately 106 billion
people have been born since the dawn of the human species, making the population currently
alive roughly 6% of all people who have ever lived on planet Earth.
Temporary or Permanent
 Temporary migration refers to the migration done on the limited time. While Permanent
migration refers to the movement from one area to another without plans of returning
to the place of origin.
Factors Leading to Population Mobility
 Socio-political, economic and ecological factors are the main forces driving migration.
 Rising communal violence world-wide, often as a result of ethnic or religious intolerance,
has led to increased levels of migration.
 Economic disparity between developing and developed economies encourages the
movement of skilled labor from the former to the latter. Temporary migration visas allow
for an increase in the rate of circular migration.
 Changes in the ecological environment have the potential to worsen food and water
insecurity in various parts of the globe. Limited access to food and water resources may
push people to migrate to countries where these resources are more readily available.
Migration
Immigration
 Refers to the movement of persons or population to another country. It is the
international movement of people into a destination country of which they are not
natives or where they do not possess citizenship in order to settle reside or naturalized
citizens, or to take up employment as a migrant worker or temporarily as foreign worker.
Emigration
 To the movement of persons or populations from one country. People emigrate for many
reasons, include increasing one’s chance of employment or improving quality of life.
Emigration affects the economies of the countries involved in both positive and negative
ways, depending on the current state of the countries’ economies.

Transmigration
 transmigration refers to the movement of a population of people from one location to
another for a specific reason.
Return Migration
 Returning Migration are persons returning to their country of citizenship after having
been international migrants (whether short term or long term) in another country and
who are intending to stay in their own country for at least a year.
Types of Migration
Internal Migration
 It is the moving within a state, country, or continent.
External Migration
 It is the moving in a different state, country, or continent.
Force and Voluntary migration
 Is where the migrant has a choice whether or not to migrate. These people had a choice
where to move and if they should move at all. The other kind of migration is forced
migration. In forced migration, a government or authority forces someone to move.
Detention Centres
 An institution where people are held in detention for short periods, in particular illegal
immigrants, refugees, people awaiting trial or sentence, or youthful offenders.
References
http://www.markedbyteachers.com/international-baccalaureate/geography/explain-trends-
and-patterns-in-birth-rates-nativity-increase-and-mortality-infant-mortality-rates-fertility-rates-
and-life-expectations-in-the-different-regions-of-the-world.html
https://www.britannica.com/science/population-biology-and-anthropology/Geographical-
distribution-and-urbanization
https://www-legit-ng.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.legit.ng/amp/1209471-importance-
population-census-planning-
development.html?amp_js_v=a2&amp_gsa=1&usqp=mq331AQEKAFwAQ%3D%3D#aoh=15679
209743755&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&amps
hare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legit.ng%2F1209471-importance-population-census-planning-
development.html
https://m-huffpost-
com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/m.huffpost.com/us/entry/9837278/amp?amp_js_v=a2&amp_gsa
=1&usqp=mq331AQEKAFwAQ%3D%3D#aoh=15679311361323&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fww
w.google.com&amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffpost.com
%2Fentry%2Fpopulation-explosion_b_9837278

http://www.futuredirections.org.au/publication/factors-influencing-migration-and-population-
movements/
https://www.ultimatevisa.com/types-of-migration/
Kelechi Odimayo (2019) Importance of Population Census (n.d.)
Mashegoane Paul (2016) Population Explosion, retrieved on May 5, 2019.
Kenton, W (2019) Population Mobility, retrieved on May 6 2019, from
https://www.populationmobility/html
Gallaghe. A. (2018) IntegrationMigration, Retrieved on 25 October 2018
https://www.migrationcommission/html
https//www.Migration integration data portal.org./ retrievd 19 March 2019
Globalization

Globalization is the process in which people, ideas and goods spread throughout the
world, spurring more interaction and integration between the world’s cultures, governments and
economies.

The term is most frequently used in reference to creating an integrated global economy
marked by free trade, the free flow of capital and corporate use of foreign labor markets to
maximize returns. However, some use the term globalization more broadly, applying it to the
movement of people, knowledge and technology across international borders; some also apply
it to the free flow of cultural, environmental and political discourse.

Globalization as a term came to prominence in the 1980s. Although many consider this
process a relatively new phenomenon, globalization has been happening for millennia. The
Roman Empire, for example, spread its economic and governing systems through significant
portions of the ancient world for centuries. Similarly, the trade routes of the Silk Road carried
merchants, goods and travellers from China through Central Asia and the Middle East to Europe
and represented another wave of globalization. European countries had significant investments
overseas in the decades prior to World War I, prompting some economists to label the pre-war
period as an earlier golden age of globalization.

Globalization has ebbed and flowed throughout history, with periods of expansion, as well
as retrenchment. The 21st century has witnessed both. Global stock markets plummeted after
the Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist attacks in the United States, but rebounded in subsequent years.

Overall, however, the early 21st century has seen a dramatic increase in the pace of global
integration, driven primarily by rapid advances in technology and telecommunications. In
general, money, technology and materials flow more swiftly across national boundaries today
than they ever have in the past. The flow of knowledge, ideas and cultures are flowing with
increasing speed as well, enabled by the near instantaneousness of
global internet communications.

Independence vs. Interdependence of Countries

There is no such thing as true national sovereignty, or independence anymore.

When a country says it is independent or wishes to gain its independence, it means that
it has or seeks to have a single authority – a central government – which is able to implement
domestic policies that affects its people and coordinate internal finances to specific sectors.

“Independent countries” are now simple geopolitical entities who have the power to
decide upon their own domestic policies but who all find themselves in this new arena of global
capitalism. It is their job to satisfy the investors. Wealth is the new sovereign.

Global interdependence on the other hand refers to worldwide mutual dependence

between countries. In other words, mutual dependence at a worldwide level. One nation
depends on another for something. That country also depends on another for either the same
thing or something else. As more countries depend on other nations for things, especially key
things like energy and food, global interdependence evolves.

Global interdependence is largely the result of international trade, for example, the
importing and exporting of products and services. In fact, countries today cannot survive for long
without each others’ imports and exports.

Global interdependence – a current reality

No country can be totally self-sufficient. In today’s global economy, a need exists for
international trade. Nations and their citizens would not voluntarily trade with other countries
unless there were benefits from this exchange. A consequence of this decision to import and
export is that today we can produce more goods efficiently. We can also use resources more
efficiently. Put simply; international trade increases material standards of living across the world,
i.e., it makes us richer. As international trade evolves, countries that are more efficient in certain
things begin to specialize. In other words, they focus on making specific goods or offering certain
services. Those specializing countries subsequently need to import. They need to import because
some sectors have contracted as more resources went to making certain goods. As more and
more countries specialize, the need for imports also grows. Consequently, today no country can
survive without trading with other nations. Hence, global interdependence has become a fact of
life for everybody.

The global economy and global interdependence

The global economy refers to all the economies of the world. Specifically, it refers to how
countries’ economies have been developing and operating collectively as one giant system. If you
say “We live in a global economy,” what does it mean? It means that we live in a world comprising
many economies that depend on each other. They are intertwined and interdependent. In other
words, they all operate like different parts of one unit. That one unit is the global economy. The
global economy has many advantages. By specializing and trading with other countries, nations
become richer. However, global interdependence also has some disadvantages. For example,
what happens if your country depends on another for oil, and its leader decides to stop selling to
you? What happens to your country if the other country suddenly doubles the price of oil?
Countries that depend on other nations are also vulnerable. Especially if they rely on other
nations for strategic goods like fuel or food. Oil and natural gas have created global
interdependence between the major producing nations and those that do not have enough.
According to Reference.com, “Global interdependence means mutual dependence at an
international level. Countries depend on each other for certain commodities.” “The import and
export of various goods and services greatly contribute to global interdependence.”

Different Aspects of Globalization

Economic globalization

Since the end of World War II, the result of global economic organizations are seen most
readily in those industries, such as the auto and online retailing, that require vast supply chains.
For example, Ford works with about 1,200 supplier sit identifies as "Tier 1" around the globe.
Amazon uses tens of thousands of suppliers and employs more than 250,000 full-time workers
in 175 distribution centers, including 65 outside North America.
 Global and regional trade agreements serve as prime movers for economic globalizations.
Among the most impactful global agreement is the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
(GATT), from which the World Trade Organization sprung. Significant regional trade agreements
include the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the Central American-Dominican
Republic Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR), the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) and
the 27-country European Union, which had its origins in a customs union known as the six-
country European Economic Community (EC) in 1958.

 A worldwide economic system that permits easy movement of goods, production,

capital, and resources (free trade facilitates this).
 Example: NFTA, EU, Multinational corporations

Technological globalization

Technological globalization is speeded in large part by technological diffusion, the spread

of technology across borders. In the last two decades, there has been rapid improvement in the
spread of technology to peripheral and semi-peripheral nations, and a 2008 World Bank report
discusses both the benefits and ongoing challenges of this diffusion. In general, the report found
that technological progress and economic growth rates were linked, and that the rise in
technological progress has helped improve the situations of many living in absolute poverty
(World Bank 2008). The report recognizes that rural and low-tech products such as corn can
benefit from new technological innovations, and that, conversely, technologies like mobile
banking can aid those whose rural existence consists of low-tech market vending. In addition,
technological advances in areas like mobile phones can lead to competition, lowered prices, and
concurrent improvements in related areas such as mobile banking and information sharing.

However, the same patterns of social inequality that create a digital divide in the United
States also create digital divides within peripheral and semi-peripheral nations. While the growth
of technology use among countries has increased dramatically over the past several decades, the
spread of technology within countries is significantly slower among peripheral and semi-
peripheral nations. In these countries, far fewer people have the training and skills to take
advantage of new technology, let alone access it. Technological access tends to be clustered
around urban areas and leaves out vast swaths of peripheral-nation citizens. While the diffusion
of information technologies has the potential to resolve many global social problems, it is often
the population most in need that is most affected by the digital divide. For example, technology
to purify water could save many lives, but the villages in peripheral nations most in need of water
purification don’t have access to the technology, the funds to purchase it, or the technological
comfort level to introduce it as a solution.

 Connection between nations through technology such as television, radio, telephones,

internet, etc.
 Was traditionally available only to the rich but is now far more available to the poor.
Much less infrastructure is needed now.

Social globalization

This refers to the sharing of ideas and information between and through different
countries.
 In today’s world, the internet and social media is at the heart of this. Good examples of
social globalization could include internationally popular films, books and TV series. The Harry
Potter/ Twilight films and books have been successful all over the world, making the characters
featured globally recognisable. However, this cultural flow tends to flow from the centre (i.e.
from developed countries such as the USA to less developed countries). Social globalisation is
often criticised for eroding cultural differences.

 Pertains to human interaction within cultural communities, encompassing topics like

family, religion, work and education.
 Evident in the similarities of social trends between cultures, from consumerism to arts
and humanities.
 Example: Note that the worldwide popularity of chain restaurants like McDonald’s or a
specific fashion trend.
 Has involved the continuous dispersion of ideals and religious beliefs, whether civilly or
by force. Most importantly, though, it is marked by the increase in association among
people from separate parts of the world. This is often countered by a diminished affinity
between people in the same region.

Cultural globalization

The rapid development of information technology has put much of the world -- particularly
fully industrialized counties -- in a state of near-constant contact. Notable exceptions include
the authoritarian regimes North Korea and China, which have limited their residents' access
to the internet. Advocates of cultural globalization point to improved acknowledgement of
human rights on a global scale and shared understanding of our impact on the environment.
Critics decry the decimation of unique cultural identity and language in the age of social
media.

 Merging or “watering down” of the world’s cultures e.g. food, entertainment, language,
etc.
 Heavily criticized as destructive of local culture

Positive Effects of Globalization

International solidarity

Globalization has an inherent tendency to bring homogeneity in socio-cultural and

religious life. Consequently, the indigenous cultures feel threatened. Only by respecting the
uniqueness of cultures, globalization can strengthen cultures through healthy dialogue rooted in
solidarity. Another important aspect of solidarity id solidarity with nature. To enhance real
human development and, globalization should safeguard ecology, discerning the needs of the
present generation, as well as future generations. Most importantly is the promotion of
international solidarity which serves as the foundation of nations’ interconnectedness.

Globalization is not first all about money, market, or competition, but about people and
their interconnectedness. Economic prosperity, if it does not ensure justice at all, will not lead to
long-lasting peace and development. Justice is rooted in love and solidarity with all.
Free Trade and Protectionism Efforts towards Fair Trading

Fair trade promotes equality and fair conditions in the production and trade of goods. There are
minimum standards and guidance in the pay and conditions of workers and for the sustainability
– economic, social and environmental impact in balance – of production and trade. Fair Trade
Foundations promotes Global Citizenship by supporting producers to improve their living
conditions, by guaranteeing a fair, minimum price for their products.

Fair trade movement was launched with a goal to achieve greater social control over the
commodities employing transnational supply chain in a free economy.

Cultural Enrichment

In spite of serious problems, globalization has given the development of modern art a
positive trend, has allowed the local artistic scene enter into the international context,
encouraged the funding of various initiatives in the field of contemporary art, and also
contributed to the development of the market and the mass interest in the field of creativity and
critical reflection. Globalization of culture contributes to the exchange of cultural values of
different countries, the convergence of traditions. For cultural globalization characterized
convergence of business and consumer culture between the different countries of the world and
the growth of international communication. On the one hand, this leads to the promotion of
individual national cultures around the world. On the other hand, the popular international
cultural phenomena may displace national or turn them into international. Many regard this as
loss of national cultural values and fight for the revival of the national culture.

Global Mass Media

The mass media are today seen as playing a key role in enhancing globalization, and
facilitating cultural exchange and multiple flows of information and images between countries
through international news broadcasts, television programming, new technologies, film, and
music. If before the 1990s mainstream media systems in most countries of the world were
relatively national in scope, since then most communications media have become increasingly
global, extending their reach beyond the nation-state to conquer audiences worldwide.
International flows of information have been assisted by the development of global capitalism,
new technologies, and the increasing commercialization of global television, which has occurred
as a consequence of the deregulation policies adopted by various countries in Europe and the
United States in order to permit the proliferation of cable and satellite channels.
The Flexibility of Transnational Companies (Multinational)

In the 90’s the shaping of global economic contacts is becoming even greater than in
previous decades. One of the major trends with global impact, pursuing the turn of the 20th and
21st centuries is known as a boom (increase of production and circulation) of global economy -
the economic forces in the world are crossing borders (Tauser, 2007). The result is more
democracy, more freedom, more trade, more opportunities and greater prosperity. The world is
moving from the trade exchange among countries to a single world economy. One economy, one
market – it is a natural next step in the economic history of civilization (Appleyard, Field, & Cobb,
2006).

Although TNCs existed in the past, their boom has started in the era of globalization.
Transnational Corporations actively create relatively stable, internationally operating corporate
networks with their suppliers, customers and cooperating partners. They create a considerable
amount of profit for investment in research and development and thanks to the creation of
corporate networks they significantly influence the choice of technology later expanding on a
global scale (Zadražilová, 2007).

The importance and status of transnational corporations in the world economy is already
given by the fact that up to three quarters of world trade takes place within their area. They are
considered as a key globalization agent and resource of efficiency and growth. The most
important effects of TNC acting in global environment are aspects such as transnationalization
processes, FDI movement, social and economic responsibility and global risks and limits.

Negative effects of Globalization

Child labor and Sweatshops

Globalization and child labor interact in two basic ways. First, globalization may increase
the employment and earnings opportunities available to poor households in developing
countries. Changes in local labor markets from globalization may increase or decrease child labor.
Second, globalization increases the influence of rich countries in the domestic policies of the
developing world. Globalization can enhance employment and earnings in developing countries
because of inflows of foreign investment or increases in the value of a developing country’s
export products. When a country opens to international markets, foreign investment often (but
not always) enters the country. This leads to increases in the demand for local labor and hence
higher wages. These changes in developing country labor markets stemming from globalization
could increase child labor. Increased earning opportunities may increase the demand for child
labor and the wages paid to children. Indirectly, increased earnings opportunities to parents may
change the types of work performed by parents. Children may be forced to take over some of
the activities usually performed by adults within their household.
Uneven Distribution of Wealth
One of the contemporary world's main characteristics is the extremely unequal
distribution of wealth between regions and countries, and among population groups within
countries. Such unequal distribution of wealth leads to similar inequality in living and health
conditions in a virtually uniform relationship. Thus, the worst living and health conditions occur
in the poorest countries and population groups.
This unequal distribution of wealth and poverty has gained momentum with the world
development model known as globalization, implemented in the last decade. The main economic
characteristics of globalization include: the international division of production and labor; further
opening of non-industrialized countries to capital and exports from developed countries (with
concomitant restrictions on their own exports to the industrialized markets); an intense flow of
financial capital, no longer under the control of the national states, but rather subordinated to
the large profit-seeking transnational conglomerates and leading to an unprecedented
accumulation of wealth and inequality; and the globalization of severe environmental problems
and behavioural patterns in almost every field of human life, such as nutrition, sexuality,
reproduction, and interpersonal relations.
Brain Drain
Brain drain is one of the earliest phenomena associated with globalisation, which has significant
adverse effects at the local level. Brain drain is human capital flight. It’s the phenomenon where skilled
workers or young potentials: individuals with technical skills or knowledge; migrate and leave their
country. While brain drain is not something new, its effects are much greater in a globalised world where
skilled workers can freely travel the world.
Environmental Degradation
Globalization has also created some areas of concern, and prominent among these is the
impact that it has had on the environment. Globalization has featured extensively in the debates
on environmentalism, and green activists have highlighted its far-reaching effects.
Activists have pointed out that globalization has led to an increase in the consumption of
products, which has impacted the ecological cycle. Increased consumption leads to an increase
in the production of goods, which in turn puts stress on the environment. Globalization has also
led to an increase in the transportation of raw materials and food from one place to another.
Earlier, people used to consume locally-grown food, but with globalization, people consume
products that have been developed in foreign countries. The amount of fuel that is consumed in
transporting these products has led to an increase in the pollution levels in the environment. It
has also led to several other environmental concerns such as noise pollution and landscape
intrusion. Transportation has also put a strain on the non-renewable sources of energy, such as
gasoline. The gases that are emitted from the aircraft have led to the depletion of the ozone layer
apart from increasing the greenhouse effect. The industrial waste that is generated as a result of
production has been laden on ships and dumped in oceans. This has killed many underwater
organisms and has deposited many harmful chemicals in the ocean.
Threats to National Identity and Sovereignty
The process of globalization undoubtedly contributes to the change and reduction of the
scope of state sovereign powers. The list of threats to state sovereignty often includes global
financial flows, multinational corporations, global media empires, and the Internet etc. The
process of globalization undoubtedly contributes to the change and reduction of the scope of
state sovereign powers.
Unfair Trading
The sustainability risk of such ‘unfair trade’ for developed economies appears in three
forms. The first one is that oppression of trade partners and prices of exporters to industrial
economies leads to cost and price competition that at the end cannot be sustained by developed
economies themselves. The second one refers to the need of transfer campaigns to help
underdeveloped regions (states). They usually serve only for the pacification of certain states or
groups that threaten to bring destruction to established trade and security context. The third
form has been demonstrated with recent immigration developments in the EU. According to
European Commission Vice President Frans Timmermans [1], it is assessed that 60% of
immigrants are moving for economic reasons—thus it is not difficult to recognize the pattern,
which may prevail if the population’s perspective in low-income countries will not develop.

World Organizations that Promote Peace

Get to Know the UN

 The United Nations has four purposes: to maintain international peace and security; to
develop friendly relations among nations; to cooperate in solving international problems
and in promoting respect for human rights; and to be a centre for harmonizing the actions
of nations. Cooperating in this effort are more than 30 affiliated organizations, known
together as the UN system.
 The United Nations is not a world government, and it does not make laws. It does,
however, provide the means to help resolve international conflicts and formulate policies
on matters affecting all of us.
 At the UN, all the Member States—large and small, rich and poor, with differing political
views and social systems—have a voice and a vote in this process. The United Nations
gives the opportunity for countries to balance global interdependence and national
interests when addressing international problems.
 The UN system works to promote respect for human rights, reduce poverty, fight disease
and protect the environment. The United Nations leads international campaigns against
drug trafficking and terrorism.
 Throughout the world, the UN and its agencies help expand food production, assist
refugees, lead the fight against AIDS and set up programmes to clear landmines, among
others.

What is the United Nations?

The United Nations is a unique organization of independent countries that have come
together to work for world peace and social progress. The Organization formally came into
existence on 24 October 1945, with 51 countries considered founding Members. By the end
of 2008, the membership of the UN had grown to 192 countries. Since its inception, no
country has ever been expelled from membership. Indonesia temporarily quit the UN in 1965
over a dispute with neighbouring Malaysia, but returned the following year.

So, the United Nations is like a world government?

Wrong. Governments represent countries and peoples. The United Nations represents
neither a particular government nor any one nation. It represents all its Members and does
only what the Member States decide that it should do.

Is there a set of rules or principles that guides the United Nations in its work?

Yes, the Charter of the United Nations. It is a set of guidelines that explains the rights and
duties of each Member country, and what needs to be done to achieve the goals they have
set for themselves. When a nation becomes a Member of the UN, it accepts the aims and
rules of the Charter.

How did the United Nations begin?

The idea of the United Nations was born during World War II (1939-1945). World leaders
who had collaborated to end the war felt a strong need for a mechanism that would help
bring peace and stop future wars. They realized that this was possible only if all nations
worked together through a global organization. The United Nations was to be that
Organization.

Where did the name “United Nations” come from?

The name “United Nations” was suggested by United States President Franklin D.
Roosevelt. It was first officially used in 1942, when representatives of the 26 countries signed
the Declaration by United Nations. As a tribute to President Roosevelt, who died a few weeks
before the signing of the Charter, all those present at the San Francisco Conference agreed
to adopt the name “United Nations”.
Commonwealth

The Commonwealth of Nations, normally referred to as Commonwealth and formerly

known as the British Commonwealth, is an intergovernmental of 54 independent member
states. All member states except two, Mozambique and Ruanda, were part of the British
Empire, out of which the Commonwealth has developed. The member states co-operate
within a framework of common values and goals, as outlined in the Singapore Declaration of
1971. These include the promotion of democracy, human rights, good governance, the rule
of law, individual liberty, egalitarianism, free trade, multilateralism and world peace. The
Commonwealth is not a political union, but an intergovernmental organization in which
countries with diverse social, political and economic backgrounds are regarded as equal
status.

The Commonwealth is a home to two billion citizens of all faiths and ethnicities and
includes some of the world’s largest, smallest, richest and poorest countries. Over half of its
citizens are 25 or under. The Commonwealth believes the best democracies are achieved
through partnerships – of governments, business, and civil society. Beyond the ties of history,
language and institutions, members are united through the common values of democracy,
freedom, peace, the rule of law and opportunity for all. Member countries come from six
regions: Africa (19); Asia (8); the Americas (3); the Caribbean (10); Europe (3); and the South
Pacific (11).

In order to promote its vision, the Commonwealth has supported the development of an
extensive range of associations representing different professional and social areas of
business and public service. Collectively these organizations make up the “Commonwealth
Family.”
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2019. Retrieved from https://www.ukessays.com/essays/economics/the-three-main-
aspects-of-globalisation-economics-essay.php
Types of Globalisation. (2018). Retrieved on September 7, 2019. Retrieved from
https://www.tutor2u.net/politics/reference/types-of-globalisation
What is Global Interdependence? (n.d). Retrieved on September 8, 2019. Retrieved from
https://www.google.com/amp/s/marketbusinessnews.com/financial-glossary/global-
interdependence-definition-meaning/amp/
What is Globalisation? (2019). Retrieved on September 7, 2019. Retrieved from
https://www.google.com/amp/s/searchcio.techtarget.com/definition/globalization%3fa
mp=1
White, S. (2016). Are All Modern Nations Independent to be Interdependence? Retrieved on
September 8, 2019. Retrieved from https://www.quora.com/Are-all-modern-nations-
independent-to-be-interdependent
Wilkinson, A.M. (2017). What Are The Major Types of Globalisation? Retrieved on September 8,
2019. Retrieved from https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-major-types-of-
globalization
 MODULE 13:

Development and Change

ByOBJECTIVES:
the end of this module, you will be able to:

13.1 Define the following topics under Development and Change: forms of
development; sustainable development; population; and globalization.
13.2 Differentiate the types of development.
13.3 Describe the 3 R’s of sustainable development and forms of pollution.
13.4 Identify the different types of migration.
13.5 Classify the aspects of globalization and its negative and positive effects.

HOW TO COMPLETE THIS MODULE:

1. Read and understand the given PDF file with the topic “Development and Change”
and its subtopics.
2. Participate actively in the class discussions.
3. Collaborate with group mates to accomplish group activities.
4. Look for the definition of terms in the PDF provided by the reporters.
5. Answer the given tasks and assignments.
TEACHING STRATEGIES:

READINGS
 Climate change. Retrieved from https://mra.org.mt/-climate-change/-climate-change
introd-uction/-?fbclid=IwAR0XuoSlW9g-xGF5OMdbQCDWpRyAlcBO-zJ56IIOT8Bjb8-
JvWipy-yOc6bzOA
 Birth rates, mortality rates, fertility rates, and life expectations in the different regions of
the world. Retrieved from http://www.markedbyteachers.com/international-
baccalaureate/geography/explain-trends-and-patterns-in-birth-rates-nativity-increase-
and-mortality-infant-mortality-rates-fertility-rates-and-life-expectations-in-the-different-
regions-of-the-world.html
 Globalisation. Retrieved from
http://www.unesco.org/education/tlsf/mods/theme_c/mod18.html
 https://www.sid-israel.org/en/Development-Issues/What-is-Development
 Development and Change.pdf

LECTURES AND CONTENT

 13A: Forms of Development (Powerpoint Presentation) (13.1)
 13B: Sustainable Development (Powerpoint Presentation and Video Presentation) (13.2)
 13C: Population (Powerpoint Presentation) (13.3)
 13D: Globalization (Powerpoint and Video Presentation) (13.4)
 STUDENT-STUDENT INTERACTIONS

Activity No.1

Who/What am I?

The class will be divided into 4 groups. Each group will be given 3 words to guess. Every
group must have 1 representative to guess the word and the rest of the group members will be
the one to instruct or to give a clue to their representative using the words: Ola (yes); Witet
(no); and Keri (maybe.) The group representative is allowed to “pass” for only 2 times. Lastly,
the group which consumed lesser time will be announced as the winner.

Terms:

1. Globalization
2. Free Trade
3. United Nations
4. Unfair trading
5. Interdependence
6. Independence
7. Mass Media
8. Child Labor
9. Brain Drain
10. Commonwealth
11. Economic Globalization
12. Technological Globalization

Activity No. 2

Mine Role Play

Instruction:
The class will be divided into two groups. Each group will be given a specific topic or
situation to which they are going to act. Every group will be given 5 minutes to prepare and 3
minutes to present. To determine the winner each group will be grade base on the rubrics
presented.
Rubrics:

Accuracy to the topic 50%

Cooperation 20%
Creativity 30%

TOTAL: 100%
 ASSIGNMENTS AND ASSESSMENTS

Assignment No. 1
INSTRUCTION:
The class will be divided into four groups and they will be assigned to make a poster about
forms of development.
Rubrics:

Impact of the message 40%

Neatness 10%
Creativity 30%
Relevance 20%

TOTAL: 100%

Assignment No. 2
INSTRUCTION:
Make an essay or reflection paper that discuss about the condition of the world’s
population. They will be graded base on the rubrics below.

Rubrics:
Content 30%
Organization 30%
Clarification 30%
Grammar 10%
Total 100%