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Last but not the least I am also thankful to all those who have
directly or indirectly rendered help in completion of the Field study.
Yours sincerely
Mohd Shadab
ABSTRACT
National Highways constituted about 2% of all the roads in India,
but carried about 40% of the total road traffic as of 2010. The majority
of existing national highways are two-lane roads (one lane in each
direction), though much of this is being expanded to four-lanes, and
some to six or eight lanes.
National Highways form the economic backbone of the country
and have often facilitated development along their routes, and many new
towns have sprung up along major highways.
STUDY AREA
Earthen embankment
including Subgrade, earthen
shoulders and miscellaneous
14. Earthen Embankment backfill with approved
material obtained from
roadway excavation, borrow
pit or other sources.
The effects a project will
have upon the environment,
15. Environmental Impact
especially the human
environment.
The act of taking out
materials, the materials taken
out, or the cavity remaining
16. Excavation
after materials have been
removed. NHAI has an
agreement with the
A divided arterial highway
for through traffic with full or
partial control of access and
17. Expressway
generally with grade
separations at major
intersections.
The finely divided residue
18. Fly Ash that results from the
combustion of ground or
powdered coal, transported
from the firebox through the
boiler by flue gases.
Woven cloth made from
19. Geo-textile Material nylon type of material that is
not bio-degradable
A continuously graded
Granular material to MOST
Specification for Highway
Works. Used in the sub-base
layer of road construction,
20. Granular Sub-base
which consists of crushed
rock, slag or concrete is the
superior material and is the
only one permitted for major
trunk roads and motorways.
The employer typically
reimburses the contractor
when completed portions of
work are performed.
Contractors therefore must
21. Mobilization Advance
find financing to help start a
new project. The pay item
mobilization is provided to
help the contractor with these
early start-up costs.
Professional Liability
Insurance is an insurance to
cover a loss resulting from
malpractice or other liability
Professional Liability of a professional person to a
22.
Insurance third party. The insured’s
benefits under the policy
begin when the insured’s
liability to a third party has
been asserted.
The part of a roadway having
a constructed surface for the
23. Pavement
facilitation of vehicular
movement.
The items of work in the
24. Permanent Work BOQ to be executed in
accordance with the contract.
A bituminous or non
bituminous course provided
25. Profile Correction Course to rectify the undulations and
camber correction of road
surface
Road pavement / surface
26. Rigid pavement constructed with cement
concrete
This project is introduced for the widening of highways from 4 lanes to 6 lanes. This
project is divided into a no of company’s area wise and give them to permission for construction.
SCOPE AND SIGNIFICANCE
The National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) is an autonomous agency of
the Government of India, responsible for management of a network of over 70,000 km of
National Highways in India. It is responsible for the development, maintenance,
Management and operation of National Highways, totaling over 71,772 km (44,597 mi) in
length.
The National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) is the nodal agency responsible for
building, upgrading and maintaining most of the national highways network. It operates
under the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways. The National Highways Development
Project (NHDP) is a major effort to expand and upgrade the network of highways. NHAI
often uses a public-private partnership model for highway development, maintenance and
toll-collection.
India has 70,934 km (44,076 mi) of national highways (NH) connecting all the major
cities and state capitals as of August 2011. The government is currently working to ensure
that by December 2014 the entire National Highway network consists of roads with two or
more lanes.
OBJECTIVE
PROJECT BACKGROUND- Government of India had entrusted NHAI for
Development , Maintenances & Management of NH-2 including section from km 323.475 -
483.687 km. authority has accordingly awarded the project to M/S ORIENTAL STRUCTURAL
ENGINEERS PVT. LTD. For Six Laning of Etawah Chakeri Section of NH 2 under NHDP phase
v on DBFOT toll basis.
Project Data-
Project name - Design , engineering , construction , development , finance , operation and
maintenance of 6 laining the existing 4 lane section from km 323+475 to 483+687 (NH-2)
DBFOT toll basis.
Name of Client-
Design Consultant- LEA associates South Asia Pvt Ltd New Delhi.
TYPES OF HIGHWAY-
CHARACTERISTICS-
1. The design of flexible pavement is based on load distributing characteristic of the component
layers. The black top pavement including water
& gravel bound macadam fall in this category
2. Flexible pavement on the whole has low or negligible flexible strength flexible in their
structural action). The Flexible pavement layers transmit the vertical or compressive stresses to
the lower layers by grain transfer through contact points of granular structure.
3. The vertical compressive stress is maximum on the pavement surface directly under the wheel
load and is equal to contact pressure under the wheels. Due to the ability to distribute the stress to
large area in the shape of truncated cone the stresses get decreased in the lower layer.
4. As such the flexible pavement may be constructed in a number of layers and the top layer has
to be strongest as the highest compressive stresses.
5. To be sustained by this layer, in addition to wear and tear, the lower layer have to take up only
lesser magnitude of stress as there is no direct wearing action die to traffic loads, therefore inferior
material with lower cast can be used in the lower layers.
RIGID PAVEMENT HIGHWAY- The rigid characteristic of the pavement are associated with
rigidity or flexural strength or slab action so the load is distributed over a wide area of subgrade
soil. Rigid pavement is laid in slabs with steel reinforcement.
1. The rigid pavements are made of cement concrete either plan, reinforced or prestressed concrete
2. Critical condition of stress in the rigid pavement is the maximum flexural stress occurring in
the slab due to wheel load and the temperature changes.
3. Rigid pavement is designed and analyzed by using the elastic theory
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT RIGID PAVEMENT
1. Deformation in the sub grade is transferred to the 1. Deformation in the subgrade is not transferred to
upper layers subsequent layers
2. Design is based on load distributing characteristics of 2. Design is based on flexural strength or slab action
the component layers 3. Have high flexural strength
3. Have low flexural strength 4. No such phenomenon of grain to grain load transfer
4. Load is transferred by grain to grain contact exists
5. Have low completion cost but repairing cost is high 5. Have low repairing cost but completion cost is high
6. Have low life span (High Maintenance Cost) 6. Life span is more as compare to flexible (Low
7. Surfacing cannot be laid directly on the sub grade but Maintenance
a sub base is needed Cost)
8. No thermal stresses are induced as the pavement have 7. Surfacing can be directly laid on the sub grade
the ability to contract and expand freely 8. Thermal stresses are more vulnerable to be induced as
9.Thats why expansion joints are not needed the
10. Strength of the road is highly dependent on the ability to contract and expand is very less in concrete
strength of the sub grade 9.Thats why expansion joints are needed
11. Rolling of the surfacing is needed 10. Strength of the road is less dependent on the strength
12. Road can be used for traffic within 24 hours of the
13. Force of friction is less Deformation in the sub grade sub grade
is not transferred to the upper layers. 11. Rolling of the surfacing in not needed
14. Damaged by Oils and Certain Chemicals 12. Road cannot be used until 14 days of curing
13. Force of friction is high
14. No Damage by Oils and Greases
RIGID PAVEMENT HIGHWAY-As above discussed rigid pavement is of cement
concrete pavement.
MATERIAL-
Cement- In rigid pavement there is only OPC (ordinary Portland cement) is used having 43
grades. For cement testing, cement should be of grey colour and for consistency STANDARD
CONSISTENCY test is performed.
Aggregate-In order to make good concrete, it is important to avoid crushed aggregate of poor
shape, very angular, flaky, elongated or splintery aggregates gives a harsh mix of low
workability. Los angles test is performed for aggregate. Los angles test limits shall be not more
than 35% and 50% for concrete wearing coarse and sub base coarse respectively. There are
grading of aggregate is done for gradation of aggregate. And bulking of sand is done for fine
aggregate. .
Aggregate
WATER- water should be clean and free from injurious amount of oil, salt , vegetable matter or
other substances harmful to finished concrete.
DOWEL BAR AND TIE BAR- It shall be plain round steel tie bar. Tie bar should be 12mm
diameter and dowel bar should be 36mm diameter. Dowel bar of 0.5m .one half is on one side
and another one is on other side. TIE BAR is used across the longitudinal joints of cement
pavement. Tie bar ensure two slabs to remain firmly together. Tie bar are design to act as load
transfer devices. DOWEL BAR are mild steal PLAIN bars of short length. This bar is used to
transfer load from one slab to another.
TOOLS, EQUIPMENT – Tools and equipment are required for proper preparation of
subgrade, laying of sub base and batching, mixing, placing, finishing and curing of
concrete shall be at the project site in good working condition.
1) Concrete vibrators
2) Spades
3) Scrader
4) Transit mixer
5) Screed vibrator
d) Curing-
1) Polythene sheeting
2) Ponding operation
2) Coir brush
3) Kerosene stove
4) Painters brush
5) Scraper
PROCESSOR-
OGL (ORIGINAL
GROUND LEVEL)
EMBANKMENT
SUBGRADE
DRAINAGE LAYER
EMBANKMENT-This is the layer which is used for extension of road depth. This layer is
made in 200mm each. In this layer CBR test is performed, for this layer CBR value should be
less than 7%. Tri axial test is also performed for soil strength.
PREPARATION OF SUB BASE OR SUB GRADE- \This layer is made by granular soil
.for this soil CBR value should be more than 7%.this layer is made in three step, one is of
200mm , 2 nd layer is of 150 mm and top layer is of 150mm.this layer is having compaction
97%.
2) The uniformly compacted subgrade or sub base extends at least 300mm on either side of the
with to be concreted.
4) It should be saturated with water not less than 6 hours nor more than 20 hours in advance
of placing concrete.
5) It becomes dry prior to the actual placing of concrete, it shall be sprinkled with water taking
care to see that no pools of water or soft patches are formed on the surfaces
DRAINAGE LAYER- This layer is made by aggregates, fine and coarse aggregates. This
layer is for drainage .
DENSE LEAN CONCRETE(DLC)- This layer is made of concrete ,in this layer
water/cement ratio is less as compare to PQC .after laying of this layer compaction is done
suitabilily.
PQC layer-This layer is of made of cement concrete. Pavement quality concrete (PQC)
is the top layer of pavement. This layer is made in onetime.
CURING OF CEMENT CONCRETE-
INITIAL CURING –It is done by jute bags.in it water is absorb by jute bags and then cured
with much time.
FINAL CURING-It is done by one of the final method.
1) TRANSVERSE JOINTS
a) EXPANSION JOINT
b) CONTRACTION JOINT
c) WARPING JOINT
d) CONSTRUCTION JOINT
2) LONGITUDINAL JOINTS
\
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT-
DENSE-GRADED
MATERIAL-
COARSE AGGREGATE- It shall be either crushed or broken stone , crushed slag , over burnt
brick or naturally occurring aggregate .crushed or broken stones shall be hard and generally free
from fleet, elongated ,soft and disintegrated particles. Crushed slag shall be manufactured from
air cooled blast furnace slag. Laterite shall be compact, heavy and of dark colour.
SAND-It should be clean dune or pit sand free from organic and other
deleterious material.
INTERFACE TREATMENT-This layer is to be cleaned to remove dust and dirt and a thin
layer of bitumen binder is to be sprayed before the construction of any type of bituminous layer
over this surface.
SEAL COAT- It is usually recommended as a top coat over certain bituminous pavements
which are not pervious, such as open graded bituminous constructions like grouted macadam.
PENETRATION MACADAM-It is used as a base or binder course. The coarse aggregate are
spread and compacted well in dry state and after that hot binder of relatively high viscosity id
sprayed in fairly large quantity at top.
4. Laying of wet mix macadam (WMM) –In it each layer is of veried 100mm-
150mm(125mm).it is depending upon the size of aggregate used. It is of made of crushed
stone and broken aggregates mechanically interlocked by rolling and the voids filled
with screening and binding material with the assistance of water.
5. Laying of dense bituminous macadam (DBM) –This layer is having dense layer of bituminous
concrete. this layer occurs in two layers bottom layer are having thickness 60mm and
top layer Is gating thickness 90mm. This layer are having compaction 92%.
6. Laying of bituminous concrete (BC) –This layer is the top most layer of flexible pavement.
This layer is made of bituminous concrete and having compaction 95%.This layer is of
50mm thickness.
Wearing Course
• High Resistance to Deformation
• High Resistance to Fatigue; ability to withstand high strains - flexible
• Sufficient Stiffness to Reduce Stresses in the Underlying Layers
• High Resistance to Environmental Degradation; durable
• Low Permeability - Water Tight Layer against Ingress of Surface Water
• Good Workability – Allow Adequate Compaction
• Sufficient Surface Texture – Good Skid Resistance in Wet Weather
Contact Pressure
Load Repetition
• Subgrade soil
Moisture variation
• Climatic factors
• Environment factors
• Traffic Characteristics
GRADER- Machine with a swiveling blade situated between two wheel shafts for
leveling the ground or clearing debris off a roadway. Graders are commonly used in
the construction and maintenance of dirt roads and gravel roads. In the construction of
paved roads they are used to prepare the base course to create a wide flat surface for
the asphalt to be placed.
TENDEM ROLLER- The tandem roller is made up of two very heavy and unequal sized
steel rollers fitted to a chasis, which is powered by steam, gasoline or diesel. These
hydraulic double drum vibratory rollers are ideal for compacting various stabilized soils,
bituminous concrete and rolling cement concrete on road surface construction. This
compaction equipment is widely used in the construction of high-class highways,
airports, harbors, dams, municipal road and industrial ground. This roller has capacity to
better compact till 200mm.
PAVER- Road Paver is a construction machine mainly used for the paving project on
the road base and surface for highway of various kind of material. The asphalt is added
from a dump truck or a material transfer unit into the paver's hopper. The conveyor
then carries the asphalt
from the hopper to the auger. The auger places a stockpile of material in front of the
screed. The screed takes the stockpile of material and spreads it over the width of the road
and provides initial compaction.
THREE WHEELED MOUNTED ROLLER- This is used only for surface planning and
give the surface shining. This is not a vibrating roller.in only done plane passes. It only
gives leveling and make it leveled surface.
POWER SHOWEL- A power shovel (also stripping shovel or front shovel or electric
mining shovel) is a bucket-equipped machine, usually electrically powered, used for
digging and loading earth or fragmented rock and for mineral extraction. Power shovels
are used principally for excavation and removal of overburden in open-cut mining
operations, though it may include loading of minerals, such as coal. They are the modern
equivalent of steam shovels, and operate in a similar fashion.
A loader
A backhoe
SCREED VIBRATOR- Double beam screed vibrator consists of a Beam unit and a
Vibrator unit.
Double beam screed vibrator is used to vibrate the concrete to give a compact and levelled
surface. These vibrators are self-travelling and only require guiding along the formwork,
dragged at ends by two operators without working in the concrete.
BAUSER-It is a vehical used to transport prime coat and tack coat bitmin. It consist a
pipe through which these coats are laid on pavement layer.
FORM WORK-form work is used in rigid pavement construction. This is used when
PQC layer is to be laid then it helps in positioned dowel bar and to remain concrete.
TRANSIT MIXURE-this is a drum which is used to transport concrete to the side. This
mixture drum is having rotating drum which is used to rotate the and mix the concrete so
that lumps cannot be form. This drum is filled by RMC plant mixture.in this drum when
concrete is filled then temp should be checked and it should be remain at limit when it
placed.
STANDARD CONSISTANCY TEST- This test method is used to determine the amount
of water required to prepare hydraulic cement pastes with normal consistency, as required
for certain standard tests. The principle is that standard consistency of cement is that
consistency at which the Vicat plunger penetrates to a point 5-7mm from the bottom of
Vicat mould. This test is performed by vicat apparatus.
FREE SWELL TEST- Free swell or differential free swell, also termed as free swell
index, is the increase in volume of soil without any external constraint when subjected to
submergence in water.
BITUMIN EXTRACTOR- For the Determination Of Bitumen Percentage In
Bituminous Mixtures. It Has A Removable Precision- Machined Aluminum Rotor Bowl
Mounted On A Vertical Shaft. A Filter Paper Disc Is Pressed In Between The Rotor Bowl
And Cover Plate By Tightening A Knurled Nut. The Bowl Assembly Is Enclosed In A
Housing Mounted On A Cast Body. The Manually Operated Unit Can Be Used Both In
The Field And Laboratory. In The Manually Operated Unit, The Gears Are Enclosed In
A Cast Body. The Solvent May Be Introduced Tests Through A Cup On The Housing
Cover
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CUBE- The compressive strength is the capacity
of a material or structure to withstand loads tending to reduce size. It can be measured by
plotting applied force against deformation in a testing machine. Some material fracture at
their compressive strength limit; others deform irreversibly, so a given amount of
deformation may be considered as the limit for compressive load. Compressive strength is
a key value for design of structures.
FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF BEAM- Flexural strength, also known as modulus of
rupture, bend strength, or fracture strength, a mechanical parameter for brittle material, is
defined as a material's ability to resist deformation under load. The transverse bending
test is most frequently employed, in which a rod specimen having either a circular or
rectangular cross-section is bent until fracture using athree point flexural test technique.
The flexural strength represents the highest stress experienced within the material at its
moment of rupture. It is measured in terms of stress.
CBR METHOD-This test result have been correlated with flexible pavement thickness
requirements for highway. This is lab test and is performed on mould. This method is for
stability of soil subgrade and other flexible pavement.
MARSHAL STABILITY TEST-This test is performed to know the flow of
bitumen, stability and density of bitumen.
WATER BATH – This is equipment used for heating the sample at a
particular temperature.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY WEIGHPAN-This pan is used to measure the weight the
sample with respect to air.
WEIGH PAN-It is used to measure the weight of specimen.
CORE CUTTER METHOD-This test is used to know the specific gravity of sample.
DIRECT SHEAR TEST-This test is performed to know the shear failure of soil sample.
GRADATION OF AGGREGATE-This test is performed to know the proper
proportion of aggregate at which it is suitable for concrete and WMM.
FLAKINESS INDEX-It is the % by wt of aggregate particle whose least dimension
/thickness is less than three fifth or 0.6 of their mean dimension. This test is applicable
for size larger than 6.3mm.
ELONGATION INDEX-It is of an aggregate is the percentage by weight of particles
whose greatest dimension or length is greater than 4, 5 or 1.8 times their mean
dimension.
MODIFIED PROCTOR TEST-This test is performed to know the optimum
moisture content of soil sample. And also know the dry density of soil sample.
SLUMP CONE TEST- This test is performed to know the slump of concrete. By this
test we know the workability of concrete. Higher the slum means higher workability.
This test is performed by slump cone equipment.
COMPACTION FACTOR TEST-By this test we know the workability of concrete by
the application of compaction.in this method we fall concrete from a height and then see
the compaction.
BULKING OF SAND-This test is performed to know the bulking of sand. This test
is performed with the help of water and sand.
LOSS ANGELES ABRASION TEST-By this test we find the %wear due to the relative
rubbing action between the aggregate and steel ball used as abrasive charge.by this test
we know the wearing action of top surface road stone.
IMPACT TEST-This is for evaluating the toughness of stone or resistance of the
aggregate to fracture under repeated impacts .it indicates the resistance of aggregate
against impact.
PENETRATION TEST-It determines the hardness or softness of bitumen by measuring
the depth in 10th of a mm to which a standard loaded needle will penetrate in 5 second. Its
value various type of bitumen
is ranges between 20 and 225.30/40 and 80/100 grade are more commonly used bitumen.
For hot climate
30/40 is used.
DUCTILITY TEST-This serves as a satisfactory binder in improving the physical
interlocking of the aggregate bitumen mixes. The binder which does not possess
sufficient ductility would crack and thus provide pervious pavement surfaces. This test is
believed to measure adhesive property and ability to stretch. Minimum ductility value
specified is only 15 cm for bitumen grade A65 to 200 in certain regions.
VISCOSITY TEST- It is inverse of fluidity. It is the general term of consistency and is
measure of resistance to flow.
SOFTENING POINT TEST- For determination of softening point of a given
bitumen.by this experiment we get that temperature at which the substance attains a
particular degree of softening.higher softening point indicates lower temp susceptibility
and is preferred in warm condition.softening point of various grade of bitumen varies from
35-70 degree.
Here I meet many person and learn many thing from them they are very cordial
and helped in every difficulty to solve that one. They explained me every aspect of
everything.
In this way this summer training was very helpful in understanding the various
construction and theory aspect. So we can say that this project was helpful in
understanding the civil engineering in a better way.