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• Relays used in telecom systems are more sensitive to D.C than A.C.
• Transistors and I.C.s etc. being unidirectional devices, the use of D.C
has become necessary.
AC DC LOAD
INPUT SMPS
24V 24V
BATTERY BATTERY
Ferrite Core or
DC EMI and RFI High Speed
Filter Metglas
Output Suppressor Rectifier
Transformer
Toroid Ferrite Core EMI/RFI Suppressor
• These compact sized Toroid Ferrite cores are useful for
suppressing EMI/RFI.
• A tough epoxy conformal coating helps reduce breakage.
Metglas Transformer
• An amorphous metal (also known metallic glass or glassy metal)
is a solid metallic material, usually an alloy, with a disordered
atomic-scale structure.
• It exhibits very low loss at higher frequencies.
• DC To DC Converter
• Produces a chopped train of unidirectional flat topped pulses.
• Produces an alternating waveform with flat-topped pulses.
• Ferrite Core Transformer
• The unidirectional or alternating pulses generated by the converter stage is fed to
it because it can handle these waveform and transform them at the secondary
winding to a different magnitude in voltage.
• Thus the high voltage pulses are reduced to a smaller magnitude.
• High Speed Rectifier
• The alternating waveform is rectified by a high frequency compatible rectifier
stage using either a bridge or center tap full wave configuration.
• Even if the transformer output is unidirectional, a blocking rectifier stage is
essential at the output to prevent reverse polarity waveform generated by the
transformer calling flux ( at the end of the pulse ) from the reaching the output
EARTHING IN TELEPHONE EXCHANGE
• Enabling single pole switching,reduces the number of fuses required in the circuit.
• To provide protection to persons and plant against leakage from station power
wiring to metallic apparatus, frames etc.
• If positive voltage is there in the line then tapping could lead to run a motor, light
a bulb, can be used to charge a battery, etc.
2. Micro Wave
3. Optical
From the media room and to the media room the data is carried mainly by optical fiber.
FIBER OPTIC SYSTEM
• The high bandwidth provided by fiber makes it the perfect choice for transmitting
broadband signals, such as high-definition television (HDTV) telecasts.
FIBER OPTIC APPLICATIONS
• Other applications for optical fiber include space, military, automotive, and the
industrial sector.
ADVANTAGES OF FIBER OPTICS
• Speed: Fiber Optic operates at higher speed up to Gbps (Gigabytes Per Second).
• Maintenance: Fiber optic cables costs much but cost less to maintain.
FIBER TYPES
FIBER COMMON CONNECTOR TYPES
Window
Bandwidth Wavelength
OPTICAL
FIBER
PARAMETERS
Attenuation Frequency
Dispersion
OPTICAL FIBER SPLICING
Glue
splicing.
Types of
Splicing
Fusion Mechanical
splicing
MECHANICAL SPLICING
FUSION SPLICING
• The telephone is a telecommunication device that is used to transmit and
receive electronically or digitally encoded speech between two or more
people conversing.
• MULTIPLEXING
• The technique used to provide a number of circuits using a single transmission link is called
Multiplexing.
PULSE CODE MODULATION
• MULTIPLEXING
• The technique used to provide a number of circuits using a single transmission link is called
Multiplexing.
MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUES
• One time slot for signaling & one time slot for synchronization.
• “Connection and Control” which carries out connections and processing of calls.
• “Operation and Maintenance” which is responsible for all functions needed by the
network operating authority.
DEVELOPMENT OF EXCHANGES
OPTICAL FIBER TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
• With the introduction of PCM (Pulse Code Modulation) technology in the 1960s,
communications networks were gradually converted to digital technology over the
next few years.
• To cope with the demand for ever higher bit rates, a multiplex hierarchy called the
Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchies (PDH) evolved.
• SDH is a transport hierarchy based on multiples of 155.52 Mbit/s. The basic unit
of SDH is STM-1 (Synchronous Transport Module).
• The STM-4 specification is designed to carry 7,680 8-bit "voice" frames every 125
micro-seconds for a total payload bit rate of 491.520 Mbit/s.
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF HYBRID COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
• In Gbps speed.