Topic 5-Analysing Hazards

What is the objective of conducting hazard analysis?

- to prevent occupational accidents or incidents

from occurring

1. List the three types of causes in root cause analysis.

- direct cause – energy sources, hazardous material
-indirect cause – unsafe act, unsafe condition
-policies and procedures – personal factors, environmental factors

2. List the phases of root cause analysis.

-phase 1 data collection,

-phase 2 –Assessment

-phase 3 – Corrective

-phase empat – informing

-phase 5 – Follow up

3. By using the phases of root cause analysis, recommend an action

plan to prevent or to reduce accidents for the following case study:
Case Study: An accident was reported by a technician on injuries
which occurred due to a victim slipping on a slippery floor when
walking in the workshop. Preliminary inspection found oil slicks on
the floor, which is not something new to the workers.

1. What is change analysis?

-Change analysis is an investigative method used in problem-solving and in determining the cause of accidents.
2. Describe the seven steps in change analysis.

1. What is a job hazard analysis?

This method analyses
work processes in detail by analysing the process step-by-step to identify
potential hazards along the way. Job hazard analysis is done to ensure that all
work processes and activities are safe.

2. 2. List the steps and components of a job hazard analysis.

1. Explain the factors that determine risk assessment. How can the risk
assessment factor be calculated?

*probability - kebarangkalian
2. Explain how you can justify if hazards should be fixed or removed.

3. What is the direct cost and indirect cost of an incident or accident?

Briefly explain the difference between the two.

- Direct costs refer to costs incurred for medical and indemnity payments. Meanwhile, indirect costs refer to
production time loss, accident investigation, spoiled product, unhappy customers, clean-up time, schedule
delays, training new employees, overhead costs, legal fees and an increase in insurance costs.
Topic 6 - Occupational Injuries and Illnesses

1. Define trauma injury.

- -Trauma is a body wound, produced by a sudden physical injury, as from an accident.
2. What are the energy sources that can cause trauma injury?

-
- 3. What is the most costly type of injury?
- severe injuries because those are the most costlySE

5.Describe direct and hidden costs of accidents.

Occupational injuries, illnesses and deaths cost money. You have heard about workers compensation and medical
costs as the direct costs, but what about the hidden costs, such as loss of production time? It is almost impossible for
us to determine the actual costs of hidden or indirect costs.
2. What are the hidden costs of occupational accidents?
 3. What are the types of exposures that can lead to occupational illnesses?
Occupational illnesses are caused by two types of effects from exposures, which are:
(a) Acute health effects: These effects are characterised by sudden and severe exposure and rapid
absorption of the substance; and
(b) Chronic health effects: These effects are characterised by prolonged or repeated exposures over many
days, months or years.

What are the three steps of preventing occupational illnesses?

If we want to prevent occupational illnesses, we must:

(a) Identify health-related hazards;
(b) Evaluate them; and
(c) Control them.

2. What are the four categories of occupational health hazards? Give

examples of hazards for each category.

3. Where can you find information on health hazards?

Chemical Safety Data Sheet (CSDS)
1. How does the body balance between heat gain and heat loss?
The body balances between heat gain and heat loss through sweating and shivering.

2. Why should we avoid cold stress at the workplace?

Extremely cold environments can be a health hazard because when body temperatures fall below 33
degrees Celsius, the body will experience hypothermia, which can lead to death
3. What are the two main factors that can cause heat stress?

Heat stress can occur in

people working in the areas with:
(a) High humidity;
(b) Radiant heat sources;
(c) High air temperatures;
(d) Strenuous physical activities;
(e) Direct contact with hot objects; and
(f) Enclosed clothing or protective clothing.

1. What are the four sources of ionising radiation?

(a) Alpha particles;

(b) Beta particles;
(c) Gamma and X-rays; and
(d) Neutrons.

2. What are the three parameters used to limit radiation exposure?

(a) The time a person is exposed to radiation;

(b) The distance between the radiation source and the person; and

(c) The shielding between the radiation source and the person.

3. What is the best shield against gamma and X-ray radiation?

(a) Use air purifying respirators to filter alpha particles;

(b) Use aluminium sheet to block beta particles;
(c) Use lead to absorb gamma or X-rays; and
(d) Use thick concrete to stop the penetration of neutrons.

4. What health problems can ionising radiation cause?

Over exposure can lead to serious health effects, such as tissue burns and damaged DNA
SE1. What are the five hazardous chemicals classifications?

2. What are the two aspects, a chemical supplier should provide?

(a) Appropriate labels on containers; and

(b) Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) or Chemical Safety Data Sheet (CSDS).

3. Where can you find information on chemical ingredients?

periodically reviewing the CSDSs and diligently following the prescribed precautions.
Topic 7 Industrial Hygiene

1. List the key knowledge areas required of an industrial hygienist.

the art and science dedicated to the anticipation, recognition, evaluation, communication and control of
environmental stresses in, or arising from, the workplace that may result in injury, illness, impairment or
affect the well-being of workers and members of the community (American Conference of Governmental
Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH))

2. List down the strategy for preventing illnesses at the workplace.

(a) Collective agreements in incorporating the prevention of occupational illness, according to laws,
regulations, industry code of practice and guidelines;
(b) Proper mechanism of occupational illness inspection and audit systems;
(c) Effective occupational deceases data collection and systematic data analysis;
(d) Employer and employees cooperation or their representatives in the implementation of occupational
illness control measures;
(e) The provision of occupational health services; and
(f) Dissemination of occupational decease information for prevention and training.

3. Does controlling environmental factors mean controlling workplace hazards? Explain your
reasoning (Adakah mengawal faktor persekitaran bermakna mengawal bahaya tempat kerja?
Terangkan alasan anda.)

CK 6.1
1. What are the environmental factors which can cause adverse health effects to a person?

2. Give examples of biological hazards.

 3. What are the illnesses that could result from ergonomic hazards?

1. What are the four entry modes for contaminants?

2.

2. What types of contaminants can be inhaled?

 3. What is the difference between fume and vapour?

1. What are the two monitoring methods for air contaminants?

(a) Direct reading ă results are immediate (for example, air pump fixed with detector tubes); and
(b) Laboratory sampling ă provides more accurate results.
2. What are the four factors that can affect exposure levels?

3. What are the differences between area and personal monitoring?

1. Explain threshold limit values.

The limits of exposure are known as Threshold Limit Values (TLVs). These are the limits for concentration
of air contaminants that workers may be exposed to during their normal working period without causing
adverse health effects.
2. What is the difference between TLV-TWA and TLV-STEL?

3. What are the control guidelines for TLV-STEL?

The ACGIHÊs TLVs are guidelines. In America, the limits that the Occupational Safety and Health
Agency (OSHA) enforce are the Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs),
Topic 8 Intervention,Controls and Prevention

Discuss the importance of minimum legal requirements in making decisions on hazard controls at the
workplace.

When managing risk at the workplace, it is important to first minimise the risk. This is to ensure that we can
avoid or eliminate the risk from reaching the worker. The different approaches to hazard prevention is
summarised

1. Explain how the management of an organisation can be convinced to invest in hazard controls.
To convince the management to invest financially on hazard controls, it is important to ensure that hazard
assessment is performed carefully and all supporting data or facts are compiled
 2. Discuss the criteria for selecting hazard control measures to
eliminate or minimise hazards.
The effectiveness of hazard controls can be measured by referring to the hazard controls ranking table

2.

1. Explain how we can measure the success of hazard controls.

Hazards are identified and proper and systematic methods of controlling them are developed.
Hazard controls can be both dependent and independent. Some hazard controls minimise hazards
without depending on workers, through the use of protective guards and local exhaust ventilation.

2. Discuss how we can generate ”buy in” or commitment from managements to support hazard controls.
Topic 9 Accident Prevention Techniques

1. What is the purpose of a JHA?

Part of an accident prevention strategy as it is a powerful tool that takes advantage of the team, strengths,
the knowledge, skills and experience of the workers and supervisors who are familiar with the job
2. What are the four steps involved in preparing a JHA?

3. Why is it important to include supervisors and workers in the JHA process?

Job Hazard Analysis (JHA) or also known as Job Safety Analysis or (JSA) is part of an accident prevention
strategy as it is a powerful tool that takes advantage of the teamÊs strengths 􀄃 the knowledge, skills and
experience of the workers and supervisors who are familiar with the job. You should get them to be actively
involved in the process so that they will be receptive towards it from the implementation stage. You must
ensure that everyone, including the workers, supervisors and managers, assist in the recognition, evaluation
and control of hazards at the work site (Analisis Hazard Kerja (JHA) atau juga dikenali sebagai Analisis
Keselamatan Kerja atau (JSA) adalah sebahagian daripada strategi pencegahan kemalangan kerana ia adalah
alat yang berkuasa yang mengambil kesempatan daripada kekuatan pasukan 􀄃 pengetahuan, kemahiran dan
pengalaman para pekerja dan penyelia yang sudah biasa dengan pekerjaan itu. Anda harus membiarkan
mereka terlibat secara aktif dalam proses supaya mereka akan menerimanya dari peringkat pelaksanaan. Anda
mesti memastikan semua orang, termasuk pekerja, penyelia dan pengurus, membantu dalam pengiktirafan,
penilaian dan kawalan bahaya di tapak kerja)

4. Should the JHA be prioritised for low-risk jobs or high-risk jobs?

The JHA usually focuses on jobs that pose the greatest risk of injury or death. We can better manage these
high-risk activities if we have the SOP, or step-by-step checklist, especially when:
(a) A new or experienced worker performs a job for the first time;
(b) An experienced worker performs a job that he/she has not done recently;
(c) An experienced worker performs a job in a different place or setting; and
(d) A new equipment or material is introduced into the work process.

3. What are the benefits of a completed JHA?

Once you have a complete SOP for a particular job, you should check to ensure that workers are carrying out
the procedures correctly. This can be done through workplace safety audits or another tool, known as Job Safety
Observation (JSO), which is less formal than the safety audits. We will cover this in the next section.
1. Compare the purposes of safety observation, safety audit and safety
inspection.
(a) Safety observation ă observe workers and detect unsafe acts (see Figure
9.4);
(b) Safety audit ă verify the conformance on the implementation of written
safety procedures; and
(c) Safety inspection ă check work areas and equipment to detect unsafe
conditions.

2. What are the five basic components of JSO?

(a) A well-defined goal and objectives for JSO;

(b) A written JSO procedure approved by management;
(c) A complete JHA for every type of job to be observed;
(d) A documented SOP detailing step-by-step safe job procedures; and
(e) A competent pool of observers trained on the required procedures.

3. Why is it important to equip the observer with safety coaching

techniques?
We should equip the supervisors and observers with proper safety behaviour coaching techniques
which promote safety as a value. When the supervisor shows his/her concern towards employee safety,
it will eventually lead to a stronger relationship between the two and greater cooperation from the
employees.
1. How does PMP contribute to accident prevention?
The Preventive Maintenance Programme (PMP) is normally scheduled to take place on a daily, weekly,
monthly or yearly basis and uses inspection checklists. PMP can be considered as an accident prevention
tool, aimed at reducing potentially unsafe conditions.

2. What are the benefits of having a good PMP?

(a) Improved equipment efficiency;
(b) Improved attitudes toward safety;
(c) Higher degree of safety ownership; and
(d) Lower chances of incidents happening.

3. What kinds of machinery deficiencies can cause accidents?

(a) Inspect components for signs of deterioration;
(b) Put specific focus on components that cannot be easily observed; and
(c) Check vehicleÊs condition for safe operation (before and after).
 1. What is the goal of an SEP(SPECIAL EMPHASIS PROGRAM)?

SEP is an organized approach that focuses specifically on one particular hazard to achieve the desired safe work
performance. You can develop a programme for a specific hazard such as ladder safety, hand safety, back injuries
prevention, electrical safety as well as other hazardous accidents. (SEP adalah pendekatan terancang yang
memberi tumpuan khusus kepada satu bahaya tertentu untuk mencapai prestasi kerja selamat yang diingini.
Anda boleh membangunkan program untuk bahaya tertentu seperti keselamatan tangga, keselamatan tangan,
pencegahan kecederaan belakang, keselamatan elektrik serta kemalangan berbahaya yang lain.)

2. What are the seven key elements in implementing an SEP?

Your SEP should document and contain these seven key elements:
(a) Purpose and objectives;
(b) Step-by-step procedures;
(c) List of identified equipment used;
(d) Checklist, signage, tags or stickers;
(e) Inspection and auditing frequency;
(f) Indicators that track the implementation of the programme; and
(g) Rewards or penalties for safe work performance.

3. List five examples of SEPs.

You can develop a programme for a specific hazard such as ladder safety, hand safety, back injuries prevention,
electrical safety as well as other hazardous accidents (Anda boleh membangunkan program untuk bahaya
tertentu seperti keselamatan tangga, keselamatan tangan, pencegahan kecederaan belakang, keselamatan
elektrik serta kemalangan berbahaya yang lain)
Topic 10 Safety and Health Training

1. Discuss why safety and health training is listed as a less effective hazard control in the hazard control
ranking.

Training and education are ranked as less effective hazard controls. The reason for this is although training and
education is given to workers, this will not guarantee that they will always comply with the safe operating
procedures shared with them during these sessions.

2. Explain the importance of safety and health training as a hazard control.

Discuss your answers on the online forum.

to minimize accidents at the workplace

a) To train workers who have not been trained earlier;

(b) To train workers who are new to a job or task; and
(c) To upgrade existing skills.